Prof. Amit J.
Vyas
Department of Computer Engineering
V.V.P. Engineering College
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UNIT-1:-
Computer Data
Representation
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Definition of COA
➢Computer Architecture: Architecture describes what the
computer does.
➢ Computer organization: organization describes how it is
does it.
➢Computer organization and architecture is define based
on functional behaviour of computer architecture and deal
with structural relational ship with computer organization.
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Computer architecture Computer organization
Architecture describes Organization describes
what the computer how it does it.
does.
Computer Architecture Computer Organization
deals with functional deals with structural
behavior of computer relationship.
system.
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Computer architecture Computer organization
its clear that it deals with its also clear that it deals
high-level design issue. with low-level design
issue.
Architecture indicates its Where, Organization
hardware. indicates its
performance.
For designing a For designing a
computer, its architecture computer, organization is
is fixed first. decided after its
architecture. 5
Basic Computer Data Type
1. Number used in Arithmetic computation.
2. Letters of the alphabet used in data processing.
3. Other discrete symbol used for specific purpose.
All type of data, except binary numbers, are represented in
computer register in binary-coded form. This is because
registers are made up of flip-flops.
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Number system
A number system of base or radix, r is a system that uses
distinct symbols for r digits.
Number represent, multiply each digit by an integer power of r
and then form the sum of all weighted digits.
E.g. 1 x 102 + 2 x 101 + 3 x 100 + 4 x 10-1 = 100+20+3+0.4 = (123.4)10
Decimal (base/radix : 10)
Binary (0,1) ) (base/radix : 2)
Octal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) (base/radix :8)
Hexadecimal (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) (base/radix :16)
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Number system
Octal to decimal conversion :
E.g. (736.4)8 = 7 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 6 x 80 + 4 x 8-1 = (478.5)10
Hexadecimal to decimal conversion:
E.g. (F3)16 = F x 161 + 3 x 160 = 15x16 + 3x1 = (243)10
Decimal to Binary:
E.g. (0110)2 = 0 x 23 +1 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 = (6)10
Binary to Octal & Binary to Hexadecimal:
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Complement
1st Complement
2nd Complement
9th Complement
10th Complement
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Floating-Point Representation
+ 6132.789
0.6132789* 10^4
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Register: It is a one of a small set of data holding and
data storing places that are parts of computer
processor.
The symbolic notation used to describe the micro
operation transfers among registers is called a
register transfer language.
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The basic symbols of the register transfer
notation
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Common Bus system for four register
Each Register have a four bit number 0 to 3. The bus
is consistent of four 4*1 multiplexer. each having four
data input, 0 t0 3 and two selective input s1 and s2.
The two selection lines s1 and so are connected to
the selection inputs of multiplexer. The selection
line choose the four bits of one register and
transfer them into the four-line common bus.
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The number of wires will be excessive if separate lines
are used between each other register in the system.
When s1s2=00,then 0 data inputs so all four multiplexers
and applied to the outputs in multiplexer is 0(Register A).
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Half Adder
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Full Adder
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Truth Table of Full Adder
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4 bit binary Adder
As show in Diagram 4 bit binary adder.
In full adder three input and two output.
The output is one carry and one sum as show in
diagram.
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4 bit binary Adder
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Binary Adder –Sub tractor
The addition and subtraction operation can be perform in
one common operation using exclusive-OR gate and full
adder.
The circuit is perform in A-B it means A plus and 2nd
complement of B
M=0 than Adder if A>=B than A-B
M=1 than sub tractor if A<B than B-A
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Binary Adder –Sub tractor
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Binary Increment
The Half Adder output carry of one Can be forward to next
half adder input.
The output carry C4 will be 1 only after incrementing
binary 1111 (for all).
If A0=1,A1=1,A2=1,A3=1 than
output S0 through S3 to go 0.
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Binary Increment
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4-bit Arithmetic Circuit
AS show in diagram of 4-bit arithmetic circuit as
show in fig.
It has 4 full –adder circuits that constitute the 4-bit
adder and 4 multiplexer for choosing different
operation.
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X0 input A0 and y0 is output of multiplexer.
Cin is input carry it is 0 or 1.
A0 values is 0 or 1
Bo values is 0 or 1 ,in Bo is connected in inverter gate.
Here two selective input so and s1
It is generate 8 arithmetic micro-operation.
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Arithmetic Circuit Function Table
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Three-State Bus Buffer
A three state gate is digital circuit that exhibits three state
State1: signal equitant to logic 1
State 2: signal equitant to logic 2
State 3 : High Impedance State- open circuit
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Three-State Bus Buffer
When the control input c is equal to 1 , the output is
enable and gate behaves like conventional buffer,
with the output equal to normal input.
When control input c is 0 ,the output is disable
and the gate goes to high impedance state.
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Three-State Bus Buffer
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Three-State Bus Buffer
The control inputs to buffer determines which
of the four normal inputs will communicate
with bus line.
No more than one buffer may be in the active
state at any given time.
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Three-State Bus Buffer
When the enable input of the decoder is 0, all of its four
outputs are 0, and the bus line is high-impedance state
because all four buffers are disabled.
When the enable input is active, one of the three-state
buffers will be active, depending on the binary value in
the select input of the decoder.
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Memory Transfer
Read operation: The transfer of information from a memory word to the
outside environment is called a read operation.
Write Operation: The transfer of new information to be stored into the
memory is called a write operation.
Read: DR M[AR]
Write: M[AR]→R1
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Arithmetic micro-operation
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Logic Micro-operations
Logic micro operations specify binary operations for
strings of bits stored in registers.
The symbol ∨ will be used to denote an OR micro
operation and the symbol ∧ to denote an AND micro
operation.
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example.
For example, the exclusive-OR micro-operation with the
contents of two registers R1 and R2 is symbolized by the
statement:
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There are 16 different logic operations that can be performed with
two binary variables.
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Shift micro operations
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[Link] Shift:
An arithmetic shift-left multiplies a signed binary
number by 2.
An arithmetic shift-right divides the number by 2.
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Arithmetic Addition
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Fixed Point Representation
Signed-magnitude representation
Signed 1's complement representation
Signed 2's complement representation
The negative number is represented in either the 1's or 2's
complement of its positive value.
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consider the signed number 14 stored in an 8-bit
register.
In signed-magnitude representation 1 0001110
In signed-1's complement representation 1 1110001
In signed-2's complement representation 1 1110010
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Arithmetic logic shift
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Thank You
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