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Chapter – 1 THEORY CONTENT OF

MATRICES

1 DEFINITION OF A

A system of ‘mn’ numbers (real or complex) arranged in a rectangular array of m rows

and n columns is called a matrix. This system can be arranged in any of the following patterns.

In general aij represent the element (or entry) of ith row and j th column, so the matrix can
be represented as (aij) or [aij] or ||aij ||
2 ORDER OF A MATRIX
If any matrix A contains ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns then m ´ n is termed as order of matrix.
Order is generally written as suffix of the array.
Now any matrix of order m ´ n will have the notation [aij]m´n .

i.e.
A=[ a ]ij m×nor (a )
ij m×nor ‖aij‖m×n
it is obvious that 1 £ i £ m and 1£j£n

Question: In the inter sports meet of local colleges the games to be played are T.T., Hockey,
Badminton, Tennis, and B. Ball. The three colleges of Meerut sent the following
number of players.
Meerut College (M.C.) - 35 players ; 5(T. T.), 11 (Hockey), 5(Bad), 6 (Tennis) and
8(B. Ball).
Nanak Chand College (N. A. S.) - 22 players ; 3(T. T), 13 (Hockey), 2 (Bad),
4 (Tennis) and none for (B. Ball).
Dev Nagri College (D. N.) - 31 players ; 2(T. T.), 15 (Hockey) 3(Bad), 5 (Tennis) and
6 (B. Ball). Put this information in matrix form.
Solution: The above information can be put in tabular form as under.
Colleges Number of players
T.T. Hockey Badminton Tennis B. Ball
M. C. (35) 5 11 5 6 8
N. A. S. (22) 3 13 2 4 0
D. N. (31) 2 15 3 5 6
The number 4 represents the number of players the N.A.S. College has sent for playing
Tennis. The number 15 represents the number of players the D.N. college has sent for
playing Hockey. Similarly, the numbers 8 represents the number of players which Meerut
College has sent for playing basket ball. The above can be put in rectangular array form as

[ ]
5 11 5 6 8
3 13 2 4 0
2 15 3 5 6
Above is a 3 ´ 5 matrix, 3 represents the number of rows (number of colleges) participating and
5 represents the number of games being played in the meet.

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3 TYPES OF MATRIX
The elements which appear in the rectangular array are known as entries ; depending
upon these entries, matrices are of following types:
3.1 ROW MATRIX
A single row matrix is called a row matrix or a row vector.
e.g. the matrix [a11 a12 ….. a1n] is a 1 ´ n row matrix.
3.2 COLUMN MATRIX
A single column matrix is called a column matrix or a column vector.

[]
a1 j
a2 j
.. .
.. .
am j
e.g. the matrix is a m ´ 1 column matrix.

3.3 SQUARE MATRIX

If m = n, i.e. if the number of rows and columns of a matrix are equal say n, then it is
called a square matrix of order n.
3.4 NULL (or zero) MATRIX
If all the elements of a matrix are equal to zero, then it is called a null matrix and is
denoted by Om´n or O.
3.5 DIAGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix in which all its elements are zero except those in the leading diagonal, is
called a diagonal matrix. Thus in a diagonal matrix aij = 0 if i ¹ j.
The diagonal matrices of order 2 and 3 are as follows:

[ ]
k1 0 0

[ k1 0
0 k2 ] , 0 k2 0
0 0 k3
.
The elements aij of a matrix for which i = j are called the diagonal elements of a matrix
and the diagonal along which all these elements lie is called the principal diagonal or the
diagonal of the matrix.
3.6 SCALAR MATRIX
A square matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal and all other elements equal
to zero is called a scalar matrix.

[ ]
k 0 0
0 k 0
i.e. in a scalar matrix aij = k, for i = j and aij = 0 for i ¹ j. Thus
0 0 k is a scalar matrix.
3.7 UNIT MATRIX OR IDENTITY MATRIX
A square matrix in which all its diagonal elements are equal to 1 and all other elements
equal to zero is called a unit matrix or identity matrix.

[ ][ ]
1 0 0
1 0
, 0 1 0
0 1
e.g. a unit (or identity) matrix of order 2 and 3 are
0 0 1 .
3.8 NEGATIVE OF A MATRIX
Let A = [aij]m´n be a matrix. Then the negative of the matrix A is defined as the matrix [-aij]m
´n and is denoted by -A.

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4 EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, written as A = B, if,
(i) they both are of the same order i.e. have the same number of rows and columns,
and
(ii) the elements in the corresponding places of the two matrices are the same.
5 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two matrices of the same type m ´ n. Then their sum
(or difference) A + B (or A - B) is defined as another matrix of the same type, say C = [cij] such
that any element of C is the sum (or difference) of the corresponding elements of A and B.
\ C = A ± B = [aij ± bij]

Question:
A=
[ 10 2 4
] 7 3 2
5 3 and B = 5 1 9 [ ]
Solution: Here both A and B are 2 ´ 3 matrices

\
A+B=
[ 1+7
0+5
2+3 4 +2
5+1 3+9
=
] [
8 5 6
5 6 12 ]
and
A−B=
[1−7
0−5
2−3
5−1 3−9 ] [−5
4−2
=
−6 −1 2
4 −6 ]
5.1 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX ADDITION
1. A+B=B+A
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
3. k(A + B) = kA + kB here k is any scalar.
4. A + O = O + A = A , here O {null matrix} will be additive identity.
5. If A be a given matrix then the matrix - A is the additive inverse of A for A + (-A) = null
matrix O.
6. If A, B and C be three matrices of the same type
then A + B = A + C Þ B = C (Left Cancellation Law)
and B+A=C+A Þ B=C (Right Cancellation Law)
6 MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR
Let A = [aij]m´n be a matrix and k a scalar. Then the matrix obtained by multiplying each
element of matrix A by k is called the scalar multiple of A and is denoted by k A.
6.1 PROPERTIES
· If k1 and k2 are scalars and A be a matrix, then (k1 + k2) A = k1A + k2A.
· If k1 and k2 are scalars and A be a matrix, then k1(k2 A) = (k1k2)A.
· If A and B are two matrices of the same order and k, a scalar, then k(A + B) = kA +
kB.
i.e. the scalar multiplication of matrices distributes over the addition of matrices.
· If A is any matrix and k be a scalar, then (-k)A = -(kA) = k(-A).
7 MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
Let A = [aij] be m ´ p matrix and B = [bij] be p ´ n matrix. These matrices A and B are
such that the number of columns of A are the same as the number of rows of B each being equal
to p. Then the product AB (in the order it is written) will be a matrix C = [cij] of the type m ´ n.
Where cij will be the element of C occurring in ith row and jth column and it will be row by
column product of ith row of A having p columns with jth column of B having p rows, the elements
of which are
ai1 ai2 ….. aip and b1j
ai1 ai2 ….. aip and b2j
………………………
………………………

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p
∑ a ik bkj
\ cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + ….. aip bpj = k =1
The summation is to be performed w.r.t. repeated suffix k.
Above gives us the particular i-jth element of C which is m ´ n type. For getting an
element of C occurring in 2nd row and 3rd column we shall put i = 2 and j = 3.
p
c 23= ∑ a2 k bk 3 =a21 b13 +a 22 b 23+. .. . .. . a2 p b p3
\ k=1
There being m rows in A, i can take values from 1 to m and there being n columns in B,
j can take values from 1 to n, and thus we shall get all the mn elements of C.
p
c ij =∑ aik bkj
Again k =1 …(i)
Above gives us i-jth element of AB which is of m ´ n type having m rows and n columns.
7.1 ELEMENTS OF jth COLUMN OF AB
For getting elements of jth column, j will remain fixed for jth column whereas i will change
from 1 to m as there are m rows in AB.
Hence giving i the values 1, 2, 3……m and keeping j fixed in (i) we shall get all the
elements of jth column of AB.
p p p
∑ a 1k bkj , ∑ a2k bkj , . .. .. , ∑ amk b kj
\ jth column of AB is k =1 k =1 k =1
7.2 AN EASY WAY TO REMEMBER
If we denote the ordered set of rows of A by R1, R2, R3 each having 2 elements and
ordered set of columns of B by C1, C2, each having 2 elements.

[] [ ]
R1 R1 C 1 R 1 C2
AB= R 2 [C 1 C 2 ]1×2 = R2 C 1 R 2 C2
R3 3 ×1 R3 C 1 R 3 C2 3×2
Then
7.3 FEW IMPORTANT THINGS FOR THE MULTIPLICATION
1. Condition for product AB to exist or to be defined: If A and B be two matrices then
their product is defined or in other words A is conformable to B for multiplication if the
number of columns of A is the same as the number of rows in B. i.e. If A be m ´ p and B
be p ´ n, the matrix AB will be of the type m ´ n.
2. Pre-multiplication and post multiplication
When we say multiply A by B then it could mean both AB or BA where A and B are any
numbers. But when A and B are matrices then as seen above AB and BA do not
necessarily mean the same thing. If AB is defined for matrix multiplication BA may not be
defined. To avoid this when we say product AB it would mean the matrix A post-multiplied
by B and when we say product BA it would mean matrix A pre-multiplied by B. In AB, A is
called prefactor and B post factor.
3. In the case when both A and B are square matrices of the same type then also both AB
and BA are defined and the product matrix is also a matrix of the same type but still AB ¹
BA.
4. Again we know that when ab = 0 it means that either a or b (or both) is zero. But AB = O
i.e. a null matrix does not necessarily imply that either A or B = O as shown above
because neither A nor B is null matrix whereas AB is a null matrix.

[ ] [ ]
1 −1 1 1 2 3
A= −3 2 −1 B= 2 4 6
Question: If
−2 1 0 1 2 3 compute AB and BA.
Solution: Here A is 3 ´ 3 and B is 3 ´ 3. Hence both AB and BA are defined and each will be 3 ´ 3
matrix.

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[ ]
C 11 C12 C 13
AB=C= C 21 C22 C 23
C 31 C32 C 33
Let
where Cij means that take the product of ith row of A with jth column of B.
e.g. C23 = product of 2nd row of A with 3rd column of B.

[]
3
6 =−3 . 3+2 .6−1 .3=0
i.e. [-3 2 -1]
3 .
Similarly we can find other elements of C.
We can also say that by the product of first row of A with the three columns of B ; we shall
get the three elements of first row of C.
i.e. R1C1, R1C2, R1C3
and similarly take the second row of A and multiply with all the columns of B and you will
get the three elements of 2nd row of C i.e. R2C1, R2C2, R2C3 and elements of 3rd row of C
will be R3C1, R3C2, R3C3.

[ ]
1. 1−1 . 2+1. 1 1 . 2−1. 4+1 .2 1. 3−1. 6+1 .3
−3 .1+2 . 2−1. 1 −3 . 2+2. 4−1 . 2 −3. 3+2 . 6=1 . 3
\ AB =
2. 1+1 .2+0 . 1 −2 . 2+1. 4 +0 .2 −2. 3+1 . 6+0 .3

[ ]
0 0 0
0 0 0 =O
0 0 0 (i.e. , null matrix)
Similarly BA can also be computed.

Question: If A and B be matrices such that both, AB and A + B are defined. Prove that both
A and B are square matrices of the same order.
Solution: We know that two matrices A and B are conformable for addition if they are of the same
type. Thus if A be m ´ n then B should also be m ´ n as A + B is defined.
Again since AB is also defined therefore number of columns in A i.e., n should be equal to
number of rows in B i.e. m. Hence n = m and in that case both A and B will be square
matrices of order equal to m = n.

Question: If A be any m ´ n matrix and both AB and BA are defined prove that B should be
n ´ m matrix.
Solution: Since A is m ´ n and AB is defined, therefore B should be n ´ p because the number of
columns of A should be equal to number of rows of B.
Again B is now n ´ p and A is m ´ n.
And since BA is also defined therefore p would be equal to m by the same argument as
above.
\ B is n ´ m matrix.
7.4 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
(a) Multiplication of matrices is distributive with respect to addition of matrices
i.e. A (B + C) = AB + AC.
(b) Matrix multiplication is associative if conformability is assured.
i.e. A(BC) = (AB) C.
(c) The multiplication of matrices is not always commutative.
i.e. AB is not always equal to BA.
(d) Multiplication of a matrix A by a null matrix conformable with A, will give null-matrix.

[ ]
2 3 4

[ ]
0 0
A= 5 1 2
6 4 2 O= 0 0
i.e. Let
7 4 6 4 ×3 and 0 0 3 ×2 Þ AO = O

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8 OPERATIONS REGARDING MATRICES
8.1 TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
If A be a given matrix of the type m ´ n then the matrix obtained by changing the rows of
A into columns and columns of A into rows is called transpose of matrix A and is denoted by A¢
or AT. As there are m rows in A therefore there will be m columns in A¢ and similarly as there are
n columns in A there will be n rows in A¢.
Properties of transpose
(i) (A¢)¢ = A
(ii) (KA)¢ = KA¢. K being a scalar.
(iii) (A ± B)¢ = A¢ ± B¢
(iv) (AB)¢ = B¢ A¢.
(v) (ABC)¢ = C¢ B¢ A¢.
8.2 THE CONJUGATE OF A MATRIX
Let A = [aij] be a given matrix then the matrix obtained by replacing all the elements by
their conjugate complex is called the conjugate of matrix A and will be represented by Ā i.e.
Ā=[ āij ] .
=
(i) A =A

(ii) ( A+B ) = Ā + B̄
(iii) ( AB)= Ā B̄
8.3 TRANSPOSE OF THE CONJUGATE OF A MATRIX
Transpose of the conjugate of a matrix is equal to the conjugate of the transpose of a
' '
matrix A i.e. ( Ā ) =( Ā ) and written as Aq.
(i) (Aq)q = A
(ii) (A + B)q = Aq + Bq
θ
(iii) (KA)q = K̄ A , K being a scalar
(iv) (AB)q = Bq Aq
8.4 MINOR OF ANY ELEMENT OF A MATRIX
Consider the determinant
a11 a12 a13
Δ=| a21 a 22 a23 |
a31 a32 a33
If we leave the row and the column passing through the element aij, then the second order
determinant thus obtained is called the minor of the element aij and we shall denote it by Mij. In
this way we can get 9 minors corresponding to the 9 elements of D.
For example:
a 12 a13
a 21=| |=M 21
the minor of the element
a 32 a33 ,
a a13
a 32=| 11 |=M 32
the minor of the element
a 21 a23 ,
a a 23
a 11=| 22 |=M 11
the minor of the element
a32 a 33 , and so on.
8.5 COFACTOR OF ANY ELEMENT OF A MATRIX
The minor Mij multiplied by (-1)i+j is called cofactor of the element aij. We shall denote the
cofactor of an element by the Cij. With this notation, cofactor of aij = Cij = (-1)i+j Mij.

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8.6 DETERMINANT OF ANY MATRIX

If matrix A = [aij] is a square matrix of order ‘n’ then

( ) (∑ )
n n
∑ a1k C1 k = a 2k C 2 k =. .. .. . .. .=. .. .. . ..
determinant of A = k =1 k =1

(∑ ) (∑ )
n n
ak 1 C k 1 = a k 2 C k 2 =. .. .. . .. .=. .. .. . ..
= k =1 k =1
here Cik represents cofactor of the element of i th row and k th column of matrix A.
for 3 ´ 3 order matrix A ; det A (or |A|) = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13
= a21C21 + a22C22 + a23C23
= a31C31 + a32C32 + a33C33
= a11C11 + a21C21 + a31C31
= a12C12 + a22C22 + a32C32
= a13C13 + a23C23 + a33C33
8.7 TRACE OF A MATRIX
Let A be a square matrix of order n. The sum of the elements of A lying along the
principal diagonal is called the trace of A. We shall write the trace of A as tr A. Thus if
n
tr A=∑ ai=a11 +a 22+. . .. ..+ ann
A = [aij]n´n, then i =1 .
9 TYPES OF MATRIX ON THE BASIS OF OPERATIONS
9.1 SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if its (i, j)th element is the same as its (j,
i)th element i.e., if aij = aji for all i, j.
9.2 SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric if the (i, j)th element of A is the
negative of the (j, i)th element of A i.e., if aij = -aji for all i, j.
9.3 HERMITIAN MATRIX
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be Hermitian if the (i, j)th element of A is equal to
conjugate complex of the (j, i)th element of A i.e., if aij = ji for all i and j.
ā
9.4 SKEW HERMITIAN MATRIX
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be Skew Hermitian if the (i, j)th element of
A is equal to the negative of conjugate complex of the (j, i)th element of A i.e., if aij = - ji for all
ā
i and j.
9.5 ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal if A¢A = I = AA¢
9.6 UNITARY MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be unitary if AqA = I = AAq
9.7 IDEMPOTENT MATRIX
A matrix such that A2 = A is called idempotent matrix.
9.8 NILPOTENT MATRIX
A matrix A will be called a nilpotent matrix if Ak = O (null matrix) where k is a positive
integer. If however k is the least positive integer for which Ak = O then k is the index of the
nilpotent matrix A.
9.9 INVOLUTRY MATRIX
2
A matrix A such that A =I is called involutry matrix.

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The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is at least 80%. Do not consult
the Study Material while attempting the questions.

[ ] [ ]
1 1 −1 1 3
A= 2 0 3 B= 0 2
1. If
3 −1 2 and 1 4 then AB + BA = O. (True/False)

2.
[ x +3 2 y +x
If z−1 4 a−6
] [
=
0 −7
]
3 2 a then x = -3, y = -2, and z = 4. (True/False)

[ ]
1 2 1
A= 0 1 −1
3. If
3 −1 1 , then A3 - 3A2 - A + 9I = …….

[ ]
1 2 2
3 A= 2 1 −2
4. If
x 2 y and A.A¢ = I, then find x + y.

5. For the 3 matrices A, B, C,

A=
[ 01 10 ] , B=[ 0i −i0 ] , C=[ 10 −10 ] verify the following
relations:
A 2 = B 2 = C2 = I
AB = -BA ; AC = -CA ; BC = -CB.

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1. False

2. True

3. zero

4. -3

10 ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

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Let A = [aij]nn be any n  n matrix. The transpose B of the matrix B = [Cij]nn, where Cij
denotes the cofactor of the element aij in the determinant | A |, is called the adjoint of the matrix A
and is denoted by the symbol adj A.

Question: If
A=
[ ]
α
γ
β
δ , then find adj A.
Solution: In | A |, the cofactor of  is  and the cofactor of  is . Also the cofactor of  is  and the
cofactor of  is . Therefore the matrix B formed of the cofactor of the elements of | A | is

B=
[−βδ −γα ]
Now Adj A = the transpose of the matrix B =
[−γδ −βα ]
11 INVERSE OF A MATRIX
Let A be any n-rowed square matrix. Then a matrix B, if it exists, such that AB = BA = In is
called inverse of A.
The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to possess the inverse is that

| A |  0.
1
If A be an invertible matrix, then the inverse of A is | A| Adj. A. It is usual to denote the
inverse of A by A1.
 Theorem (Uniqueness of inverse)
Inverse of a square matrix if it exists is unique.
Proof:
Let
A=[ a ]
ij n×n be a square matrix. Let inverse of A exist.
To prove inverse of A is unique:
If possible, let B and C be two inverses of A
Then AB=BA=I n
And AC=CA =I n
Now B=BI n
= B ( AC ) [ ∵ AC=I n ]

=( BA ) C = I n C = C
Hence B=C  inverse of A is unique
11.1 PROPERTIES
(i) (AB)1 = B1 A1 ,
(ii) (A)1 = (A1)
(iii) (A1) = (A)1

[ ]
0 1 2
A= 1 2 3
Question: Find the inverse of the matrix 3 1 1 .
Solution: We have
0 1 2 0 1 0
|A|=| 1 2 3 |= | 1 2 −1 |
3 1 1 3 1 −1 , applying C3  C3  2C2

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1 −1
−1 | |
= 3 −1 , expanding the determinant along the first
= 2
Since | A |  0 , therefore A1 exists.
2 3 1 3 1 2
| | , −| |,| |
Now the cofactors of the elements of the first row of | A | are 1 1 3 1 3 1
i.e. , are 1 , 8 , 5 respectively.
1 2 0 2 0 1
−| |, | |,−| |
The cofactors of the elements of the second row of | A | are 1 1 3 1 3 1
i.e. , are 1, 6, 3 respectively.
1 2 0 2 0 1
| | , −| |, | |
The cofactors of the elements of the third row of | A | are 2 3 1 3 1 2
i.e. , are 1, 2, 1 respectively.
Therefore the Adj. A = the transpose of the matrix B where

[ ] [ ]
−1 8 −5 −1 1 −1
B= 1 −6 3 A= 8 −6 2
−1 2 −1  Adj. −5 3 −1
1
A−1 =
Now |A| Adj. A and here | A | = 2.

[ ][ ]
−1 1 −1 1 /2 −1/2 1/2
−1 1
A =− 8 −6 2 = −4 3 −1
2
 −5 3 −1 5 /2 −3/2 1/2

12 SINGULAR AND NON-SINGULAR

A square matrix A is said to be non-singular or singular according as | A |  0 or | A | = 0.
13 ELEMENTARY OPERATIONS OR ELEMENTARY
TRANSFORMATIONS OF A MATRIX
Definition
Any of the following operations is called an elementary transformation (operation).
(i) The interchange of any two rows (or columns).
(ii) The multiplication of the elements of any row (or column) by a non-zero number.
(iii) The addition to the elements of any row (or column), the corresponding elements of
any other row (or column) multiplied by a non-zero number.
Any elementary transformation is called a row transformation or column transformation
according as it applies to rows or columns.
Clearly, there will be a total of six elementary operations (transformations) on a matrix,
three of them are due to rows and are called row operations where as three of them are due to
columns and are called column operations.
1. The elementary operations of interchange of ith row and jth row is denoted by
Ri ↔ R j
and interchange of ith column and jth column is denoted by
C i↔ C j .
Example:

[ ]
1 2 3
A= 2 3 4
Let
2 0 5
Applying R1 ↔ R3 i.e., interchanging Ist row and 3rd row matrix A becomes the matrix

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[ ]
2 0 5
B= 2 3 4
1 2 3

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2. The elementary operation of multiplication of the elements of the ith row by a non-zero
number k is denoted by Ri → kRi .
Similarly, the multiplication of the elements of the ith column by a non-zero number k is
denoted by C i → kC i .
Example:

[ ]
1 2 3
A= 2 3 4
Let
2 0 5
On multiplying the elements of 3rd column of matrix A by 2, i.e., on applying C 3 →2 C3 ,
we get the new matrix

[ ]
1 2 6
B= 2 3 8
2 0 10
3. The elementary operation of the addition to the elements of the ith row, the corresponding
R → R + kR
elements of the jth row multiplied by a non-zero number k is denoted by i i j.
Similarly, the elementary operation of the addition to the elements of the ith column, the
corresponding elements of the jth column multiplied by a non-zero number k is denoted
C →C + kC j .
by i i
Example:

[ ] [ ]
1 2 3 1 4 3
A= 2 3 4 B= 2 7 4
Let
2 0 5 , 2 4 5
On applying the elementary operation C 2 →C 2 +2 C1 , matrix A becomes the matrix B.
 Equivalent Matrices
Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent if one can be obtained from other by
applying a finite number of elementary operations on the other matrix. If A and B are equivalent
matrices we write A ~ B .
Example:

[ ] [ ]
1 2 3 2 3 8
A= 2 3 4 B= 1 2 6
Let
2 0 5 and 2 0 10

[ ][ ]
1 2 3 2 3 4
A= 2 3 4 1 2 3
Now
2 0 5 ~2 0 5 [Applying R1 ↔ R2 ]

[ ]
2 3 8
1 2 6
~
2 0 10 = B [Applying C 3 →2 C3 ]
Here A ~ B as B has been obtained from A by applying two elementary operations.

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 Elementary Matrix:
A matrix obtained from unit matrix by a single elementary operation is called an
elementary matrix.
Example:

I=
[ ]
1 0
0 1

Then
A=
[ 20 01 ] [ R1 →2 R1 ]
is an elementary matrix.
Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations (Elementary operations on matrix
equation)
Let A, B and X be three matrices of the same order such that
X = AB …(i)
The matrix equation (i) will be also valid if we apply a row operation on matrix X [occurring
on the L.H.S. of equation (i)] and the same row operation on matrix A (the first factor of product
AB on the matrix on R.H.S.)
Thus on the application of a sequence of row operations on the matrix equation
X = AB (these row operations are applied on X and on the first matrix A of product AB
simultaneously), the matrix equation is still valid (we assume this fact without proof).
Similarly a sequence of elementary column operations on the matrix equation
X = AB can be applied simultaneously on X and on the second matrix B of product AB and the
equation will be still valid.
In view of the above mentioned fact, it is clear that we can find the inverse of a matrix A, if it
exists, by using either a sequence of elementary row operations or a sequence of elementary
column operations but not both simultaneously.
Using row operation
Apply a series of row operation on A = IA till we get I = BA
−1
Now by definition of inverse of a matrix B= A
Using Column operation
Apply a series of column operations on A=AI till we get I = AB . By definition of inverse
B is inverse of A.

[ ]
0 1 2
A= 1 2 3
Question: Obtain the inverse of the matrix using elementary operations 3 1 1 .
Solution: Using row operation

[ ][ ]
0 1 2 1 0 0
1 2 3 =0 1 0 A
A=IA , i.e., 3 1 1 0 0 1

[ ][ ]
1 2 3 0 1
0
0 1 2 1 0
0
or 3 1 1 = 0 0 1 A (applying R1 ↔ R2 )

[ ][ ]
1 2 3 0 1 0
0 1 2 =1 0 0 A
or 0 −5 −8 0 −3 1 (applying R3 → R 3 −3 R 1 )

[ ][ ]
1 0 −1 −2 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0
or 0 −5 −8 0 −3 1 A (applying R1 → R 1−2 R2 )

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[ ][ ]
1 0 −1 −2 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 A
or 0 0 2 5 −3 1 (applying R3 → R 3 +5 R2 )

[ ][ ]
1 0 −1 −2 1 0
0 1 2 = 1 0 0 A 1
−3 /2 1 /2 R3 → R 3
or 0 0 1 5/2 (applying 2 )

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 1 /2 −1/2 1/2
0 1 2= 1 0 0 A
or 0 0 1 5 /2 −3/2 1/2 (applying R1 → R 1 + R3 )

[ ][ ]
1 0 0 1 /2 −1/2 1/2
0 1 0 = −4 3 −1 A
or 0 0 1 5 /2 −3/2 1/2 (applying R2 → R 2−2 R3 )

[ ]
1 /2 −1/2 1/2
A−1 = −4 3 −1
Hence 5 /2 −3/2 1/2
Using column operation

[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0
1 2 3 =A 0 1 0 2 1 3 =A 1 0 0 ( C1 ↔ C 2 )
A=AI , i.e., 3 1 1 0 0 1 or 1 3 1 0 0 1

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 0 1 0
2 1 −1 = A 1 0 −2 ( C 3 →C 3−2 C 1 )
or 1 3 −1 0 0 1

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 0 1 1
2 1 0 =A 1 0 −2 ( C3 →C3 +C 2 )
or 1 3 2 0 0 1

[ ] [ ]( )
1 0 0 0 1 1/2
1
2 1 0 =A 1 0 −1 C3→ C3
2
or 1 3 1 0 0 1/2

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 −2 1 1/2
0 1 0 =A 1 0 −1 ( C 1 →C1 −2 C2 )
or −5 3 1 0 0 1/2

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 1 /2 1 1/2
0 1 0 = A −4 0 −1 ( C 1 →C 1 +5 C3 )
or 0 3 1 5 /2 0 1/2

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 1 /2 −1/2 1/2
0 1 0 =A −4 3 −1 ( C 2 →C 2−3 C 3 )
or 0 0 1 5 /2 −3/2 1/2

[ ]
1/2 −1/2 1/2
−1
A = −4 3 −1
Hence 5/2 −3/2 1/2

14 RANK OF A MATRIX
A number r is said to be the rank of a matrix A if it possesses the following two properties:
(i) There is at least one square submatrix of A of order r whose determinant is not equal
to zero.

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(ii) If the matrix A contains any square submatrix of order r + 1, then the determinant of
every square submatrix of A of order r + 1, should be zero.
In short the rank of a matrix is the order of any highest order non-vanishing minor of the
matrix.

15 HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

The equations

a1x+a12x+. +a1nx=0,¿}a21x+a2x+. +a2nx=0,¿}. . . . . . . ¿}. . . . . . .¿}

…(i)

[ ] [] []
represents system of m homogeneous equations in n unknowns x1, x2 , ……. , xn. Let
a 11 a12 .. . a1 n x1 0
a21 a22 .. . a2 n x2 0
0
A= a31 a32 .. . a3 n X = x3 O=
.. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
.. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
am1 am2 .. . a mn xn 0 m ×1 ,
m×n , n ×1 ,

where A, X, O are m  n, n  1, m  1 matrices respectively. Then obviously we can

write the system of equations (i) in the form of a single matrix equation
AX = O …(ii)
The matrix A is called the coefficient matrix of the system of equations.
(i) If | A|=0 the system has infinitely many solutions.
(ii) If | A|≠0 the system has zero solution or trivial solutions.
These conclusions can also be written on the basis of rank method as follows:
[ Suppose we have m equations in n unknowns. Then the coefficient matrix A will be of the
type m  n. Let r be the rank of the matrix A. Obviously r cannot be greater than n (the number of
columns of the matrix A). Therefore we have either r = n or r < n.
Case I: If r = n, the equation AX = O will have n  n i.e., no linearly independent solutions.
In this case the zero solution will be the only solution. We know that zero vector forms a linearly
dependent set.
Case II: If r < n, we shall have n  r linearly independent solutions. Any linear combination
of these n  r solutions will also be a solution of AX = O. Thus in this case the equation AX = O
will have an infinite number of solutions.
Case III: Suppose m < n i.e., the number of solutions is less than the number of
unknowns. Since r  m, therefore r is definitely less than n. Hence in this case the given system
of equations must posses a non-zero solution. The number of solutions of the equation AX = O
will be infinite.

Question: Does the following system of equations possess a common non-zero solution?
x + 2y + 3z = 0
3x + 4y + 4z = 0
7x + 10y + 12z = 0
Solution: Determinant of coefficient matrix is | A | = –2 which non-zero
 x = y = z = 0 is the only solution.
Alternate method : (using rank)
The given system of equations can be written in the form of the single matrix equation

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[ ][ ] [ ]
1 2 3 x 0
AX= 3 4 4 y = 0 =O
7 10 12 z 0 .
We shall start reducing the coefficient matrix A to triangular form by applying only E-row
transformations on it. Applying R2  R2  3R1 , R3  R3  7R1, the given system of
equations is equivalent to

[ ][ ]
1 2 3 x
0 −2 −5 y =O
0 −4 −9 z
Here we find that the determinant of the matrix on the left hand side of this equation is not
equal to zero. Therefore the rank of this matrix is 3. So there is no need of further applying
E-row transformation on the coefficient matrix. The rank of the coefficient matrix A is 3, i.e.,
equal to the number of unknowns. Therefore the given system of equations does not
possess any linearly independent solution. The zero solution, i.e. x = y = z = 0 is the only
solution of the given system of equations.

15 SYSTEM OF LINEAR NON HOMOGENEOUS

The equations

a1x+a12x+. +a1nx=b1,¿}a21x+a2x+. +a2nx=b2,¿}. . . . . . . ¿}. . . . . . .¿}

…(i)
be a system of m non-homogeneous equations in n unknowns x1, x2 , ……. , xn. If we
write

[ ] [] []
a 11 a12 .. . a1 n x1 b1
A= a21 a22 .. . a2 n , X= x 2 , B= b2 ,
.. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. .
am 1 am 2 .. . a mn m ×n xn n×1 bm m ×1

where A, X, B are m  n, n  1, m  1 matrices respectively the above equations can be

written in the form of a single matrix equation AX = B.
Any set of values of x1 , x2 , ….. , xn which simultaneously satisfy all these equations is
called a solution of the system (i). When the system of equations has one or more solutions, the
equations are said to be consistent, otherwise they are said to be inconsistent.
If B  0 the system (i) is said to be non-homogenous.
Adj A
A−1 =
(i) If | A |  0  X =A B , where −1 |A|
the given system has unique solution.
(ii) If | A | = 0
Q AX = B
 ( adj A ) AX=( adj A ) B  | A|X =( adj A ) B
 ( adj A ) B=0 [Q | A | = 0]
which is true for infinite values of X.
 for infinitely many solutions to the system ( adj A ) B=0
Clearly for no solution ( adj A ) B≠0
These conclusions can also be written on the basis of rank method as follows:

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[ ]
a 11 a12 .. . a1 n b1
[ A B ]= a21 a22 .. . a2 n b2
.. . .. . .. . . .. .. .
a m1 am 2 .. . a mn bm
The matrix
is called the augmented matrix of the given system of equations.
Suppose the coefficient matrix A is of the type m  n, i.e., we have m equations in n
unknowns. Write the augmented matrix [A B] and reduce it to a Echelon form by applying only
E-row transformations and comparing the ranks of the augmented matrix [A B] and the
coefficient matrix A. Then the following different cases arise:
Case I: Rank A < Rank [A B]
In this case the equations AX = B are inconsistent i.e., they have no solution.
Case II: Rank A = Rank [A B] = r (say).
In this case the equations AX = B are consistent i.e., they possess a solution. If r < m,
then in the process of reducing the matrix [A B] to Echelon form, (m  r) equations will then the
replaced by an equivalent system of r equations. From these r equations we shall be able to
express the values of some r unknowns in terms of the remaining n  r unknowns which can be
given any arbitrary chosen values.
If r = n, then n  r = 0, so that no variable is to be assigned arbitrary values and therefore
in this case there will be a unique solution.
If r < n , then n  r variables can be assigned arbitrary values. So in this case there will be
an infinite number of solutions Only n  r + 1 solutions will be linearly independent and the rest of
the solutions will be linear combinations of them.
If m < r, then r  m < n. Thus in this case n  r > 0. Therefore when the number of
equations is less than the number of unknowns, the equations will always have an infinite
number of solution provided they are consistent.
For non singular matrix A
Equation AX = B  X = A1B
By comparing entries on both the sides we have unique solution for given system of equations.

Question: Show that the equations 2x + 6y + 11 = 0 , 6x + 20y  6z + 3 = 0 , 6y  18z + 1 = 0 are

not consistent.
2 6 0
Δ= |A| = | 6 20 −6 |=0
Solution: 0 6 −18
−11 6 0 2 −11 6 2 6 −11
Δ 1=| −3 20 −6 |≠0 Δ 2 =| 6 −3 20 |≠0 Δ 3 =| 6 20 −3 |≠0
−1 6 −18 ; 0 −1 6 ; 0 6 −1
 the system is inconsistent
Alternate Method :
The given system of equations is equivalent to the single matrix equation

[ ][ ] [ ]
2 6 0 x −11
AX= 6 20 −6 y = −3 =B
0 6 −18 z −1
We shall reduce the coefficient matrix A to triangular form by E-row operations on it and
apply the same operations on the right hand side i.e., on the matrix B.

[ ][ ] [ ]
2 6 3 x −11
0 2 −6 y = 30
Performing R2  R2  3R1 , we have,
0 6 −18 z −1

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[ ][ ] [ ]
2 6 0 x −11
0 2 −6 y = 30
Performing R3  R3  3R2 , we have, 0 0 0 z −91
The last equation of this system is 0x + 0y + 0z = 91. This shows that the given system is
not consistent.

The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the
following briefly. Do not consult the Study Material while attempting the questions.

1. Use matrix multiplication to divide Rs. 30,000 in two parts such that the total annual
interest at 9% on the first part and 11% on the second part amounts Rs. 3060.

[ ] [ ]
0 c −b a2 ab ac
A= −c 0 a B= ab b2 bc
2. If b −a 0 and ac bc c 2 , show that AB = BA = O33.

[ ]
3 2 3
A= 4 5 3
3. Express the matrix
2 4 5 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
matrix.
4. Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then, show that
(ii) AB  BA is a skew symmetric matrix
(iii) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix

5. If
[ 31 −41 ] , B=[12
A=
1 2
]
3 4 , show that (AB)T = BT AT.

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1. first part  12,000

second part  18,000

[ ][ ]
3 3 5/2 0 −1 1/2
A= 3 5 7/2 + 1 0 −1/2
5/2 7 /2 5 −1 /2 1 /2 0

3.

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Example 1:
If A is the diagonal matrix diag (d1, d2, d3, ………, dn), then An, n  N, is
(a) diag (nd1, nd2, nd3, ………, ndn) (b) diag (d1n, d2n, d3n, ………, dnn)
n1 n1 n1 n1
(c) diag (d1 , d2 , d3 , ………, dn ) (d) none of these
Solution:
Given A = diag (d1, d2, d3, ………, dn)

][ ]
Now A2 = AA

[ ][
d1 0 0 . .. . 0 d1 0 0 . .. . 0 d 21 0 0 . .. . 0
0 d2 0 . .. . 0 0 d2 0 . .. . 0 0 d 22 0 . .. . 0
0 0 d3 . .. . 0 0 0 d3 . .. . 0 0 0 d32 . .. . 0
.. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
.. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
0 0 0 . .. . dn 0 0 0 . .. . dn 0 0 0 . .. . d 2n
= =

[ ][ ][ ]
and A3 = A2A
d 21 0 0 . .. . 0 d1 0 0 . .. . 0 d 31 0 0 . .. . 0
0 d 22 0 . .. . 0 0 d2 0 . .. . 0 0 d 32 0 . .. . 0
0 0 d32 . .. . 0 0 0 d3 . .. . 0 0 0 d33 . .. . 0
.. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
.. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . ..
0 0 0 . .. . d 2n 0 0 0 . .. . dn 0 0 0 . .. . d 3n
= =
n
continuing this way, we get the result An = diag (d 1 , d n2 , d n3 , .. . .. .. . , d nn ) .
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

Example 2:
If A and B are any 2  2 matrices, then det (A + B) = 0 implies
(a) det A + det B = 0 (b) det A = 0 or der B = 0
(c) det A = 0 and det B = 0 (d) none of these
Solution:
det (A + B) cannot be expressed in terms of det A and det B. Hence the given equation gives no
inference.
Hence (d) is the correct answer.

Example 3:

[ ] [ ]
0 1 2 1 /2 −1/2 1/2
A= 1 2 3 A−1 = −4 3 c
If 3 a 1 and 5 /2 −3/2 1/2 , then
(a) a = 2, c = 1/2 (b) a = 1, c = 1
(c) a = 1, c = 1 (d) a = 1/2, c = 1/2
Solution:
We must have AA1 = I
 (3, 1)th entry of AA1 = 0 = (1, 3)th entry of AA1
1 5 1 1
3× +a×(−4 )+1× =0 0× +1×c+2×
 2 2 = 2 2
 4a + 4 = 0 and c + 1 = 0  a = 1 and c = 1.
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

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Example 4:

If A =
[ α2 α2 ] and |A3| = 125, then  is
(a) 0 (b) ±5 (c) ±3 (d) ±2
Solution:

2
A3 = 6 α +8
[
α 3 +12 α 6 α 2 +8
]
α 3 +12 α ; | A3 | = 125
 (2  4)3 = 53   =±3
Hence (c) is the correct answer.

Example 5:

Let
P=
[√
3/2 1/2
−1/2 √ 3/2
, A=
1 1
0 1 ] [ ] and Q=PAP
T
, then PT Q2005 P is

(a)
1
4
1
−2005[ 2005
−1 ] (b) 0
[
1 2005
1 ]
(c)
[
2005 1
1 0 ] (d) 4 2005
[
1 −1 −2005
1 ]
Solution:
T T
As PP =I =P P
T
 P =P
−1
 Q n =PA n P−1  Q 2005 =PA 2005 P−1  PT Q 2005 P= A 2005
=
[ 10 2005
1 ]
Hence (b) is the correct answer.

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Example 1:
If  = e2i/3 , find the inverse of the matrix.

[ ]
1 1 1
A= 1 ω ω2
1 ω2 ω
Solution:
Clearly 3 = e2i = 1
Also  + 2 = e2i/3 + e4i/3 = (cos 2/3 + cos 4/3) + i (sin 2/3 + sin 4/3)
= 2cos cos/3 + i2 sin cos/3 = 1 or 1 +  + 2 = 0
| A | = (2  4)  ( 2) + (2  ) = 3 (  1)  0.
The cofactors of elements of various rows of | A | are
(2  4) ,  ( 2), (2  )
 ( 2) , (  1) , (2  1)
(2  ) , (2  1) , ( 1)
Put   3, ,  =   (2  1) = ( + 1) (  1) = 2 (  1)
4

 The matrix formed by cofactors of | A | is

[ ]
ω(ω−1), ω (ω−1) ω(ω−1)
C= ω (ω−1) ω 3 ( ω−1 ) ω2 (ω−1)
ω (ω−1) ω 2 (ω−1 ) ω3 (ω−1)
 Adj. A = Transpose of matrix C of cofactors

[ ]
1 1 1
ω(ω−1) 1 ω 2 ω
= 1 ω ω2

[ ]
1 1 1
1
1 A= 1 ω2 ω
A−1 = 3
 |A| Adj. 1 ω ω2
You can easily verify by using 1 +  + 2 = 0 that AA1 = A1 A = I3.

Example 2:

[ ][ ]
−1
cosθ −sin θ 1 tan θ/2
=
Show that sin θ cos θ −tan θ/2 1

[ ] [−tan1 θ/2 1 ]
−1
1 −tanθ /2 tan θ/2
= tan θ /2 1
Solution:

Let
B=
[ 1
−tan θ /2
tan α /2
1 ]
We know that

B−1 =
Adj . B
|B|
= 2
1
sec θ/2
1
tanθ /2 1[
−tan θ/2
]
 R.H.S.

=cos2 θ /2
[ 1
tanθ /2
−tan θ/2
1 ][ 1
tan θ /2
−tanθ /2
1 ]
[ ]
2
1−tan θ /2 −2 tan θ /2
=cos2 θ /2
2 tan θ/2 −tan2 θ /2+1

=
[ cos2 θ /2−sin 2 θ /2 −2sin θ /2 cos θ /2
2 2
2 sin θ/2 cos θ /2 cos θ/2−sin θ/2
=
cosθ −sin θ
][
sin θ cos θ = L.H.S. ]
Example 3:

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Show that the equations 2x + y + z = a, x  2y + z = b , x + y  2z = c, have no solution unless
a + b + c = 0, in which case, they have infinitely many solutions. Find these solutions when
a = 1, b = 1, c = 2.
Solution:
Writing the equations as x + y  2z = c, x  2y + z = b , 2x + y + z = a, and performing successively
the operations R21(1), R31(2), R32(1), we get
x + y  2z = c, 3y + 3z = b  c, 0 = a + b + c,
Hence in order that the system be consistent, a + b + c must be equal to zero.
In that case, from the first two equations we get
1 1 2 1
y= c− b+ z , x=c− y+ 2 z= c+ b−z
3 3 3 3 .
Substituting b = 1, c = 2, we get x = y = z  1.
The number of solutions is infinite.

Example 4:
Let a, b, c are real and distinct numbers and f ( x ) is a quadratic function such that

[ ][ ] [ ]
4 a2 4 a 1 f (−1 ) 3 a2 +3 a
4 b2 4 b 1 f ( 1 ) = 3 b 2 +3 b
4 c2 4 c 1 f ( 2) 3 c 2 +3 c .
A is the point where y=f ( x ) cuts the x-axis and B is the a point such that AB subtends a right
angle at V (local maxima of f ( x ) ). Find the area enclosed by the curve y=f ( x ) and the chord AB.
Solution:

4 a f ( − 1 ) + 4 af ( 1 ) + f ( 2 ) = 3 a + 3 a ¿ } 4 b f ( − 1 ) + 4 bf ( 1 ) + f ( 2 ) = 3 b + 3 b ¿ } ¿ ¿
2 2 2 2

3
f (−1 )= =f ( 1 ) , f ( 2 ) =0
4
Let f ( x )= Ax 2 +Bx +C , using the value of f (−1 ) , f ( 1 ) , f ( 2 )
1
f ( x )=− x 2 + 1
 4
Let B ( 2t , 1−t 2 ) is any point on f ( x ) .
Given
m BV ×mVA =−1
1−t 2−1 1−0
× =−1
 2t 0−2
 t = –4,
so B(–8, –15)
Equation of line AB
 2 y=3 x−6
3
y= x −3
 2 .
2 2
∫( 1 3
− x 2 +1 dx −∫ x−3 =
4
125
) ( )
Required area = −8 −8 2 3 square units, point A can also taken as
(–2, 0), then B will be (8, –15) and area will be same.

Example 5:
−1 −1 −1
If D = diag . [d1, d2, …… , dn], d1, d2, ….. , dn  0, the prove that D1 = diag. [ d 1 , d 2 , . .. d n ] .
Solution:

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[ ]
d1 0 0 . .. 0
0 d2 0 . .. 0
D= . . . . .
. . . . .
0 0 0 . .. dn
We have .
Since |D| = d1, d2 , …. dn  0, D is non-singular.

[ ]
d 2 d 3 . .. d n 0 0 . .. . 0
0 d 1 d 3 . .. d n 0 . .. . 0
D= . . . . .
. . . . .
0 0 0 . .. d 1 d 2 . .. . d n−1
Now adj.

Therefore
D−1
1 1 1
.
|D| adj. D = diag. d1 d 2 [
, . .. . . ,
1
dn ]

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KINDS OF MATRICES DEPENDING UPON THEIR

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
ENTRIES
 Product AB is possible if matrix A has order m × n  Null matrix : If aij = 0 ,  i and j.
and B has the order n  l.  Square matrix : If m = n.
n  Unit matrix : Square matrix having a ij = 0 ,  i  j
C ik= ∑ aij b jk and aij = 1 for i = j.
 AB = [Cij]ml where j=1 .  Row matrix : If m = 1
 AB  BA (in general)  Column matrix : If n = 1
 Diagonal matrix : Square matrix aij = 0 ,  i  j
 A(BC) = (AB)C
and aij  0 for i = j
 A(B + C) = AB + AC  Upper triangular matrix : If aij = 0 for i > j.
 Lower triangular matrix : If aij = 0 for i < j.
MINOR
 Minor Mij of any element aij of the matrix A is equal to
the determinant of matrix leaving ith row and jth column. OPERATIONS RELATED TO MATRICES
COFACTOR  Transpose (AT) = [aji]nm
 Cofactor Cij of any element aij of the matrix
 Conjugate ( Ā ) =
[ āij ]m×n
= (1)i+jMij
[ ā ]
 Transpose of conjugate (A) = ji n×m
ADJOINT OF MATRIX
 For square matrix A adj A = [Cij] T  Determinant of matrix | A | (for square matrix A)
n
INVERSE OR RECIPROCAL OF A NON SINGULAR
MATRIX A ∑ a ik Cik
= k =1 where {1  i  m}
adj A
( A−1 )= n

 |A| ∑ aii
 Trace of matrix Tr(A) = i=1

MATRIX
A = [aij]mn , 1  i  m , 1  j 
n

KINDS OF MATRICES DEPENDING UPON

SOLUTION OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR
OPERATIONS
EQUATIONS
 Singular matrix : Square matrix having |A| = 0
 Let the equations be  Non singular matrix : Square matrix having |A| 0.
a11x + a12y + a13z = b1  Symmetric : If aij = aji
 Skew symmetric : if aij = aji
a21x + a22y + a23z = b2
ā
 Hermitian : If aij = ji
a31x + a32y + a33z = b3
 These equations can be written in matrix form as  Skew hermitian : If aij =  ji
ā
AX = B  Orthogonal : Square matrix for which AT A = I
 Unitary : Square matrix for which A A = I
 X = A1B  Idempotent : If A2 = A

[] []
b1  Periodic : If Ak+1 = A , k is positive integer known as
x
period of A.
y , A=[ aij ] 3×3 , B= b2
 Nilpotent : If A = 0,  is positive integer known as
z 3×1 b3 3×1 index of A.
where X =

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CBSE PROBLEMS

[ ] [ ]
1 3 2 1
A= 2 1 B= 1 2
1. If
3 −1 and 1 1 , then find the matrix C such that A+ B+C is a zero
matrix.

2. Find the value of x and y from the equation

2
[ x
7
5
][ ][ ]
+
3 4
=
7 14
y−3 1 2 15 14 .

3. Find a matrix X, such that 2 A + B+ X =0 , where

A=
[−13 24 ] B=[ 31 −25 ]
and .

4. If
A=
[ 34 −2−2 ] I=[10 01 ]
and
2
, find k, such that A =kA−2 I .

5. If
A=
[ 31 −4−1 ] A=
, prove that
[ 1+2n
n
n
−4 n
]
1−2 n , n ∈ N .

6. (i) If
A=
[7 8 ]
3 −4
'
, show that A−A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(ii) If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then show that AB – BA is skew-
symmetric matrix.

7. If
A=
[−43 −52 ] , 2 −1
verify that A −5 A−14 I =O and hence find A .

8. Solve the equation using matrix-method:

2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
+ + =4 , − + =1 , + − =2
x y z x y z x y z .

[ ]
1 1 1
A= 1 2 −3
9. (i) If 2 −1 3 , find A−1 , hence solve the equations
x + y +2 z =0 , x +2 y−z=9 , x−3 y +3 z = –14.

[ ]
2 −3 3
2 2 3
(ii) Using elementary transformation find the inverse of
3 −2 2 .

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[ ] [ ]
2 −1 1 3 1 −1
A= −1 2 −1 B= 1 3 1
10. If
1 −1 2 and −1 1 3 , find AB and use this result to solve the
equations 2 x− y +z=−1 , −x +2 y−z=4 , x − y+2 z=−3 .

11. Solve the equations x +2 y+z =7 , x +3 z=11, 2 x−3 y =1 .

12. If
A=
[ 32 21 ] 2
, show that A −4 A−I 2 =O . Hence find A .
−1

13. If
A=
[−tan1 x ]
tan x
1 , show that
A A−1 =
'
[
cos2 x −sin 2 x
sin 2 x cos2 x . ]
14. Compute the adjoint of the matrix
A=
[ ]
3 4
5 7 and verify that ( adj A ) A=| A | I .

[ ][ ]
1 2 0 0
[ 1 2 1 ] 2 0 1 2 =O
15. Find the value of x, such that
1 0 2 x .

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IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

[ ] [ ]
2 3 3 2
A= 1 2 , B= 5 6
1. If
5 6 2 1 and A + B - C = 0, then C =

[ ] [ ]
5 5 1 1
6 8 −4 −4
(a)
7 7 (b)
3 5

[ ] [ ]
5 5 5 5
8 6 8 7
(c)
7 7 (d)
7 5

2.
[ 5 k +2
If k +1 −2
=
][
k+3 4
3 −k then k = ]
(a) 0 (b) 2
(c) -2 (d) 1

3. If
A=
[−14 21 ] , then (A - 2I) (A - 3I) =
(a) A (b) I
(c) O (d) 5I

[ ]
−1 −2 −2
A= 2 1 −2
4. If
2 −2 1 , then Adj A =
(a) A (b) AT
(c) 3A (d) 3AT

[ ]
8 −6 2
−6 7 −4
5. If A is
2 −4 λ is a singular matrix then l =
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) 5

6. The inverse of the matrix

A=
[ cos α sin α
]
sin α −cosα is
(a) -A (b) A

(c)
[−cos α
−sin α
−sin α
−cos α ] (d) none of these

' '
7. If A is 3 × 3 matrix and B is a matrix such that A B and B A are both defined. Then B is
of the type
(a) 3 × 4 (b) 3 × 3

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(c) 4 × 4 (d) 4 × 3

8. For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A(Adj. A) =

[ 100 100 ] , then | A | equals
(a) 0 (b) 10
(c) 20 (d) 100

9. If
E (θ)=
[ cosθ sin θ
]
−sin θ cos θ , then E ( α ) . E ( β ) is equal to
(a) E(0) (b) E(a b)
(c) E(a + b) (d) E(a – b)

10. If
x=
[11 11 ] , then xn , n ∈ N is equal to
n−1 2
(a) 2 x (b) n x
n+1
(c) nx (d) 2 x

11. Choose the incorrect

(a) A −B
2 2
=( A +B ) ( A−B ) (b) ( AB )n =A n Bn , where A, B
commute
T T
(c) ( A ) =A (d) ( A−I ) ( A+I )=0⇔ A 2 −I =0

12. The inverse of a diagonal matrix is

(a) a symmetric matrix (b) a skew symmetric matrix
(c) a diagonal matrix (d) none of these

−1
13. If A is an orthogonal matrix, then A =
2
(a) A (b) A
'
(c) A (d) none of these

[ ]
0 1 0
A= 0 0 1 ,
14. If
p q r then pI+qA+rA 2
(a) A (b) 2A
(c) 3A (d) A3

15. The matrix ‘X’ in the equation AX= B, such that

A=
[ 10 31 ] B=[ 10 −11 ]
and is given by

(a)
[−31 01 ] (b)
[ 10 −41 ]
(c)
[ 10 −31 ] (d)
[−30 −11 ]
16. For the equations x + 2y + 3z = 1, 2x + y + 3z = 2, 5x + 5y + 9z = 4
(a) there is only one solution (b) there exist infinitely many solutions
(c) there is no solution (d) none of these

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[ ] [ ]
cos x −sin x 0 cos y 0 sin y
F ( x )= sin x cos x 0 G( y )= 0 1 0
17. If
0 0 1 , −sin y 0 cos y , then [F(x) . G(y)]-1 is equal to
(a) F(x) G(-y) (b) F(x-1) G(y-1)
(c) G(y-1) F(x-1) (d) G(-y) F(-x)

18. If
A=
[ 13 34 ] and A2 - kA - 5I2 = 0, then the value of k is
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) none of these

19. If (1, 2, 3) B = (3, 4), then order of B is

(a) 3 ´ 1 (b) 1 ´ 3 (c) 2´3 (d) 3 ´ 2

20. If
A=
[ 01 −10 ]
and
B=
[ 0i 0i ] , then
(a) A2 = B2 = I (b) A2 = B2 = -I
(c) A2 = I, B2 = -I (d) A2 = -I, B2 = -I

21. If
A=
[ α1 01 ] and
B=
[ 12 01 ] 2
such that A =B , then  is
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) none of these

22. If
2
f ( x )=x +4 x−5 and
A=
1 2
[ ]
4 −3 , then f ( A ) is equal to

(a) 8
[0 −4
8 ] (b)
[ ]
2 1
2 0 (c)
1 1
1 0 [ ] [ ]
8 4
(d) 8 0

−1
23. If A is an invertible symmetric matrix, then A is
(a) symmetric (b) skew symmetric
(c) a diagonal matrix (d) none of these

24. If
A=
[ ]
0 1
0 0 , I is the unit matrix of order 2 and a, b are arbitrary constants, then
( aI +bA )2 is equal to
2
(a) a I + abA (b) a 2 I +2 abA
2 2
(c) a I +b A (d) none of these

25.
2
Matrix A is such that A =2 A−I , where I is the identity matrix. Then for n≥2 , A n is
equal to
(a) nA−( n−1 ) I (b) nA−I
(c) 2n−1 A−( n−1 ) I (d) 2n−1 A−I

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IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

[ ][ ]
1 3 2 1
[1 x 1 ] 0 5 1 1 =O
1. If 0 3 2 x , then x equals to
−9± √ 53
(a) −3± √3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) none of these

2. If
A=
[ ac bd ] −1
such that ad −bc≠0 , then A is equal to

ad−bc −c a ]
[ [−cd −ba ]
1 d b
(a) (b)

ad−bc −c a ]
[
1 d −b
(c) (d) none of these

3. If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then

(a) AB is a symmetric matrix
(b) A – B is a skew-symmetric matrix
(c) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix
(d) AB – BA is a symmetric matrix

[ ]
a h g
A=[ x y z], B= h b f
4. If
g f c and C=[ x y z]t , then ABC is
(a) not defined (b) a 3×3 matrix
(c) a 1×1 matrix (d) none of these

[ ]
1 1 1
A= 1 2 3
5. If
1 3 4 , then adj ( adj A ) is equal to
(a) A (b) –A
(c) A2 (d) none of these

6. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 0 or 1 is

(a) 18 (b) 512
(c) 81 (d) none of these

7. If
A=
[ ]
1 2
,
0 1 then An is equal to

(a)
[ ]
1 2n
0 1 (b)
2 n
0 1 [ ] (c)
[ 1 2n
0 −1 ] (d)
[ ]
1 n
0 1

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8. The value of ‘a’ for which the system of equations

a 3 x+ ( a+1 )3 y + ( a+2 )3 z=0 , ax+ ( a+1 ) y+ ( a+2 ) z=0 and x + y + z=0
has a non-zero solution is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) none of
these

9. If
A=
[ 11 01 ] , then for any integer ‘n’ the value of n→∞
lim
1 −n
n2
A
is

(a)
[−10 00 ] (b)
[ 00 00 ] (c)
[ 00 −10 ] (d)
[ 10 01 ]
2 2
10. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n such that A −B =( A−B ) ( A+B ) , then
which of the following will be always true?
(a) AB = BA (b) either of A or B is a zero matrix
(c) either of A or B is an identity matrix (d) A = B

−1
If A =0 but A ≠0 for n = 1, 2 then ( I− A )
3 n
11. is equal to
2 2 2 2
(a) 1+ A+ A (b) 1− A+ A (c) 1− A− A (d) 1+ A−A

12. If
A=
[ 00 50 ] and f ( x )=I +x +x 2 +. .. .. .+x 16 , then f ( A )=

(a) 0
[ ]
1 5
(b) 0 1
[ ]
1 5
(c) 0 0 (d)
[ 11 51 ]
13. If
A=
[ 00 01 ] , 2 3
then sum of the series Sk =I +2 A +3 A + 4 A +.. . .. . k terms is

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 −1 0 1 0

[ ]
k −1 k k
k 1
1 k
0 ∑r 0 ∑r 0 ∑r
(a) (b) r=1 (c) r=1 (d) r=1

14. If AB = 0, where
A=
cos 2 θ
cos θ sin θ [ cos θ sin θ
sin2 θ ] and
B=
cos2 φ
[
cosφ sin φ
cosφ sin φ
sin2 φ ]
, then
|θ−φ | is equal to
π π
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 

[ ]
1 0 0
A= 0 1 1 −1 1
0 −2 4 A = ( A 2 +cA + dI )
15. If and 6 , then (c, d) is
(a) (–6, –11) (b) (–6, 11)
(c) (6, –11) (d) (6, 11)

16. The values of l and m for which the system of equations

x + y + z = 6 , x + 2y + 3z = 10 , x + 2y + lz = m
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have no solution are
(a) l = 3, m ¹ 0 (b) l = 3, m = 10
(c) l ¹ 3, m = 10 (d) l = 3, m ¹ 10

A=( a ij ) C ij is the co-factor of the element a ij in | A |, then the

17. If is a 4 × 4 matrix and
expression a 11 C 11 + a12 C 12 + a13 C 13 +a14 C 14 is equal to
(a) 0 (b) –1
(c) 1 (d) | A |

18. If
E (θ)=
[ cos 2 θ
cosθ sin θ
cosθ sin θ
sin2 θ ] π
and q and f differ by an odd multiple of 2 , then
E ( θ ) . E ( φ ) is a
(a) null matrix (b) unit matrix
(c) diagonal matrix (d) none of these

19. Matrix
A λ=
[ λ−1λ λ−1
λ ]
, λ∈N
. The value of
| A 1 |+ | A2 |+......+| A 300 | is
(a) ( 299 )2 (b) ( 300 )2
(c) ( 301 )2 (d) none of these

[ ]
( x−a )2 ( x−b )2 ( x−c )2
( y−a )2 ( y−b )2 ( y−c )2
20. If the matrix
( z−a )2 ( z−b )2 ( z−c )2 is a zero matrix, then a, b, c, x, y, z are
connected by
(a) a+ b+c=0 , x + y + z=0 (b) a+ b+c=0 , x= y =z
(c) a=b=c , x + y + z=0 (d) none of these

( )
0 sin α sin α sin β
A= −sin α 0 cosα cos β
21. Let
−sin α sin β −cosα cos β 0 , then
−1
(a) | A | is independent of a and b (b) A depends only on a
−1
(c) A depends only on b (d) none of these

22. If the system of equations x=a ( y + z ) , y=b ( z + x ) ; z =c ( x + y ) ( a , b , c≠−1 ) has a non-

a b c
+ +
trivial solution, then the value of 1+ a 1+b 1+c is
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) –1 (d) 2

23. If the system of equations x +4 ay +az=0 ; x +3 by+ bz=0 and x +2 cy +cz =0 have a
non-zero solution, then a, b, c are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P.
(c) H.P. (d) none of these

T
24. If A+ B=2 B and 3 A +2 B=I , where A and B are matrices of same order then
5 A +5 B is equal to
(a) I (b) 2I

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(c) –I (d) –2I

25. If A is any square matrix, then adj ( A' ) −( adj A )′ is equal to

(a) 2 |A| (b) |2A|
(c) a null matrix (d) none of these

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. The system of equations ax + by = c, ax + by = c

a b c
= ≠
(a) has a unique solution if ab – ab  0 (b) has no solution if a ′ b ′ c ′

a b c
= =
(c) has infinite solutions if a ′ b ′ c ′ (d) none of these

2. If A and B are invertible matrices both of order n, then

(a) adj. A = | A | A–1 (b) (A + B)–1 = A–1 + B–1
–1 –1 –1
(c) (AB) = B A (d) |A–1| = |A|–1

[ ]
1 0 −2
−1
A = −2 1 0 , then
3. If
−1 1 0

[ ]
1/2 0 −1
A= −1 1/2 0
(a) |A| = 2 (b) adj.
−1/2 1/2 0

(c) | adj. A | = 4 (d) |A | = 1/2

[ ]
1 −1 1
A= 2 −1 0 , then
4. If
1 0 0
(a) A3 = I (b) A–1 = A2

(c) An = A ∀ n  4 (d) none of these

5. The correct statement/s are

(a) A is symmetric  An is symmetric ∀ n  N
(b) A is symmetric  An is skew symmetric ∀ n  N
(c) A is skew symmetric  An is symmetric ∀ n  even N
(d) A is skew symmetric  An is skew symmetric ∀ n  odd N

6. If A is a non-singular matrix, then

(a) A–1 is symmetric if A is symmetric (b) A–1 is skew symmetric if A is symmetric
(c) |(A–1)| = |A|–1 if A is symmetric (d) none of these

7. If A and B commutative, so also do

(a) A–1 and B–1 (b) A and B

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(c) Ā ′ and B̄′ (d) none of these

8. Inverse of
(a) a non singular diagonal matrix diag (k 1 , k 2 , . .. . , k n ) is the diagonal matrix diag

( 1 1
, , .. .. ,
k1 k 2
1
kn ) .
(b) a non singular diagonal matrix diag (k 1 , k 2 , . .. . , k n ) is the inverse of diag

( 1 1
, , .. .. ,
k1 k 2
.
1
kn )
(c) product of two matrices is same as product of inverses of these matrices taken in
reverse order.
(d) none of these.

9. If A is invertible matrix, then det(A–1) is not equal to

1
(b) det ( A )
'
(a) det (A)
1
(c) det ( A ) (d) det ( A ′ )

10. Let A be a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order, then det (A) cannot be
(a) 0 (b) ± 1
(c) ± 2 (d) ± 3

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MATCH THE FOLLOWING

Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column - II
1.
Column I Column II
I. If A, B and C are square matrices of order 3 such that
C = 3A, | A | = –2, | B | = 3 and |CB| = –162x, then A. (–6, 11)
(| AB |, x+10 ) is equal to

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 1 0 0
A= 0 1 1 ; I= 0 1 0 ; −1 1 2
0 0 1 A = 6 [ A +cA + dI ] ,
B. (–1, 2)
II. 0 −2 4
where c, d ∈ R , than pair of values (c, d) may be

[ ] [ ]
2 0 −1 3 −1 −1
A= 5 1 0 B= −15 5 α−α −5 2
C. (2, 3)
III. Let
0 1 3 and 5 −2 2 . If B is
inverse of matrix A, then ( α , 3 |A|) is

IV.
A=
0 i
[
−i 0 , where i=√−1 . If ] A 40=
α β
γ δ , and [ ] D. (0, 3)
3 3 3 3
y = α + β + γ +δ , then (| A|, y ) is equal to

Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column - II
2.
Column II Column II

I.
n
If C k = C k for 0≤k ≤n and
A k=
[ C2k −1
0
0
C 2k ] for k ≥1 and

A1 + A 2 + …
An =
[ k1
0
0
k2 ] ,
A. 1

then k 1−k 2 is equal to

II. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A , than
B. 0
det {( I + A ) −7 A } is equal to
3

III. If
[ tan1 α −tan α
1 ] [−tan1 α tan α
] [
a −b
1 = b a ,
π
− <α<
4
π
4 , then ] C. 5
maximum value of a + b is
2 2 2 2
IV. In the above question, if m≤a −b ≤M , then m + M is equal to
D. 2

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Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column - II
3.
Column I Column II
I. If A is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar, then adj
A. kn | A |
(kA) is equal to
II. If A = [aij] is scalar matrix of order n × n such that aii = k for all i,
B. | A |n–2 A
then trace of A is equal to
III. If A is a square matrix of order n × n, then
C. kn–1 adj A
adj (adj A) is equal to
IV. If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar, then
D. nk
| kA | =

REASONING TYPE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose
(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.

1. Statement-1: Let A be a non-singular square matrix of order n, then | adj A | is equal to

| A |n–1.
Statement-2: If A is a singular matrix, then A adj A is null matrix.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

2. Statement-1: A is a singular matrix, then adj A is singular.

[ ]
a 0 0
A= 0 a 0 ,
Statement-2: 0 0 a then the value of | adj A | is equal to a27.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

3. Statement-1: A is not a square matrix and aij = aji.

Statement-2: A cannot be symmetric.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

4. Statement-1: If A and B are two matrices so that AB = B and BA = A, then A2 + B2 = A +

B.

[ ]
1 0 0
A= 0 1 0 ,
Statement-2:
0 0 −1 then A2 is equal to I3.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

[ ]
an 0 0

5. Statement-1: If A = [aij]3×3 so that,

a ij= {
0 ∀ i≠ j
a ∀ i= j , then
An = 0
0
an
0
0
an .

[ ]
1 2 −1
A= −1 1 2
Statement-2: If
2 −1 1 , then | adj (adj A) | = (12)4.
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

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LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

I. If A be a square matrix of order n. Then

A (adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) A
II. If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then
adj AB = (adj B) (adj A)
III. If A be a non-singular square matrix of order n. Then
| adj A | = | A |n–1.
IV. If A is a non-singular square matrix, then
adj (adj A) = | A |n–2 A

1. If A is a square matrix, then adj AT–(adj A)T is equal to

(a) 2 | A | (b) 2 | A | I
(c) null matrix (d) unit matrix

2. Let A be a non-singular square matrix. Then det (Adj Adj A) is equal to

(a) | A |n (b) | A |(n–1)2
n–2
(c) | A | (d) none of these

3. If A = [aij] is a scalar matrix of order n × n such that aii = k for all i, then | A | is equal to
(a) nk (b) n + k
(c) nk (d) kn

4. A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then det (adj (det(A))) is equal to

(a) | A |n – 3 A (b) | A |n – 4 A
(c) exist but cannot be evaluated (d) does not exist.

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SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
'
1. Prove that the matrix B AB is symmetric or skew symmetric according as A is symmetric
or skew symmetric.

2. If
A=
[ ]
0 1
0 0 , prove that (aI + bA)n = anI + nan1 bA, where I is the two rowed unit matrix
and n is a positive integer.

[ ]
2 0 1
A= 2 1 3
3. Let f(x) = x2  5x + 6, find f(A) i.e., A2 – 5A + 6I, if
1 −1 0 .

[ ]
0 1 1
S= 1 0 1
4. Find the inverse of the matrix 1 1 0 and show that SAS1 is a diagonal matrix

[ ]
b+c c−a b−a
1
A= c−b c +a a−b
2
where b−c a−c a+b .
5. If A is a non-singular matrix, then show that adj (adj A) = |A|n2 A.

[ ]
a b c
A= b c a
6. If matrix
c a b where a, b, c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and AT A=I ,
3 3 3
then find the value of a +b +c .
T
7. If M is a 3 × 3 matrix where |M | = 1 and MM =I where I is an identity matrix, prove
that |M−I | =0 .

[ ] [ ] [] [] []
a 1 0 a 1 1 f a2 x
A= 1 b d , B= 0 d c , U = g , V = 0 , X= y
8. If 1 b c f g h h 0 z and AX=U has
infinitely many solutions. Prove that BX =V has no unique solution. Also show that if
afd≠0 , then BX =V has no solution.

9. For what values of the parameter  will be following equations fail to have unique solution
3x  y + z = 1, 2x + y + z = 2, x + 2y  z = 1?
Will the equations have any solutions for these values of ?

10. Solve the equations

x + 2y  2z 1 = 0 , 4x + 2y  z  2 = 0 , 6x + 6y + z  3 = 0 ,
considering specially the case when  = 2.

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ANSWERS

CBSE PROBLEMS

[ ]
−3 −4
−3 −3
1. −4 0

2. x = 2, y = 9

3.
[ −1 −2
−7 −13 ]
4. k=1

7.
A−1 =
[
1 −2 −5
14 −4 −3 ]
8. x = 2, y = 3, z = 5

[ ] [ ]
−3 4 5 −2/5 0 3/5
−1 1
A = 9 −1 −4 ; x =1, y=3 , z=−2 −1/5 1/5 0
11
9. (i)
5 −3 −1 (ii)
2/5 1/5 −2/5

10. AB=4 I , x=1 , y=2 , z=−1

11. x = 2, y = 1, z = 3

12.
A−1 =
[−12 −32 ]
14.
[−5 3 ]
7 −4

15. x = –1

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IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)

6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)

11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (b)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a)

IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)

6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)

11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c)

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a, b, c) 2. (a, b, c, d) 3. (b, d) 4. (a, b) 5. (a, c, d)

6. (a, c) 7. (a, b, c) 8. (a, c) 9. (a, d) 10. (b, c, d)

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1. I-[A], II-[A],[C], III-[C], [D] IV-[B]

2. I-[B], II-[A], III-[D], IV-[C]

3. I-[C], II-[D], III-[B], IV-[A]

REASONING TYPE

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)

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LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d)

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

[ ]
1 −1 −3
−1 −1 −10
3.
−5 4 4

[ ]
−1 1 1
1
1 −1 1
2
4.
1 1 −1

6. 4

9.  = 7/2 ; No.

}
x=1/2−c
y=c
10.
z=0 c is arbitrary constant

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