FORM IV MATHS

CHAPTER 10

INTEGRATION
Reverse differentiation
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

In differentiation we started with a function and obtained a gradient

function while in integration we shall obtain a function from a
gradient function.

Consider the equation

y = 3x + 2
1
y = 3x + 2
y = 3x
y =3x -3
dy
All the lines have a gradient of 3. Gradient function dx =3

The lines are in the form y = mx + c. Gradient = 3 then y = 3x + c.

Where c is the y intercept and is constant.

These lines with gradient of 3 can only be differentiated by the value

of c.

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Example
dy
Give three possible equation of a line whose derived function dx is
1
a) 2
b) -2

Solution
1
a) Gradient 2 writing in the form y =mx + c.
1 1
- y = 2x + 1 y= 2 x
1
y = 2 x -4

dy
b) dx = -2

Gradient = -2
Writing in the form y =mx + c

i. – y =-2x +1
ii. y= -2x -3
iii. y = -2x

But 1, -3 are constants hence the equation can be written as

y = -2x + c

From chapter 8 the gradient function is not always a

dy
constant if dx = 2x is from a function in form y =x2 + c

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 Remember that integration is reverse of differentiation
hence the last step in differentiation becomes the first step
in integration.

The process of finding functions from their gradient

functions is called integration.

Steps in integration
- Step 1 we increase the power of x by 1.
- Step 2 we divide by the new power.
- Step 3 we add a constant.

Example
dy
Find y if dx is

a) 9x2
b) 3x3
1
c) 2 x
d) x4

Solution
dy
a) dx =9x2

Increase the power of x by 1

2+1 =3 hence becomes

9x3

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 -Divide by the new power i.e. 3
9 x3
= 3x3
3
- Add a constant (c)

3x3 + c
Hence y = 3x3 + c

dy
b) dx
Add power of x by 1

3+1 =4

=3x4

Divide by new power

4
3x
4

3
= 4 x4

Add constant (c)

3
y = 4 x4 + c
dy 1
c) dx = 2x
1+ 1
1
x
y= 2 +c
1+1

1 2
x
=2 +c
2

1 2
4
X + c

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 dy
d) dx =x4
4+ 1
x
y= 4+ 1
+c

x5
y= 5
+c

1
y = 5 x5 + c

dy n x n+1
Note; if dx = x then y = n+1 +c

Where c is a constant and n≠ -1

Example

Integrate
Integrate the following expressions

a) 6x3 – 3x -2

b) 4x-2 + 4x

Solution

a) 6x3 -3x-2
dy  Remember 2 = 2x0
dx
= 6x3 -3x -2

3+1 1+ 1 0+ 1
6x 3x
y=
3+1
- 1+1
- 20+x 1 + c

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 6 x4 3 x2 2 x1
y = - - 1 +c
4 2

6 3
y = 4 x 4 - 2 x2 -2x +c
 simplifying

3 3
y = 2 x4 - 2 x2 – 2x + c

dy
b) dx =4x-2 + 4x

4 x−2 +1 4 x 1+1
y= −2+ 1
+ 1+1
+c

−1 2
4x 4x
y= + 2
+c
−1  simplifying

y = -4x-1 + 2x2 + c

Exercise
1. Integrate each of the following expressions.
a) 2x
b) 6
c) 3x + 2
d) 2x4 – x-2 + 1
e) 8x3 -3x-4 + 2x2 + 1
dy
2. Find y given that dx is
a) 4ax2

b) (1 -3x) (1 + 3x)
c) (x + 5)2
d) 2x3 + x2 + x -2
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 4 2 1
e) x3 - x2 + x -3

More exercise
- K.L.B book 4 pg. 210 – 211
- Advancing in mathematics book 4 pg. 137.

Finding the arbitrary constant

When given additional information we can work for the constant
hence yet a particular equation from the general equation.

Example

Find the equation of a curve whose gradient function is 3x + 2 and

passes through the point (2, 12).

Solution
dy
dx
= 3x + 2

The general equation will be

1+ 1 0+ 1
3x 2x
y= 1+1
+ 0+ 1
+c
3
y = 2 x2 + 2x + c

Substituting the value of x =2 and y = 12 in the general equation in

the
3
y = 2 x2 + 2x + c
3
12 = 2 x 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 + c

12 = 6 + 4 + c
 Subtracting 10 both
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sides.
12 -10 =c

2 =c
3
The general equation is y = 2 x2 + 2x + c
3
The particular equation is y = 2 x2 + 2x + 2

Example
dy
The gradient function of a curve is given by dx =3x2 -6x + 4. Given that
the curve passes through the point (1, -5) find the equation of the
curve.

Solution
3 x 2+ 1 6 x2
General equation y = 3
- 2
+ 4x +c simplifying

Y= x3 – 3x2 + 4x + c

Substituting value of y = -5 and x = 1 in the equation.

-5 = 13 – 3X12 + 4X1 +C

-5 = 1 -3 + 4 + C

-5 = 2 +C  Subtracting 2 on both
sides
-5 -2 = 2-2+c

-7 =c

Equation = x3 – 3x2 + 4x -7

Exercise

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 - The gradient function of a curve is given by
dy
dx
= 2x2 -5
Find the equation of the curve given that y = 3 when x = 2.
dy
- The gradient function of a curve is given by dx = x2 -8x+ 2.
If the curve passes through the point (0, 2) find its
equation.

More exercise

- K.L.B book 4 pg. 211 – 212

- Advancing mathematics book 4 pg. 138

Definite and indefinite integrals

In area approximation we saw how we can improve the accuracy of
the area under a given curve by reducing the width of each
trapezium.
In this section we shall learn how to find the exact area.

To calculate the area under the curve x =a and x – axis

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We can under estimate the area or overestimate e.g.

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The actual area lies between the underestimated and overestimated
area. The accuracy can be improved by increasing the number of
rectangular strips between x =a and x =b.

The area of this strip will be y∫ δx

The area beneath the curve is the sum of all areas of such strips that
can be fitted into the region. Hence the area beneath the curve
between x=a and b =b is given by;

Area = x=b
x=a∑ yδx

The exact area is the limiting value of the sum as δx tends to zero
and is written as;
b

∫ y δx
a

- The symbol ∫ meansto integrate.

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 - ∫ y δx means integrate the expression for y with respect to
x.
b

- ∫ y δx Where a and b are limits, is called definite integral a

a

is lower limit while b is the upper limit.

- wit h outlimits∫ y δx is called indefinite integral i.e. has no
limits.
b

Consider the definite integral ∫ ¿ ¿ +4x – 2)dx is worked at as follows;

a

i) Integrate 3x2 + 4x -2 in respect to x.

32 2+1 4 X 1+1 2 X 0+1
` 2+1 + 1+1
−
0+1
+ C Simplifying x3 + 2x2 - 2x + C

ii) Place the integral in square brackets and insert the limits.

(X3 + 2X2 - 2X + C )

iii) substitute the limits

x = 5 gives = 53 + 2x52 - 2X 5 + C

= 125 + 50 - 10 C

= 165 + C

x=2 gives 23 + 2 X 22 – 2x 2 + c

= 8+8 – 4 + C

= 12 + C

iv) Subtract the result of lower limit from upper limit.

Upper limit = 165 + C
Lower limit = 12 + C
(165 +C) – (12+C) opening the brackets

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 165+C-12-C
165 -12
=153

Example

a) Find the indefinite integral

i) ∫ 2 x 2−4 x+3 dx

ii) ∫ x 3−3 x 2 +4 x +5

Solution
2 2 3 2
a) ∫ 2 x −4 x+3 dx = 3 X +2 X +3 X +C
4
X
b) ∫ x 3−3 x 2 +4 x +5= 4
- X 3 + 2 X 2 +5 X +C

Example

Evaluate 3
3
2 3
a)
-1
∫ ( 2 X 2+ 4 X +3 ) dx= [ 2
2
x +2 x +3 x +c
]
1

Substituting 3 and 1
2 3 2
Upper limit = 3 ×3 + 2× 3 + 3× 3+C
= 18+18+9+C
=45+C

2
Lower limit = ( 3 x ¿
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 2
= +2+3+ C
3
2
=5 3 C

2
(45 + C) - (5 3 + C) opening bracket

2
45 -5 3
1
= 39 3

Exercise
a) Find the indefinite integral
i) ∫ ( x 3 +1 ) dx

ii) ∫ ( x 4 + 2 x 3 + x 2+1 ) dx

Evaluate
3

i) ∫ ( x 5−5 x +2 ) dx
1
3

ii) ∫ (−x 4 +5 x−2 ) dx

−1

iii) ∫ ( 12 x 2+5 ) dx
1

More exercise on

- KLB BK pg. 216

- Advancing mathematics Bk. 4 pg. 142

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AREA UNDER A CURVE
The exact area is using integration.

Example
1 2
The area under a curve y= 4 x + 4

Between x = 1 and x = 6

Solution

6
1 2
A=∫ (¿ x + 4)dx ¿ Integrating
4
1

6
1 3 Substituting
=[12
x +4 x+C
] 1

1
= ( 12 x63 ¿+ 4 ×6+ C ¿−¿)
1
= (18+ 24+C) – ( 12 + 4+C ¿
1
= (42+ C) - (4 12 +C ¿ openning brackets.
1
= 42 + C - 4 12
+C ¿

11
= 37 12 square units

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Example

Find the area of the shaded region.

Solution

The required area is the area under the curve y = x 3 the axis x= -4
and x = 0

Integrating y = x3
X4
(4 +C )

Subtracting the limits

4 ¿
((0) +C ¿− 4 ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ + C)

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0 + C - (64 + C ) Opening brackets
0 – 64

= -64

The –ve sign is ignored since it shows the area is below the x –axis.

A = 64 square units.

Example

The sketch below represents the curve y = x2 + 3 and a straight line

PQ which cuts the x - axis and y – axis at (5, 0) and (0, 5)
respectively. The line intersects the curve at point P and Q.

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 a) Find the equation of the line in the form y = mx + C
b) Determine the coordinate of P and Q.
c) Calculate the area of the shaded region.

Solution

a) (0, 5) and (5, 0) are point on the line.

change∈ y
grd = change∈ x

0−5 −5
grd = 5−0 = 5

= -1

grd = - 1

y−0
Equation x−s = -1
y−o Multiplying both sides
(x-5) = -1 ( x -5)
x −5 by x- 5

y-0 = - x+ 5
y= -x + 5

b) Coordinate of P and Q
This is where the curve intersects with line hence the value of y
and x are the same.

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 y = -x + 5
y = x2 + 3
y is the same hence
-x + 5 = x2+ 3
x2+ x + 3 – 5 = 0  Forming a quadratic equation.
x2 + x – 2 = 0 Factorizing
factorizing.


x2 + 2x – x – 2 = 0

(x2 + 2x) – (x + 2) = 0

x (x+ 2) – 1(x+ 2) = 0

(x+ 2) (x – 1) = 0

x+ 2 = 0 or x -1 = 0

x = -2 x=1

Co-ordinate of p when x = -2  Substituting x in the

one of equation.
y = -x + 5

y = --2 + 5

y=7

p(-2, 7)

When x = 1  Substituting x in the

equation.

y = -x + 5

y = -1 + 5
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y=4

Q = (1,4)

c) Area of shaded region =

Area bounded by y = -x + 5 - Area bounded by y = x2 + 3
between x = -2 and x = 1

Integrate Y = -X + 5
1 ❑

∫ (− X +5 ) dx
❑
-2

1
2
−x
+ 5x + c  Substituting limits.
2
2
2

−¿ ¿+5x1+c - −¿ ¿+ (5x-2)+c

(- ½ + 5+ c) - (-2 + -10 + c)

(4 ½ + C) - (-12 + C)  Opening brackets.

4 ½ + C + 12 – C

= 16 ½ square units.

Integrate y = x2 + 3  Area under the

curve.
1
3
x
+ 3x + c
3

-2
3
13 (−2)
+ 3x1 + c - + 3x-2 + c
3 3

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 1 −8
( + 3+ c ) - ( + -6+ c )
3 3

1
(3 3 + c ) -¿ + c)  Opening brackets.
1 2
3 3 + c +8 3 - c

12 square units

Shaded area = 16 ½ - 12

= 4 ½ square units.

Exercise

1. Find the area bounded by the curve y= -x2 + 5x -6, x = 2 and x =

3 and the x – axis.
2. Find the area bounded by the curve y= x2 – 2x -3, the x- axis and
x= 2 and x = 4.
3. Find the area bounded by the curve y= x2 – 3x +6 the lines x= -2,
x = 8 and the x – axis.
4. The diagram below represents the sketch of the curve y= 12 +
2x – x2 and the line y= [Link] line intersects the curve at point
A and B,

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 a) Determine the coordinates of A and B.
b) Find the exact area enclosed by the curve and x- axis
between the points A and B.
c) Calculate the area of the shaded region.

More exercise

- Advancing mathematics pg. 145

- K.L.B Bk. 4 pg. 221- 223

APPLICATION IN KINEMATICS
We integrate

i) Velocity with respect to time to get displacement.

ii) Acceleration with respect to time to get velocity.

Example

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The acceleration a m/s2 of a particle moving in a straight line is given
by a = 16t – 10 where t is time in seconds after a particle starts
moving.

a) If the initial velocity was 7m/s , find an expression for

i) Velocity V in terms of t.
ii) Displacement s in terms of t.

Calculate

i) The velocity after 2 seconds.

ii) The displacement after 3 seconds.

Solution

A= 16t – 10

Integrate a to get velocity

∫ ( 16 t−10 ) dt
V= 8t2 – 10t + C

When v = 7,

t = 0 substituting in v = 8t2 – 10t + C

7= 8 X O2- 10 x 0 + C

7=0-0+C

C= 7

V= 8t2 – lot + 7

iii) Integrate V to get displacement (s)

∫ 8 t 2−10 t +7 ¿ dt ¿
8 3 2
(3 t −s t +7 t +C ¿

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 8 3
S = 3 t - s t 2 +7 t +C ¿ when S = 0 ,t = 0

8
0= 3 O3- S X O2 + 7 X 0 + C

C= O
8 3
Hence S = 3 t - St2 + 7t

Velocity after 2 seconds

i) V = 8t2 – 10t + 7 substituting t with 2

V= 8x22 – 10x 2 + 7
=8x 4 – 20 + 7
= 32 – 20 + 7
= 19m/s

ii) Displacement after 3 seconds

8 3 2
S= t
3 -St + 7t
8 3
= 3 × 3 - 5X32 + 7 X 3

=72 – 45 + 21

=48 M

Exercise

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 1. The acceleration a of a particle at a time t second is given
by a= 3t2 – 6t m/s2. When t = 1s the velocity of the
particle is 6 m/s. Find;
a) The equation representing the velocity of the particle
at any time.
b) The time when the particle attains constant velocity.
c) The constant velocity at the time.
d) The distance travelled by particle between t = 25 and t
= 65
2. The acceleration of a body moving along a straight line is
(-t + 4) m/s2 and its velocity is V m/s after t seconds.
a) I) Express the velocity V in terms of t if the initial
velocity of the body is 4 m/s.
ii) Find the velocity of the body after 3 seconds.

b) Calculate
i) The time taken to attain maximum velocity.
ii) The distance covered by the body to attain
maximum velocity.

More exercise

- KLB Bk. 4 PG 225- 226.

- Advancing in mathematics Bk. 4 pg. 147.

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