Solution: Fist we make the necessary columns in the data table as

Marks No. of Class Cumulative

Groups Students(f) Boundaries frequencies(F)

10 – 19 1 9.5 – 19.5 1

20 – 29 3 19.5 – 29.5 4

30 – 39 2 29.5 – 39.5 6

40 – 49 16 39.5 – 49.5 22

50 – 59 18 49.5 – 59.5 40

60 – 69 13 59.5 – 69.5 53

70 – 79 9 69.5 – 79.5 62

80 – 89 2 79.5 – 89.5 64

For frequency distributions we calculate quartiles by using the formulae as

ℎ 𝑛𝑛 10 64
𝑄𝑄1 = 𝑙𝑙 + � − 𝐹𝐹� = 39.5 + � − 6� = 39.5 + 7.5 = 47 marks
𝑓𝑓 4 16 4

and
ℎ 3𝑛𝑛 10 3 × 64
𝑄𝑄3 = 𝑙𝑙 + � − 𝐹𝐹� = 59.5 + � − 40� = 59.5 + 6.15 = 65.65 marks.
𝑓𝑓 4 13 4

Now the quartile deviation andcoefficient of quartile deviation can be calculated as

before

𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1 65.65 − 47.00

𝑄𝑄 = = = 9.325 marks
2 2
and

𝑄𝑄3 − 𝑄𝑄1 65.65 − 47.00 18.65

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = = = 0.1656 = 16.56%
𝑄𝑄3 + 𝑄𝑄1 65.65 + 47.00 126.65

197
9.3 Mean Deviation
The mean deviation (MD) also called mean absolute deviation is defined as the
mean of absolute deviations of the observations from some suitable average.
Usually the mean deviation from mean or mean deviation from median is useful.
The mean deviation from median is preferred in the sense that the sum of absolute
deviations from median is minimum. Consider the calculation of mean deviation
and coefficient of mean deviation (CMD) from ungrouped data set with values
𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 . The formulae for mean deviation from mean and the
corresponding coefficient are
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ |
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) =
𝑛𝑛
and
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = .
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥̅
Similarly the formulae for mean deviation from median and the corresponding coefficient
are
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥�|
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) =
𝑛𝑛
and
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = .
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥�
Now consider the calculation of mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation for the
grouped data in the form of following frequency distribution.
Mid- 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝒋𝒋 𝒙𝒙𝒌𝒌
... ...
points(x)
Frequency(f) 𝑓𝑓1 𝑓𝑓2 ... 𝑓𝑓𝑗𝑗 ... 𝑓𝑓𝑘𝑘

The formulae for mean deviation from mean and the corresponding coefficient are
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 |𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ |
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) =
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
and
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = .
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥̅
Similarly the formulae for mean deviation from median and the corresponding coefficient
are
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 |𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥�|
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) =
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
and
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚)
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = .
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥�
Example # 5: The weights (in kg) of second semester students of BS Statistics are
measured nearest to one decimal point as 37.7, 40.3, 43.3, 44.5, 46.9, 47.6, 48.6, 51.5,
198
52.4, 53.8. Determine the mean deviation and coefficient of mean deviation.
Solution: First we compute the mean and median as
∑10
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 466.6
mean = 𝑥𝑥̅ = = = 46.66 kg
10 10
and
46.9 + 47.6
median = 𝑥𝑥� = = 47.25 kg.
2
The next step is to find sum of the absolute deviations as
x �
𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙 �
𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙 �|
|𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙 �|
|𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙

37.7 −8.96 −9.55 8.96 9.55

40.3 −6.36 −6.95 6.36 6.95

43.3 −3.36 −3.95 3.36 3.95

44.5 −2.16 −2.75 2.16 2.75

46.9 +0.24 −0.35 0.24 0.35

47.6 +0.94 +0.35 0.94 0.35

48.6 +1.94 +1.35 1.94 1.35

51.5 +4.84 +4.25 4.84 4.25

52.4 +5.74 +5.15 5.74 5.15

53.8 +7.15 +6.55 7.15 6.55

Total 41.68 41.20

Now

∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ | 41.68

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = = = 4.17 kg
𝑛𝑛 10
and
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 4.17
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = = 0.0894 = 8.94 %.
𝑥𝑥̅ 46.66
Similarly
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1|𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥�| 41.2
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = = = 4.12 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑛𝑛 10
and
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 4.12
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = = 0.0872.
𝑥𝑥� 47.25

199
Example # 6: For the grouped data in example # 2, compute mean deviation and
coefficient of mean deviation.
Solution: First we do the necessary calculations as shown in the following table.
Class Class
f x fx F |𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙�| 𝒇𝒇|𝒙𝒙 − �|
𝒙𝒙 |𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙
�| 𝒇𝒇|𝒙𝒙 − �|
𝒙𝒙
Limits Boundaries
10 – 19 9.5 – 19.5 1 14.5 14.5 1 40.63 40.63 40.56 40.56

20 – 29 19.5 – 29.5 3 24.5 73.5 4 30.63 91.89 30.56 91.68

30 – 39 29.5 – 39.5 2 34.5 69.0 6 20.63 41.26 20.56 41.12

40 – 49 39.5 – 49.5 16 44.5 712 22 10.63 170.08 10.56 168.96

50 – 59 49.5 – 59.5 18 54.5 981 40 0.63 11.34 0.56 10.08

60 – 69 59.5 – 69.5 13 64.5 838.5 53 9.37 121.81 9.44 122.72

70 – 79 69.5 – 79.5 9 74.5 670.5 62 19.37 174.33 19.44 174.96

80 – 89 79.5 – 89.5 2 84.5 169.5 64 29.37 58.74 29.44 58.88

Total 64 3528 710.08 708.96

Next we compute mean and median as

∑8𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 3528
mean = 𝑥𝑥̅ = 8 = = 55.13 marks
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 64
and
ℎ 𝑛𝑛 10 64
median = 𝑥𝑥� = 𝑙𝑙 + � − 𝑐𝑐� = 49.5 + � − 22�
𝑓𝑓 2 18 2
10 × 10
= 49.5 + = 49.5 + 5.56 = 55.06 marks
18
Nowthe mean deviation from mean can be computed as
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 |𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ | 710.08
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = = = 11.10 marks
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 64
and coefficient of mean deviation from men as
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 11.10
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = = 0.2013.
𝑥𝑥̅ 55.13
Similarlythe mean deviation from median is

200
 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 |𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥�| 708.96
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) = = = 11.08 marks
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 64
andcoefficient of mean deviation from median is
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀(𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚) 11.08
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = = = 0.2012.
𝑥𝑥� 55.06

9.4 Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is the most commonly used measure of dispersion. It is a measure of
spread of data about the mean. It is defined as the square root of sum of squared
deviations of the observations from their mean divided by the number of observations. In
other words, the standard deviation of observations 𝑥𝑥1 , 𝑥𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑥𝑛𝑛 is defined as
2
∑𝑛𝑛 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑠𝑠 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖 − � 𝑖𝑖=1 � .
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
The corresponding coefficient of standard deviation also called coefficient of variation
(CV) is defined as
𝑠𝑠
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = × 100.
𝑥𝑥̅
The coefficient of variation is often used for comparing the consistency of two or more
data sets beside for comparing the dispersion. For the grouped data the standard deviation
is defined as
2
∑𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖
𝑠𝑠 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑘𝑘 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 − � � .
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖
9.5 Change of Origin and Scale
Sometimes the computational labor can be reduced by changing the origin and scale of
the data as follows. Suppose a is any constant (called provisional mean) chosen
preferably from the centered of the data, define 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑎𝑎. The standard deviation for
the transformed data is equivalently defined as

2 2
∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 �∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1�𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 − 𝑑𝑑̅� ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖2 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖
𝑠𝑠 = � = =� −� � .
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛

Furthermore suppose h is any nonzero constant, define 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 = (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑎𝑎)/ℎ. The standard
deviation for the transformed grouped data is equivalently defined as

2
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 − 𝑢𝑢�)2 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖2 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖
𝑠𝑠 = � = ℎ� =ℎ � − � 𝑘𝑘 � .
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖

201
9.6 Variance
The square of standard deviation is defined as the variance of data and thus is in squared
units of the data. The above formulae for standard deviation after squaring both sides can
be used to calculate variance directly.

Example #7: For the ungrouped data in example #1, compute standard deviation using
different formulae.

Solution: It is better to construct a table of calculation for such a question as shown

below.
𝒙𝒙 (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙
�) �)𝟐𝟐
(𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 − 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐
56 −8.5 72.25 3136 −8 64
59 −5.5 30.25 5041 −5 25
62 −2.5 6.25 3844 −2 4
63 −1.5 2.25 4225 −1 1
64 −0.5 0.25 3481 0 0
65 0.5 0.25 4489 1 1
67 2.5 6.25 4096 3 9
68 3.5 12.25 4624 4 16
70 5.5 30.25 4900 6 36
71 6.5 42.25 3969 7 49
645 0 202.50 41805 5 205

To compute the standard deviation by definitional formula, we need the mean of the data
which is computed first as
∑10
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 645
𝑥𝑥̅ = = = 64.5 cm
10 10

Now the standard deviation can be computed as

∑𝑛𝑛 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 ∑10 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 64.5)2 202.5
𝑠𝑠 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 =� = √20.25 = 4.5 cm.
𝑛𝑛 10 10

Next we use the computing formula to compute the standard deviation as

2
∑𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∑10 𝑥𝑥 2 41805
𝑠𝑠 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖 − � 𝑖𝑖=1 � = � 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖 − (64.5)2 = � − 4160.25
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 10 10

= √4180.5 − 416025 = √20.25 = 4.5 cm.

Now we use the shortcut formula given by

202
 2
∑𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑2 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 205 5 2
𝑠𝑠 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖 − � 𝑖𝑖=1 � = � − � � = √20.50 − 0.25 = √20.25 = 4.5.
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 10 10
It may be noted that all the formulae provide the same result which must be same except
for rounding error.
Example # 8: For the grouped data in example # 2, calculate standard deviation using
different formulae.
Solution: First we make the necessary columns shown in the following table, where
𝑢𝑢 = (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎)/ℎ = (𝑥𝑥 − 44.5)/10.
Limits F x fx (𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝟐 f𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
�) 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙 − �) 𝒖𝒖 fu f𝒖𝒖𝟐𝟐

10 – 19 1 14.5 14.5 −40.63 1650.80 210.25 −3 −3 9

20 – 29 3 24.5 73.5 −30.63 2814.59 1800.75 −2 −6 12

30 – 39 2 34.5 69.0 −20.63 851.19 2380.50 −1 −2 2

40 – 49 16 44.5 712 −10.63 1807.95 31684.00 0 0 0

50 – 59 18 54.5 981 −0.63 7.14 53464.50 1 18 18

60 – 69 13 64.5 838.5 9.37 1141.36 54083.25 2 26 52

70 – 79 9 74.5 670.5 19.37 3376.77 49952.25 3 27 81

80 – 89 2 84.5 169.5 29.37 1725.19 14280.50 4 8 32

Total 64 3528 13375 207856 68 202

First we use the definitional formula given by

∑𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2
𝑠𝑠 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑘𝑘 = �13375/64 = √208.98 = 14.46 marks.
∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖

Next we use the computing formula given by

2
∑𝑘𝑘 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖2 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 207856 3528 2
𝑠𝑠 = � 𝑖𝑖=1 − � � = � − � �
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 64 64

= √3247.75 − 3038.77 = √208.98 = 14.46 marks.

Finally we use the shortcut formula given by

2
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖2 ∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 𝑢𝑢𝑖𝑖 202 68 2
𝑠𝑠 = ℎ � − � 𝑘𝑘 � = 10 � −� �
∑𝑘𝑘𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑖 64 64

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 = 10√3.16 − 1.13 = 10√2.03 = 10 × 1.424 = 14.24 marks.
This small difference is due to rounding error.

Exercise
Q. 1 Explain different absolute measures of dispersion with their computing formulae.
Q. 2 From the following data calculate (a) mean deviation and coefficient of mean
deviation (b) standard deviation and coefficientof standard deviation.

Classes 1 – 7 8 – 14 15 – 21 22 – 28 29 – 35 36 – 42 43 – 49
Frequency 45 32 34 22 20 12 9

Q. 3 Elaborate different relative measures of dispersion with their computing

formulae.
Q. 4 The following frequency distribution represents the time in seconds needed to
serve the customers by cashiers at Gul Ahmed Discount Store in Rawalpindi.
Compute average service time using mean and average service variation using
standard deviation.
Time (in seconds) 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99
Frequency 6 16 21 29 25 22 14 10

Q. 5 Differentiate between absolute and relative measures of dispersions with their

corresponding formulae.
Q. 6 The Complex Hospital Islamabad has the following data of weights in pounds of
200 premature babies:

Class 0.5 – 0.9 1.0 – 1.4 1.5 – 1.9 2.0 – 2.4 2.5 – 2.9 3.0 – 3.4 3.5 – 3.9
f 10 19 24 27 29 44 47
Calculate absolute measures of dispersion.

Q. 7 The following data represent the weights in pounds of a sample of packages

carried out last month by small airfreight company.
Class 10-10.9 11-11.9 12-12.9 13-13.9 14-14.9 15-15.9 16-16.9 17-17.9
f 1 4 6 8 12 15 11 8
Calculate (a) mean and standard deviation using direct and coding methods (b)
coefficient of variation.

Q. 8 The data given below are a sample from the daily production rate of fiberglass
boats:
17 21 18 27 17 21 20 22
18 23
Calculate coefficients of mean deviation and standard deviation.

Q.9 Student ages in the regular daytime M.B.A. program and the evening program
are described below:

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 Regular M.B.A 23 29 27 22 24 21 25 26 27 24 31 26
Evening M.B.A 27 34 30 39 28 30 34 35 28 29 34 37

Use a measure of relative variability to suggest which of the two groups will be easier to
teach if homogeneity of the class is a positive factor in learning.

Q.10 There are a number of possible measures of sales performance including

consistency of a sales person. The following data represent the percentage of goal
met by each of three salespersons over the last five years:

Person A: 88 68 89 92 103
Person B: 76 88 90 86 79
Person C: 104 88 118 88 123

Which salesperson is the most consistent among the three investigated?

Q.11 A certain Transportation Commission is concerned about the speed motorists are
deriving on a section of the main highway. Here are the speeds of 45 motorists:

15 32 45 46 42 39 68 47 18 31
48 49 56 52 39 48 69 61 44 42
38 52 55 58 62 58 48 56 58 48
47 52 37 64 29 55 38 29 62 49
69 18 61 55

Compute (a) range and coefficient of range (b) quartile deviation and coefficient of
quartile deviation.

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