Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)

Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

SEQUENCE and SERIES

A Sequence is an arrangement of numbers subject to some definite rule.
A Sequence is a function whose domain is a subset of the set of natural numbers.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10… ii. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13,...

If bn  n  (1) n , then b4  ?
A) 3 B) 4
C) 5 D) 6

The nth term of the sequence 2,5,9,14,20,..... is

A) an  an1  n  1 B) an  an1  n  2
C) (n  1)an1 D) an  nan1

 4n
Write down the 8th term of the reclusively defined sequence an 1    an when a0  1
 n 1 
A) 0 B) 6
C)10 D) 20`
If the nth term of sequence is linear then the sequence is A.P
3 2n  1
A) 10  n B)
2 5n  9
C) 2  1
n
D) None

Key points
 Notation used for sequence is {an}.
 Each number in the sequence is called a term.
nth term
 The nth term or general term of a sequence is denoted by an.
 So a1, a2, a3, a4 will be the first, second, third, fourth terms respectively of a sequence.
Real Sequence
 If all members of a sequence are real numbers, then it is called a real sequence.
Finite and infinite sequence
 If the domain of a sequence is a finite set then the sequence is called a finite sequence otherwise, an
infinite sequence.
 An infinite sequence has no last term.

 Let f be a function defined by f (n)  2n, n  1, 2,3, 4 , then range of f : 2, 4, 6,8
The range of sequence an   1   1
n n 1
 zero
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

Triangular number
1  (1  2)  (1  2  3)  .... 1  2  3  4  ....

General term of Triangular

 n  1
Sequence is an   n 
2
Pascal Sequence and Tetrahedron Sequence
Tetrahedron Sequence
1  (1  3)  (1  3  6)  (1  3  6  10)  ....

Pascal Sequence
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

Arithmetic Sequence or Arithmetic Progression (A.P.):

i. A sequence every term of which after the first is obtained from the preceding term by adding a
fixed number in it is called an arithmetic sequence or arithmetic progression.
ii. A sequence of quantities in which the algebraic difference between any term and the preceding term
is a constant(i.e. an  an-1)
iii. The general form of an A.P. is a, a  d , a  2d , , a   n  1 d
iv. The value of n is always a +ve integer

Common Difference (d) The difference of two consecutive terms of an A.P. is called the common
difference.
Common difference may be +ve or  ve.

General Term or nth The general or nth form of an A.P. is,

Term of an A.P an  a   n  1 d
nth or last term 1st term number of term common difference

an = a + (n -1) d
a p  aq
 If a p and aq be two terms in a A.P then d 
pq Shortcut method
 a p  aq 
an  aq   n  q   
 pq 
MCQ
If 5th and 10th terms of an A.P Are -2 and 13, 14th term is

How many terms are there in arithmetic sequence in which the first term and the last term are 33 and
4
25 respectively and the common difference is 1
2 8
an  a1
Solution : n   1`
d

an  a1 5400  1000
Solution : n  1   1  45
d 100
Which term of the series 3 + 8 + 13 + 18+………….. is 498?
(a) 100th (b) 95th (c) 102 (d) 101
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

Arithmetic Mean (A.M.):

i. If three quantities are in A.P. then middle term is known as arithmetic mean (A.M.) of the other
two.

ab
ii. If a, A, b are in A.P. then A 
2

'n’ Arithmetic Means between Two Given Numbers:

If a, A1, A2, A3, ……An, b are in A.P then the numbers A1, A2, A3, …...An are called n arithmetic means
between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
Total terms are n  2
ba
Common difference is given by d 
n 1
Three [Link] between 2 and 9. i.e. 2, A1 , A2 , A3 ,9

ba 92 7
d  
n 1 3 1 4
7 15
A1  a  d  2  
4 4
7 11
A2  a  2d  2  2. 
4 4
7 29
A3  a  3d  2  3. 
4 4
Important Formulas
ba
 An  a  n  
 n 1 
ba
 Am  a  m   mn
 n 1 
 ab 
 A1  A2  A3  A4  ...... An  n  
 2 

The sum of n A.M’s between any two numbers a & b is equal to n-times the A.M. between a & b and The
a n  bn
expression n 1 n 1 is A.M between a and b if n=1
a b
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

a n 2  b n 2
If be the A.M between a & b then n = ?
a n1  b n1
A) – 2 B) 1
C) 0 D) – 1

ba
If there are six A.M’s between 2 and 5, then A5  ? Am  a  m   mn
 n 1 
6 3
A) B)
5 7
24 29
C) D)
7 7

The sum of n [Link] between 0 and 1 is :

n
 ab n
 A  n 
i 1
i 
2  2
a, b and c are three numbers in A.P. If x is the arithmetic mean of a and b and y is the arithmetic mean of b
and c , then the arithmetic mean of x and y is
A) a C) a+b
a bc
B) b D)
2
` The sum of an indicated number of terms of a sequence is called
Series a series.
Arithmetic Series: If a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ………,a+(n – 1) d is an A.P.
Then series
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +……+ [a + (n-1)d]
is called an arithmetic series.
Sum of First ‘n’ Terms of an (i).If any three of a, n, d and Sn are given use formula,
Sn  2a   n  1 d  .
Arithmetic Series n
2
(ii).If a1=first term, and an= general term is given then use
n
formula, Sn  a1  an  .
2
(iii).If a=first term and l = last term is given then use formula,
n
Sn  a  l .
2

A theater has 40 rows with 20 seats in the first row, 23 in the second row, 26 in the third row and so on.
How many seats are in the theater ?
---------------------------23
------------------------------26
----------------------------------29
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

a1  23, d  26  23  3, n  40 , Sn 
n
2
2a1   n  1 d 
Sum of first n odd natural number is given by n 2
S n  n  middle term  , For n is odd
 
when n is odd, middle term is  a n 1 
 2 

The sum of interior angles of polygons having sides 3,4,5 ….. etc form an A.P. Find the sum of the interior
angles foe a 16 sided polygon;
For Regular polygon
Sum of interior angle =  n  2     n  2 180
 n  2     n  2 180


Each interior angle =

n n

360
Each exterior angle is given by
n
An arithmetic progression has first term a and common difference d. It gives that the sum of the first 200 terms is 4 times the
sum of the first 100 terms. Find d in terms of a:
Solution :
 200 
 2a1  199d   4   2a1  99d   d  2a
100
S200  4S100 
2  2 

A clock strikes once when its hour hand is at one, twice when it is at two and so [Link] many times does
the clock strikes in 12 hours.
12
Solution : S  1  2  3...  12  1  12   78
2
The Sum of first six terms of an A.P is 23 and sum of first 7 terms is 200 Find a7
Solution : a7  S7  S6
In an arithmetic progression , the sum of the first n terms , denoted by S n , is given by Sn  n2  8n . Find
the first term . Solution : a1  S1  1  8(1)  9
2

The sum of how many terms of the sequence 54, 51, 48, …………. is 513?
(a) 19 (b) 16 (c) 25 (d) none of these

The sum of multiples of 3 b/w 1 and 300 is

(a) 14850 (b) 1683 (c) 1681 (d) 1682
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

Note:
 If we have to take three numbers in A.P., we take these to be, a – d, a, a+d.
 If we have to take four numbers in A.P., we take these to be, a – 3d, a – d , a+d , a+3d.
 If we have to take five numbers in A.P., we take these to be, a – 2d ,a – d, a, a+d , a + 2d.
 If a1, a2, a3 ……an and b1, b2, b3, ……bn are two separate [Link] with common difference
d1 and d2 than a1+ b1 , a2+ b2 , a3 + b3 ….. an + bn is also in A.P with common difference
d1+d2

 If a1, a2, a3 ……an and b1, b2, b3, ……bn are two separate [Link] with common difference
d1 and d2 than a1- b1 , a2- b2 , a3 - b3 ….. an - bn is also in A.P

Geometric Sequence or Geometric Progression (G.P.)

i. A sequence of numbers in which every term after the first is obtained from the preceding term by
multiplying it with a constant number is called a geometric sequence or geometric progression.
ii. Geometric progression is a sequence of numbers (terms) when the ratio of any term (except the 1st)
to the preceding one is constant.
iii. The general form a G.P. is a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 , , ar n 1 Note : No term of geometric progression is zero

Common Ratio(r): i. The constant ratio of any two constant terms of a G.P. is
called its Common Ratio.
an
[Link] quotient is called common ratio of the G.P.
an  1
The common ratio cannot be zero and one.
General term or nth term of G.P. an  ar n1
Find the 10th term of Geometric sequence having first term is 3 and common ratio is 0.5

1
1 1 1
an  2  a1  , a2  , and  4 
n

2 4 1 2
2

1 1 1 1
a a  a  m n  a3  35  27  35  1  2 1
If m and n be two terms in a G.P then r   m         3
 an   a5   243  9 1
9
a6  a5 r  243  3  729

The third term of a G.P is 4. then the product of first five term is?
(a) 43 (b) 45 (c) 44 (d) none of these
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

Geometric Mean (G.M.):

 If three quantities are in G.P. then middle term is known as geometric mean (G.M.) of the other
two.

 If a, G, b are in G.P. then G   ab .

 Note : If G > 0 If a,b are positive
 Note : If G < 0 If a,b are negative

Find the geometric mean between 9 and 16 G  916 12

Find one G.M between -4 and -16 (as the both are negative ) G    4 16   8

 nth geometric mean between two numbers;

If a, G1, G2, G3, ……Gn, b are in G.P then the numbers G1, G2, G3, …...Gn are called n geometric means
between ‘a’ and ‘b’.
n
 b  n 1
 nth G.M. between a & b is given by; Gn  a  
a
m
 b  n 1
 mth G.M. between a & b is given by; Gm  a   , m  n
a
1
 nth root of product of n geometric means a and b is given by  G1.G2 .G3 ......Gn  n  ab

6 6
 1024  81  1024  81
6
9  2  2  9  2  64   132
6
G6  2    2    2  512  9

 2   2 
MCQ : Product of 8 [Link] between 2 and 1024
Product of nth Geometric means between a and b is given by
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

   
n 8
G1.G2 .G3 ......Gn  ab 2 1024

7th roots of product of 7 [Link] between a and b is given by ab

 Let a1, a2, a3, ….an are in G.P with common ratio ‘r’ and if these terms are multiply
or divided by a fix number then the new resulted term are also in G.P with same
common ratio ‘r’.

 The reciprocal of terms of a,b,c,d,… with common ratio ‘r’ of G.P is also G.P with
common ratio’1/r’.

 If each term of G.P is raised with some power then the resulted terms will also be in
G.P with common ratio r with some power. If we take k as power to each term of G.P
the rk is common ratio

 Let a1,a2,a3,…an with common ratio r1 and b1, b2,b3,....bn with common ratio r2 are in
[Link]
Then a1b2, a2 b2, a3 b3,…. anbn will also be in G.P with common ratio r1r2.

Similarly,
a1 a2 a3 an r
, , .... are in G.P with 1 common ratio.
b1 b2 b3 bn r2
 If a1, a2, a3, …. be in G.P with common ratio ‘r’ Then loga1, loga2, loga3,… be in A.P with
common difference logr where r=a2/a1

 If loga1, loga2, loga3 …. are in A.P with ‘d’ as common difference then
a1,a2,a3 ,…. are in G.P with common ratio ed
d= logr
The terms of the sequence log a, log ar, log ar 2 ,.....are in
A) H.P B) A.P
C) G.P D) Both A & C
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

Geometric Series If a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 , , ar n 1 is a G.P. then

a  ar  ar  ar 
2 3
 ar n1 is called geometric series.

Sum of ‘n’ Terms of a Geometric Series a 1  r n  a  r n  1

Sn  , r 1 Sn  , r 1
1 r r 1

The Infinite Geometric Series: The series a  ar  ar 2  ar 3   ar n1   is called

infinite geometric series.
Sum of an Infinite Geometric Series a
S 
1 r
Convergent series If for an infinite geometric series r  1 ,the series is said
to be convergent.
Divergent series If for an infinite geometric series r  1 the series is said
to be divergent.
Recurring Decimals: A type of decimals in which the decimals repeats endlessly
is called recurring or repeated decimals.
Short examples e.g. 0.31  0.31313131
21433  214 21219 Every recurring decimal can be converted into a fraction
 2.1433  
9900 9900 called common fraction (vulgar fraction) by using the
1147  11 1136 formula for S.
 1.147  
990 990
159  0 159
 0.159   134  1 133
999 999 1.34  
99 99

Sum the series .025  .00025  .0000025  .....

25  0 5
.025  .00025  .0000025  .....  0.025  
990 198

3
A ball is dropped from a height of 12 feet.. It on each rebound it rises to a height of the distance from
4
which it fell, how for (up and down) will the ball have travelled when it hits the ground for the 3rd time?

12

9 27/4
9 27
/4
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

 3 3 
2

Distance = 12  2 12    12     43.5

  4   4  

2x 1
r  1  2x  1  x 
1 2
1 1
 x
2 2

1 3
S  
1 2
1
3
a
If a  ar  ar  ...    (r  1) then a 3  a 3r 3  a 3r 6  ....    ?
2

1 r
a a2
A) B)
1 r 1 r2
3
a3  a 
C) D)  
1 r3 1 r 

3
If the sum of three numbers in G.P is 63 and the product of the first and 2 nd term is of the third term, then the numbers
4
are
A) 3,12,48 B) 4,12,36
C) 2,10,50 D) 4,16,64

n1
If r  1 then the series a  ar  ar  ar  .....  ar  .... is called
2 3

A) Oscillatory series B) Constant series

C) Convergent series D) Arithmetic series
Note : Sum of terms of oscillatory series
If n is even then sum is zero
If n is odd then sum is First term

If a, b, c are in A.P, then x a , xb , xc , ( x  1) are in

A) A.P B) G.P
C) H.P D) None of these
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

A beetle starts at a point O on the floor and walks 0.6m east , then 0.36m west , 0.216m east and so on .Find its final position .
0.36
S  0.6  0.36  0.216  .....and r   0.6
0.6
a1 0.6 3
S    m
1  r 1  0.6 8
Joining the mid points of the sides of an equilateral triangle, an equilateral triangle having half the perimeter of the original
is obtained. We form a sequence of nested equilateral triangles in the manner described above with the original triangle
having perimeter 3/2. What will be the total perimeter of all the triangles formed in this way?

3
a
S   2 3
1 r 1 1
2

What distance will a ball travel before coming to rest if it is dropped from a height of 75 meter and after each fall it rebounds
2/5 of the distance it fell?
 2
 1 r   1 5 
Solution : Total distance is given by S  a1    75  2
 1 r   1 
 5
1
1 1
6 2.6 4 .6 8 ...... 
A) 36 B) 6
C)216 D) None of these
1
1 1 1 1 2
1 1   ..... 1 1
Solution : 6 2.6 .6 ......  6
4 8 2 4 8
6 2
6
If x = 1 + y + y2+……………+∞ then y = ?
x x x 1 1 x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x 1 1 x x x
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

Harmonic Progression (H.P.)

A sequence of numbers is called a harmonic sequence or harmonic progression if the reciprocals of its
terms are in arithmetic progression.
Note :
Harmonic sequence is used in the study of musical chords and their relationship.

a b ac bc ba

A) B) C) D)
bc cb a b ac
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , arein A.P    
a b c b a c b
a b bc a a b
Solution :   
ab cb c bc

1
The general term or the nth term of H.P is whose reciprocal a1   n  1 d is the nth term of
a1   n  1 d
A.P.

1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1
, , arein A.P  d     
6 2 6 2 6 6 2 3
1  1  13
Solution: a20  a1   n  1 d   19    
6 3 2
2
In H.P 
13

2 2 2
If 2, , , , are in H.P, then 8th term of an A.P is
5 9 13
2
A) 29 B)
29
1 29
C) D)
29 2

Harmonic Mean (H.M.)

 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

If three quantities are in H.P. then the middle is called harmonic mean (H.M.) of the other two.
2ab
If a, H, b are in H.P. then H 
ab
‘n’ Harmonic Means between Two Numbers
If a, H1 ,H2, H3 ……………,Hn ,b are in H.P then the numbers H1, H2, H3 ……………,Hn are called n
harmonic means between a & b.

a n  bn
The expression n 1 n 1
is A.M between a and b if n= 1
a b 2

nth harmonic mean between a & b is given by,

 n  1 ab
nth H .M .  .
na  b

a m1  b m1
For what value of m , will , be the H.M. between a and b?
am  bm
1
A) 0 B)
2
C) 1 D)  1

16
The three numbers 5,4, are
5
A) Three G.M’s b/w 2 and 8 B) Three A.M’s b/w 2 & 8
C) A.M, G.M, H.M b/w 2 and 8 respectively D) None of these

Three harmonic means between 1and  1

Relation between A.M, G.M and H.M

 No term of a H.P. can be zero.

 Every H.P. has a corresponding A.P.
 There is no general method to find the sum of a H.P.
 G2 = A.H and A=G=H If a=b
 A>G>H, if a & b are two distinct +ve real numbers and G>0.
If a = -2, b = -8 then which of the following must be true?
(a) A > G > H (b) A > H > G (c) A < G < H (d) none of these
 A<G<H, if a & b are two distinct ve real numbers and G<0.
A.M between two positive values is greater or equal to G.M
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

If a & b are two positive numbers while A and G are the arithmetic and geometric means
between a & b then quadratic equation having a & b haring its roots is
x 2  2 Ax  G 2  0
ab
where A & G  ab
2
If A is arithmetic mean and G is geometric mean between two numbers then those two
numbers are
A  A2  G 2
Let a, b, c, are three numbers in A.P if x is arithmetic mean between a & b and y is
arithmetic mean between b and c then find arithmetic mean between x and y A  b

G2 = A.H
H.M. between the roots of x  7 x  10  0 is
2

20 2ab P 10
A) H 2 B)
7 ab S 7
7 7
C) D)
20 10
If A and G are A.M and G.M b/w ‘a’ and b, then the quadratic equation having ‘a’ and ‘b’ as its roots is
A) x  2aAx  G  0 B) x  Gx  A  0
2 2 2

C) Ax 2  Gx  Ag  0 D) x  2 Ax  G  0
2 2

Which one is true? If a, b are negative

A) G A H B) AG H
C) H  G  A D) H  A  G

A man goes to a certain place at a speed of 30km/h and returns to the original place at a speed of 20km/h , Find out the
average speed during this up and down journey
A) 15 B) 25
C) 24 D) 10
2ab 2  30  20 
Solution : Application of Harmonic Means Spped avg    24km / h
ab 30  20
mn
If mth term of H.P is n and nth term be m then (m+n)th term is given by
mn
 Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029

Sigma Notation or Summation Notation

n  n  1 n n
(i) 1  2  3   n  k 
2
1  n
k 1
k 1
st
The Sum of 1 nnatural numbers
n
n  n  1 2n  1
(ii) 12  22  32   n 2   k 2 
k 1 6 n
The Sum of squares of 1st nnatural numbers  c  cn
k 1

 n  n  1 
2
n
 n3   k 3  
(iii) 13  23  33  
k 1  2 
st
The Sum of cubes of 1 nnatural numbers
n
(iv)   k m   k  1   n m
m

k 1
 

 n  n  1  n  n  1 n
2
n

 k  
3
   k
k 1  2  2 k 1

13  23  33  43  53  63  ?
A) 441 B) 431
C) 451 D) 421

Sum of first 100 natural numbers = ?

A) 200 B) 4900
C) 5050 D) 6900

If 1  2  3  ...  n  25 , then 1  2  3  ...  n  ?

3 3 3 3

(A) 125 (B) 625

(C) 1225 (D) None of these

5
k
Evaluate the sum  15
k 1
5
k  5
  5  6 
 15  15  k  15
k 1 k 1 2

5

  1 cos k
k
Evaluate
k 1

Sum of the series 22 + 52 + 82 +……….. up to n-terms = ?

n n n n
(a) (3n 2  6n  1) (b) (6n 2  3n  1) (c) (6n 2  3n  1) (d) (6n 2  6n  1)
2 2 2 2
Entry Test Series Mathematics (Book-I)
Muhammad Asim Ali -Lecturer Punjab Group of Colleges- Lahore, 03224334029