Assignment #1
Due Date: Week 14
Weight: 20%
Task Description:
All students are required to plan a hydropower plant in an optional location in Afghanistan. They will do
the preliminary survey using Arc GIS and select the layout of hydro power plant on the topography.
The students have to select a valley then find a hydrological station there to analyse water available for the
hydropower plant. Then they have to calculate the volume of reservoir and height of the water fall, then
they have to find the volume of sediment in reservoir, and how to manage reservoir outlet water with
spillway and finally to find the site hydro power and energy.
Please follow the following sequences:
Determine the dead volume and head.
Identify the buffer head and its corresponding volume.
Determine the active volume and head.
Find the freeboard head and corresponding volume.
1. Determining the desired Site and obtaining topography
In this example, the studied area is along the Kunar river, Kunar Station.
To get the topography of the desired area Google Earth is used to obtain the topography
from the desired area.
2 .Determining the longitudinal axis of the dam and drawing the longitudinal section of
the reservoir:
In order to determination of longitudinal axis of the dam, a suitable position take into
account the technical-economic analysis.
In the next step, from the longitudinal axis of the reservoir the cross section is drawn.
2. Reservoir volume graph:
To get the volume of the Reservoir, the Reservoir is divided into several layers, according
to its height. In this project, the height between each layer is 10m.
Using topography and the height of the layers, the volume of reservoir is calculated using
the following formula:
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 93378.9 + 5006817.14
𝑉1 = ∗ 𝐻1 = ∗ 10 ⟹ 𝑉1 = 25500980.2𝑚3
2 2
𝐻1 = 10𝑚
𝐴1 = 93378.9𝑚2 ، 𝐴2 = 5006817.14𝑚2
Table show the result of calculation
No A1 , m^2 A2 , m^2 Avag , m^2 h,m V , m^3 Polynomial , m^3
1 93378.9 5006817.14 2550098.02 10 25500980.2 25500980.2
2 5006817.14 9005100.4 7005958.77 10 70059587.7 95560567.9
3 9005100.4 12822670.64 10913885.52 10 109138855.2 204699423.1
4 12822670.64 16845562.81 14834116.73 10 148341167.3 353040590.4
5 16845562.81 19817187.24 18331375.03 10 183313750.3 536354340.6
6 19817187.24 22930211.07 21373699.16 10 213736991.6 750091332.2
7 22930211.07 25192360.57 24061285.82 10 240612858.2 990704190.4
8 25192360.57 27144163.95 26168262.26 10 261682622.6 1252386813
9 27144163.95 28786447.45 27965305.7 10 279653057 1532039870
10 28786447.45 30312316.27 29549381.86 10 295493818.6 1827533689
11 30312316.27 31998997.24 31155656.76 10 311556567.6 2139090256
12 31998997.24 33616633.56 32807815.4 10 328078154 2467168410
13 33616633.56 35470149.45 34543391.51 10 345433915.1 2812602325
14 35470149.45 37285431.57 36377790.51 10 363777905.1 3176380230
15 37285431.57 39374755.47 38330093.52 10 383300935.2 3559681165
16 39374755.47 42451010.67 40912883.07 10 409128830.7 3968809996
17 42451010.67 46614355.65 44532683.16 10 445326831.6 4414136828
18 46614355.65 50420580.54 48517468.1 10 485174681 4899311509
19 50420580.54 54056799.98 52238690.26 10 522386902.6 5421698411
20 54056799.98 56678039.98 55367419.98 10 553674199.8 5975372611
21 56678039.98
Total 5,975,372,611
Using the table above, we can draw the reservoir volume graph:
4. Height of the dead volume and the active volume by using the volume graph:
Firstly, the sediment data is taken from the recorded data of Kuneery station, in the table
is equal to:
𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑠 = 10346.6
𝑑𝑎𝑦
For one year is:
𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑠.𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 10346.4 ∗ 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 3776436 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝑑𝑎𝑦
Because the life period of the dam is about (100 to 120) years, the amount of sediment
materials within year will be:
𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑠 = 10346.6 ∗ 365 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ∗ 100 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 377643600 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑑𝑎𝑦
In order to get the height of the dead volume, as the density of sediment is 𝜌 = (1.8 ÷ 2) 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑚3
so the volume of sediment is 100 year in m3 is:
𝑄𝑠.𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 377643600 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = = 𝑡𝑜𝑛 ⟹ 𝑉𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 209802000 𝑚3
𝜌 1.8 3
𝑚
The dead volume height for 100 years:
Q (avg) Q
Year Qint
one Year (avg)
First
177.00 136.00 116.00 103.00 100.00 188.00 427.00 576.00 100.00 1070.00 881.00 464.00 361.50
Year
437.00
Second
233.00 163.00 133.00 120.00 118.00 138.00 346.00 578.00 1268.00 1401.00 1094.00 558.00 512.50
Year
Balancing the amount of flow without spillway
No. Qint Qout Balance
1 177 437 -260 0
2 136 437 -301 0
3 116 437 -321 0
4 103 437 -334 0
5 100 437 -337 0
6 188 437 -249 0
7 427 437 -10 0
8 576 437 139 139
139 9 100 437 -337 -198 0
10 1070 437 633 633
633 11 881 437 444 1077
1077 12 464 437 27 1104
1104 13 233 437 -204 900
900 14 163 437 -274 626
626 15 133 437 -304 322
322 16 120 437 -317 5
5 17 118 437 -319 -314 0
18 138 437 -299 0
19 346 437 -91 0
20 578 437 141 141
141 21 1268 437 831 972
972 22 1401 437 964 1936
1936 23 1094 437 657 2593
2593 24 558 437 121 2714
Average 437
Max 2714
Volume for
30.5 day X 24 Hour X 3600 Sec
one month 7,151,932,800
After balancing the values of the design flow, we do the active volume of the Reservoir
bowl, taking into account the largest amount of flow, which is shown in red in the table
above:
𝑚3
𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2714
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 ∗ 30.5 ∗ 24 ∗ 3600 = 2714 ∗ (30.5 ∗ 24 ∗ 3600)𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 7,151,932,800 𝑚3
But this volume = 7,151,932,800 m ^ 3 is a very large volume of water that requires a very
large Reservoir, to solve this problem, we can spillway a volume of the flow to have a
small reservoir.
No. Qint Q Spill Way Q int 2
1 177 0 177
2 136 0 136
3 116 0 116
4 103 0 103
5 100 0 100
6 188 0 188
7 427 100 327
8 576 150 426
9 100 0 100
10 1070 300 770
11 881 300 581
12 464 100 364
13 233 0 233
14 163 0 163
15 133 0 133
16 120 0 120
17 118 0 118
18 138 0 138
19 346 100 246
20 578 200 378
21 1268 500 768
22 1401 500 901
23 1094 400 694
24 558 200 358
Reservoir with spillway
قابل جمعNo. Qint 2 Qout Balance ذخیه
مقدار قابل ر
1 177 318.25 -141.25 0
2 136 318.25 -182.25 0
3 116 318.25 -202.25 0
4 103 318.25 -215.25 0
5 100 318.25 -218.25 0
6 188 318.25 -130.25 0
7 327 318.25 8.75 8.75
8.75 8 426 318.25 107.75 116.5
116.5 9 100 318.25 -218.25 -101.75 0
0 10 770 318.25 451.75 451.75
451.75 11 581 318.25 262.75 714.5
714.5 12 364 318.25 45.75 760.25
760.25 13 233 318.25 -85.25 675
675 14 163 318.25 -155.25 519.75
519.75 15 133 318.25 -185.25 334.5
334.5 16 120 318.25 -198.25 136.25
136.25 17 118 318.25 -200.25 -64 0
0 18 138 318.25 -180.25 -180.25 0
0 19 246 318.25 -72.25 -72.25 0
0 20 378 318.25 59.75 59.75
59.75 21 768 318.25 449.75 509.5
509.5 22 901 318.25 582.75 1092.25
1092.25 23 694 318.25 375.75 1468
1468 24 358 318.25 39.75 1507.75
Average 318.25
Max 1507.75
Q, month 3973222800
Note: For the calculation, students should take into account water losses due to
filtration and evaporation.
A simple 7 months Qin and Qout without spillway
Qin Qaverage or
Qout
1 4 -3
3 4 -1
4 4 0
6 4 2 2 5270400
6 4 2 4 5270400
6 4 2 6 5270400 15811200
2 4 -2
Average 4 15811200
28
At the final stage of the project, students will make key decisions regarding the selection
of turbines for the hydropower plant. This involves considering factors such as the
available water flow rate, head (the height of the waterfall or dam), and power
requirements of the project. Based on these factors, students will determine the number
of turbines, the type of turbine, and the diameter of the turbine runners.
The number of turbines will depend on the power capacity needed to meet the electricity
demands of the target region. Students will analyze the projected energy requirements
and the potential power output of the hydropower plant to determine the optimal
number of turbines. This decision will also consider factors such as the available water
flow rate and the turbine efficiency.
Next, students will choose the type of turbine best suited for their specific project.
Common types of turbines used in hydropower plants include Francis turbines, Pelton
turbines, and Kaplan turbines. The selection will depend on factors such as the head and
flow characteristics of the water source. Francis turbines are suitable for medium to high
heads and medium to high flow rates, Pelton turbines are ideal for high heads and low
flow rates, while Kaplan turbines are designed for low to medium heads and high flow
rates. Students will evaluate the parameters of their project to determine the most
appropriate turbine type.
Finally, the diameter of the turbine runners will be determined based on the water flow
rate and desired rotational speed. Students will calculate the required diameter to
optimize the turbine's efficiency and power generation capacity. This calculation will
involve considerations such as the head, flow rate, and specific speed of the turbine.
By carefully selecting the number of turbines, type of turbine, and diameter of the
turbine runners, students will ensure the hydropower plant operates efficiently,
maximizes power generation, and meets the energy needs of the target region.
