SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT
SYSTEMS
PLANNING 1
SITE PLANNING AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
MOVEMENT
SYSTEMS
PLANNING 1
MOVEMENT SYSTEM
The usefulness of any parcel of land, whether urban, suburban, or rural, depends on the existence of adequate
roads and utilities to serve it. This is true for a suburban or large urban site.
The site must be readily accessible.
The primary consideration in planning the use of a site includes the adequacy of both circulation access and
utility services.
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The primary consideration in planning the use of a site includes the adequacy of both circulation access and
utility services. Circulation access includes:
1. Pedestrian
2. Vehicular
3. Public transit movement systems
CIRCULATION SYSTEMS
• Vehicular circulation systems are the primary structuring element of a land use plan, often determining the location of
utilities and communication networks and pedestrian circulation systems.
• In land planning and site planning, it is standard to begin laying out the site with the surface roads. This most often
determines the patterns of land use and utility systems.
• Road's systems must be carefully adapted to the topography.
• Utility services are generally located above/ or below the road system.
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• Surface drainage channels are usually located along side the roadways connecting to underground storm water
conduits.
• As the amount of vehicular/ pedestrian flow increases, the need to organize and define the channels of flow also
increases. (ex. Which streets will channel the heaviest traffic).
• As a result, those channels that carry large volumes over greater distances are often physically separated from the
region served. (ex. expressways, freeways, and railroads).
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01. PEDESTRIAN
“Pedestrian" is used throughout these guidelines to include people who walk, sit,
stand in public spaces, or use a wheelchair, be they children, teens, adults, elderly,
people with disabilities, workers, residents, shoppers or people watchers. Pedestrian-
oriented design is accessible design for all people.
Key to establishing a successful
pedestrian realm is determining the
width of walking space which is more
complex than it initially appears.
Sidewalks are divided into imaginary
lanes or "zones"- the “Edge Zone”
immediately next to the roadway; the 01
“Furnishing Zone” accommodating
amenities such as street trees and
transit facilities; the “Throughway Zone”
that is the absolute minimum allowable
for unobstructed movement.
03. ROAD LAYOUTS
PROVIDE ACCESS 03
PROVIDE LINKAGE PROVIDE FOR MOVEMENT
OF PEOPLE AND GOODS
ROAD PATTERNS
Roadway patterns are very essential in the
development of the settlements of a city.
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The roadway patterns also increase the
response time the emergency response vehicles
take to reach a certain place.
LINEAR OR STREET RIBBON
A straight road used to connect one community to another.
Crossings are few and far between.
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GRIDIRON
Site is divided into square or rectangular blocks.
ADVANTAGES:
Blocks and services are easy to layout.
Grids are good for pedestrians because there are many different ways to travel from A to B.
DISADVANTAGES:
Causes traffic congestion due to the frequent crossings created.
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MANHATTAN
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RADIAL
Use of circumferential and radial roads to
connect the center of the city to the outskirts
in a ripple manner.
In this pattern, the network of roads is in the
form of circles emanating from the centre of
03 the area.
This pattern may be further classified into
three types depending on its layout.
RADIAL OR STAR & BLOCK PATTERN
This type of network is a combination of radial and
block pattern of roads. The entire area is divided into a radial
network of roads radiating from the centre outwardly
with block pattern network of roads in between the radial main
streets.
Pros:
Less risky compared to a rectangular pattern.
03 It reduces the level of congestion at a primary bottleneck
location.
If one radial road is blocked then another can be used as an
alternative.
Cons:
Lack of safety appurtenances like rail transitions, crash
attenuators and post support bases.
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RADIAL OR STAR & CIRCULAR PATTERN
This type of network is a combination of radial and circular
pattern of roads. Here main roads radiate from a central point
and are connected with concentric circle roads(ring roads)
radiating outwardly.
Pros:
It is safe as compared to the other patterns because vehicles
travel in the same direction.
03 Roundabouts present in this pattern improves the efficiency of
traffic flow.
This also reduces fuel consumptions and emissions of the
vehicle.
Reduces the possibility of rear-end crashes.
Cons:
Providing good curve is quite challenging.
It is necessary for the proper provision of the traffic
signal, road markings and lighting to alert the drivers.
RADIAL OR STAR & GRID PATTERN
This type of network is a combination of radial and grid
pattern of roads. A radial network of road radiates from the
centre outwardly. Then the main radial streets
are interconnected by providing a grid pattern.
Pros:
It increases the efficiency of land usage and unit density.
It improves the traffic flow in both directions.
03 It provides high safety to vehicular traffic with a high
proportion of 3-way intersections.
It reduces the cut-through traffic.
Cons:
High construction cost for extra road markings and signals.
MEANDERING
Used in highly mountainous sites. Following the
contours of the topography.
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COMBINATION
Using both the geometric and meandering street patterns. Geometric street pattern is
used where the terrain is flat and meandering where the terrain is rolling.
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CUL-DE-SAC
Shaped so that the fronting houses automatically create an enclosed space.
Should not be longer than 500m.
A long version is considered a straight street with a turnaround.
Utilizes an odd parcel of land to full advantage.
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ROAD
Major Roads/ Freeways
CLASSIFICATION
Secondary Roads/ Arterial Roads
Collector streets 03
Local streets
Cul-de-sac
HIGHWAY
A long-distance, medium speed vehicular corridor that
traverses open country.
It should be relatively free of intersections, driveways
and adjacent buildings; otherwise it becomes a strip,
which interferes with traffic flow.
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AUTOBAHN, GERMANY
BOULEVARD
A long-distance, medium speed vehicular corridor that
traverses an urbanized area.
It is usually lined by parallel parking, wide sidewalks, or
side medians planted with trees. Buildings uniformly line
the edges.
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BARON HAUSSMAN’S
PARIS BOULEVARDS
AVENUE
A short-distance, medium speed connector that
traverses an urban area. Unlike a boulevard, its axis is
terminated by a civic building or monument.
An avenue may be conceived as an extremely elongated
square.
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PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE,
WASHINGTON D.C.
DRIVE
An edge bet. An urban and a natural condition, usually along a
waterfront, park or promontory.
One side of the drive has the urban character of a boulevard,
with sidewalk and buildings, while the other has the qualities of
a parkway, with naturalistic planting and rural detailing.
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LAKESHORE DRIVE, CHICAGO
STREET
A small-scale, low speed local connector. Streets provide frontage
for high-density buildings such as offices, shops, apartment
buildings and rowhouses.
A street is urban in character, with raised curbs, closed drainage,
wide sidewalks, parallel parking, trees in individual planting areas,
and bldgs. aligned on short setbacks.
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ALLEYS
A narrow access route servicing the rear of the buildings on a
street. Alleys have no sidewalks, landscaping, or building
setbacks.
It is used by trucks and must accommodate dumpsters.
They are usually paved to their edges, with center drainage via an
inverted crown.
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LANE
A narrow access route behind houses on a road. Lanes are rural in
character with a narrow strip of paving at the center or no paving.
While lanes may not be necessary with front-loaded garages, they
are still useful for accommodating utility runs, enhancing the
privacy of rear yards and providing play areas for children
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PASSAGE
A very narrow, pedestrian-only connector cutting between
buildings.
It provides shortcuts through long blocks or connect rear parking
areas with street frontages.
It may be roofed over and lined by shopfronts.
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PASSAGE LINED WITH SHOPS ROOFED PASSAGE
PATH
A very narrow pedestrian and bicycle connector traversing a park
or the open country.
It should emerge from the sidewalk network.
Bicycle paths are necessarily along highways but are not required
to supplement boulevards, streets and roads, where slower traffic
allows sharing of the vehicular lanes.
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