TIMBER SEASONING

• THE WOOD WHICH IS SUITABLE FOR ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION. • FRESH TIMBER WHICH IS OBTAINED FROM TREES HAVE ABOUT 30 TO 40
• IT SHOULD HAVE STRUCTURAL AS WELL AS AESTHETIC MERITS. PERCENT SAP OR MOISTURE. THIS SAP IS VERY HARMFUL FOR THE LIFE OF
• TIMBRIAN = TO BUILD THE TIMBER.
• IT IS ESSENTIAL TO REMOVE THE SAP BY APPLYING CERTAIN SPECIAL
USES OF TIMBER METHODS.
• BUILDING CONSTRUCTION • ALL SUCH METHODS ARE COLLECTIVELY TERMED AS SEASONING OF
• HOUSE POST CONSTRUCTION TIMBER
• BEAMS AND RAFTERS
• CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES AND BOATS
• FURNITURE AND INSTRUMENTS
• RAILWAY SLEEPERS AND PACKING CASES
• TOYS AND ENGRAVING WORK
• RAILWAY COACH WAGONS
• FORMWORK OF CEMENT CONCRETE

GENERAL PROPERTIES
• COLOR: DARKER = MORE DURABLE
• ODOR: MEANS FRESHLY CUT
• HARDNESS: ABILITY TO WITHSTAND INDENTATIONS
• DENSITY: DENSEST = STRONGEST
• GRAIN: CAN BE STRAIGHT, SPIRAL, INTERLOCKED, WAVY OR IRREGULAR\
• TEXTURE: DEPENDS ON SIZE & DISTRIBUTION

IDENTIFICATIONS OF TIMBER
• LUSTER – ABILITY TO REFLECT LIGHT BEAM NATURAL SEASONING
• WORKABILITY – ABILITY TO SHAPE CUT & FASTENED TOGETHER • TIMBER LOGS ARE ARRANGED ONE OVER THE OTHER
• WARPING – TO DESCRIBE VARIATION FROM TRUE SURFACE • KEEPING SOME SPACE ON EACH OTHER FOR THE AIR TO PASS THROUGH
• MOISTURE CONTENT – PERCENT OF MASS OF WATER IN TIMBER • VERY SLOW PROCESS: TOOK MONTHS TO YEARS
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY – RATION BY DIVIDING WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCE TO THE
WEIGHT OF AN EQUAL VOLUME OF PURE WATER ARTIFICIAL SEASONING
• KILN SEASONING: TIMBER IS PLACED ON CHAMBER, HEATED, AND MUST
MOISTURE OF TIMBER BE UNDER CONTROL – A QUICK PROCESS
• MOISTURE CONTENT: MOST IMPORTANT CHARAC. = AFFECTS USE ON SITE • CHEMICAL SEASONING: CHEMICALS ARE USED AS AGENTS FOR
• EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT (EMC): MOISTURE CONTENT OF SEASONING, ENSURES UNIFORM SEASONING, 30-40 DAYS
WOOD CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY • ELECTRIC SEASONING: ELECTRIC CURRENT IS PASSED THROUGH THE
• FIBRE SATURATION POINT (FSP): WHEN CELL CAVITIES ARE EMPTY BUT TIMBER LOGS, UP TO 5-8 HOURS
CELL WALLS RETAIN THEIR BOUND WATER
WATER SEASONING
• TIMBER LOGS ARE KEPT IMMERSED IN FLOWING WATER
• TIME: 2 TO 4 WEEKS
ADVANTAGES OF SEASONED TIMBER O DEFECTS DUE TO NATURAL FORCES
• IT HAS REDUCED WEIGHT A. BURLS – GROWTH OF THE TREE IS UPSET AND IRREGULAR
• STRONG AND DURABLE PROJECTIONS APPEAR.
• RESISTANCE TO DECAY AND ROT B. CALLUS – SOFT SKIN WHICH COVERS THE WOUND OF THE TREE.
• TAKES HIGH POLISH C. CHEMICAL STAIN – DISCOLORING OF WOOD.
• EASIER TO WORK WITH D. COARSE STAIN – ANNUAL RINGS GET WIDENED.
• LASTS LONGER E. DEAD WOOD – TIMBER OBTAINED FROM DEAD TREES.
F. DRUXINESS – WHITE DECAYED SPOTS WHICH ARE CONCEALED
DEFECTS IN TIMBER BY HEALTHY WOOD.
• TWO CATEGORIES: G. FOXINESS – INDICATED BY RED OR YELLOW TINGE IN WOOD.
O INTERNAL DEFECTS H. RIND GALLS – THESE ARE TYPICAL CURVED SWELLING FORMED
– FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWING TISSUE OR THE TREE UPON THE TRUNK OF THE TREE BY SUCCESSIVE LAYER OF THE
O EXTERNAL DEFECTS SAPWOOD.
– DUE TO EXTERNAL AGENTS I. TWISTED FIBERS – FIBERS OR WANDERING HEARTS ARE
CAUSED BY THE PREVALENT WIND TURNING OR TWISTING THE
TREE AT ITS YOUNG AGE CONSTANTLY IN ONE DIRECTION.
• GROUPS: J. UPSETS – ARE CLIPPING OR BUCKLING OF FIBERS CAUSED BY
O DEFECTS DUE TO CONVERSION CRUSHING OF FIBERS WHEN THE TRUNK IS FELLED VIOLENTLY
A. CHIP MARK – MARKS OR SIGNS PLACED BY CHIPS ON THE OVER A ROCKY SURFACE
FINISHED SURFACE OF TIMBER K. WATER STAIN
B. DIAGONAL GRAIN – DUE TO IMPROPER SAWING OF TIMBER. L. WIND CRACKS – ARE SHAKES ON THE OUTSIDE OF A LOG DUE
C. TORN GRAIN – CAUSED WHEN A SMALL DEPRESSION IS TO THE SHRINKAGE OF THE EXTERIOR SURFACE CAUSED BY
FORMED BY FALLING OF A TOOL OR SO. THE ATMOSPHERIC INFLUENCES.
D. WANE – DENOTED BY THE PRESENCE OF ORIGINAL ROUNDED
SURFACE ON THE MANUFACTURED PIECE OF TIMBER O DEFECTS DUE TO SEASONING
A. BOW – A CURVATURE OF THE TIMBER IN THE DIRECTION OF ITS
O DEFECTS DUE TO FUNGI LENGTH.
A. BLUE STAIN – SAP OF WOOD IS STAINED TO BLUISH COLOR. B. CASE-HARDENING –DUE TO UNEQUAL DRYING OF EXTERIOR
B. BROWN ROT – DECAY OR DISEASE OF TIMBER. SURFACES UNDER COMPRESSION AND THE INTERIOR SURFACES
C. DRY ROT – CONVERTING OF TIMBER INTO DRY POWDER FORM. UNDER TENSION DUE TO RAPID DRYING
D. HEART ROT – INDICATED BY THE HOLLOW SOUND GIVEN OUT C. CHECK – THESE REDUCE THE SHEARING RESISTANCE OF THE
WHEN STRUCK WITH A HAMMER. WOOD.
E. SAP STRAIN – LOSES THE COLOR OF SAP. D. COLLAPSE – THE CELLS OF TIMBER ARE FLATTENED DUE TO
F. WET ROT – CAUSES CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF WOOD OF EXCESSIVE SHRINKAGE.
TIMBER. E. CUP – A CURVATURE IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION OF THE
G. WHITE ROT – OPPOSITE OF BROWN ROT. TIMBER.
F. HONEY-COMBING – SEPARATION OF THE FIBERS IN THE
O DEFECTS DUE TO INSECTS & NATURAL FORCES INTERIOR DUE TO DRYING STRESSES.
A. BEETLES, MARINE BORERS, TERMITES G. RADIAL SHAKES
B. ABNORMAL GROWTH, RUPTURE OF TISSUES H. SPLIT – SEPARATION OF THE FIBERS ALONG THE GRAIN AND
EXTENDS FROM ONE END OF THE PLANK TO THE OTHER.
I. TWIST – A SPIRAL DISTORTION ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE
TIMBER.
J. WARP
KNOTS TIMBER PRESERVATIVES
• DARK, HARD PIECES AS SIGNS OF BRANCHES BROKEN OR CUT OFF. • ASCU TREATMENT
• CHEMICAL SALTS
• COAL TAR (HIGHLY EFFECTIVE AGAINST FUNGI)
• CRESOTE OIL
• OILY SUBSTANCES INSOLUBLE IN WATER
• WATER SOLUBLE SALTS
• ZINC CHLORIDE (MOST EXTENSIVELY USED, CLEAN AND ODORLESS)

TIMBER AVAILABILITY
• TEAK - PALE YELLOWISH OR GREYISH-WHITE
• DEODAR - WHITE TO CREAMY WHITE
• CHIR - WHITE TO CREAMY WHITE
• KAIL - YELLOWISH IN WHITE TO GREYISH
• SISSO - PALE YELLOWISH OR GREYISH WHITE
• SAL - PALE-YELLOWISH OR BROWNISH WHITE
• MANGO - BROWN IN COLOR.

THERE ARE OVER 150 SPECIES OF TIMBER WHICH ARE PRODUCED IN INDIA.
SHAKES
• CAUSED BY THE RUPTURE OF TISSUES RESULTING IN PARTIAL OR
VENEERS
COMPLETE SEPARATION OF THE FIBERS ALONG THE GRAIN.
• THIN SHEETS OR SLICES OF WOOD
• TYPES:
O STAR SHAKES • OBTAINED BY ROTATING A LOG OF WOOD AGAINST A SHARP KNIFE
O HEART SHAKES • MAY BE GLUED WITH SUITABLE ADHESIVES ON THE SURFACE
O CUPS SHAKES • USED TO PRODUCE PLYWOOD
O RING SHAKES • FIXED ON CORNERS OR BENT PORTIONS.
O RADIAL SHAKES
PLYWOOD
OBJECTIVES OF PRESERVATION OF TIMBER • PANEL FORMED OF THREE OR MORE LAYERS OF VENEER GLUED
1. TO INCREASE THE LIFE OF TIMBER STRUCTURES. TOGETHER
2. TO MAKE THE TIMBER STRUCTURES DURABLE. • AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT COMMERCIAL FORMS \
3. TO PROTECT THE TIMBER STRUCTURES FROM THE ATTACK OF
DESTROYING AGENCIES SUCH AS FUNGI, INSECTS, ETC
THICKNESS ADVANTAGES OF PLYWOOD
• GOOD STRENGTH
• BETTER SPLITTING RESISTANCE
• EASY TO BEND

HARDWOOD
• MANUFACTURED FROM RAW MATERIALS LIKE WOOD WASTE, VENEER
MANUFACTURING, FURNITURE MAKING.
• SIZES:
O MEDIUM HARDBOARD
O NORMAL HARDBOARD
DIMENSIONS O TEMPERED HARDBOARD

THICKNESS

TOLERANCE

WIDTH AND LENGTH

 MARKET FORMS OF TIMBER
FIBRE BOARD
• RIGID BOARDS
• DRESSED WOOD OR RECONSTRUCTED WOOD.

IMPREG TIMBERS
• FULLY OR PARTLY COVERED WITH RESIN

COMPREG TIMBERS
• TREATED UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.
• THE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY IS MORE.

BLOCK BOARDS OR LAMIN BOARDS

• BOARD HAVING CORE STRIPS, EACH NOT EXCEEDING 7 MM IN THICKNESS

GLULAM
• GLUED AND LAMINATED WOOD MADE OF SOLID WOOD.

FLUSH DOOR SHUTTERS

• MORE POPULAR FOR INTERIOR WORKS.

PARTICLE BOARDS
• BOARD MANUFACTURED FROM PARTICLES OF WOOD
JOINERIES MALAYSIAN WOOD
• INVOLVES JOINING TOGETHER PIECES OF TIMBER OR LUMBER, TO • RUBBER WOOD OR HEVEA BRASILIENSIS.
PRODUCE MORE COMPLEX ITEMS. • RUBBER WOOD IS DURABLE & HIGH DENSITY
• BEST TO USE ON FURNITURE

HEAVY HARDWOOD-CHENGAL
• NUMBER ONE WOOD OF MALAYSIA
• PLANING IS KNOWN TO BE EASY AND A SMOOTH FINISH IS EASILY
ACHIEVED
• BORING IS NOT HARD
• TURNING IS EASY AS WELL AND A SMOOTH FINISH IS ACHIEVED
• NAILING IS VERY DIFFICULT AND MOSTLY A HOLE HAS TO BE PREDRILLED
TO RECEIVE A NAIL
• THE TIMBER IS CLASSIFIED AS NATURALLY DURABLE AND IS NORMALLY
VERY RESISTANT TO TERMITE ATTACK AND FUNGAL INFESTATION

ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
• CAN BE EASILY HANDLED AND JOINED.
• CAN BE USED FOR BOTH LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES AND NON-LOAD
• IT CAN BE EASILY CONVERTED TO ANY SHAPE AND SIZE.
• WITH THE ADVENT OF SUPERIOR ADHESIVES
• LESS WASTE
• HIGH RESALE AND SALVAGE VALUE
• BETTER INSULATING PROPERTIES
• LIGHT IN WEIGHT AND STRONG AND CAN BE MADE ECONOMICAL
• AESTHETIC AND DECORATIVE APPEARANCE.
• EASILY AVAILABLE
• HIGH ENERGY EFFICIENCY
TIMBER FRAME WOOD CONSTRUCTION ADVANTAGES OD TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION
• CONSISTS OF PREFABRICATED WOODEN WALL PANELS, TIMBER FLOORING • SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION
AND ROOF MATERIALS BUILT UPON A TIMBER FRAMEWORK • MANUFACTURED IN FACTORY CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
• A TYPE OF OFF-SITE CONSTRUCTION • SUSTAINABLE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
• OCCURS WITHIN A MANUFACTURING OR PRODUCTION PLANT • LOW WEIGHT
• DRYING OUT TIME
• FLEXIBILITY OF DESIGN

TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE / PROCESS

1. GROUND FLOOR SLAB
2. EXTERNAL WALLS
3. INTERNAL WALLS
4. FIRST FLOOR JOISTS
5. FIRST FLOOR EXTERNAL WALLS
6. FIRST FLOOR INTERNAL WALLS
7. ROOF TRUSSES
8. ROOFING FELT
9. BATTONS
10. ROOF TILES
11. WINDOWS AND DOORS
12. PLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL WIRING
13. INSULATION
14. PLASTERBOARDING & SKIMMING INTERNAL WALLS
15. GROUND FLOOR BLOCKWORK
16. BRICKWORK (COMPLETES THE HOUSE)
CONCRETE
• ARTIFICIAL STONE-LIKE MASS
• COMPOSITE MATERIAL THAT IS CREATED BY MIXING BINDING MATERIAL
(CEMENT OR LIME)
• ALONG WITH THE AGGREGATE (SAND, GRAVEL, STONE, BRICK CHIPS, ETC.),
WATER, ADMIXTURES, ETC IN SPECIFIC PROPORTIONS
• CONCRETUS = COMPACT OR CONDENSED

• IN THE ANCIENT EGYPTIAN AND LATER ROMAN ERAS, BUILDERS

DISCOVERED THAT ADDING VOLCANIC ASH TO THE MIX ALLOWED IT TO
SET UNDERWATER.

• THE ASSYRIAN JERWAN AQUEDUCT (688 BC) MADE USE OF WATERPROOF

CONCRETE. CONCRETE WAS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION IN MANY ANCIENT
STRUCTURES

• ROMAN CONCRETE (OR OPUS CAEMENTICIUM) WAS MADE FROM

QUICKLIME, POZZOLANA AND AN AGGREGATE OF PUMICE.

• THE COLOSSEUM IN ROME WAS BUILT LARGELY OF CONCRETE, AND THE

PANTHEON HAS THE WORLD'S LARGEST UNREINFORCED CONCRETE DOME
POZZOLANA OR POZZUOLANA CEMENT
• POZZOLANIC ASH • A BINDER
• A NATURAL SILICEOUS OR SILICEOUS-ALUMINOUS MATERIAL WHICH • A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION THAT SETS, HARDENS,
REACTS WITH CALCIUM HYDROXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER AT AND ADHERES TO OTHER MATERIALS TO BIND THEM TOGETHER.
ROOM TEMPERATURE
REINFORCED CONCRETE
• WAS INVENTED IN 1849 BY JOSEPH MONIER
• FERROCONCRETE
• A COMPOSITE MATERIAL
• POST-TENSIONING = TECHNIQUE TO REINFORCE THE CONCRETE
CEMENT
• A BINDER
• A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE USED FOR CONSTRUCTION THAT SETS, HARDENS,
AND ADHERES TO OTHER MATERIALS TO BIND THEM TOGETHER. CEMENT
IS SELDOM USED ON ITS OWN, BUT RATHER TO BIND SAND AND GRAVEL
(AGGREGATE) TOGETHER
• CEMENT MIXED WITH FINE AGGREGATE PRODUCES MORTAR FOR
MASONRY, OR WITH SAND AND GRAVEL, PRODUCES CONCRETE.

HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
• SET AND BECOME ADHESIVE THROUGH A CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN
THE DRY INGREDIENTS AND WATER
• A BLEND OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT AND PROPRIETARY ADMIXTURES USED
FOR PLUGGING AND STOPPING WATER OR FLUID LEAKS IN CONCRETE
STRUCTURES AND MASONRY WALLS.
• IDEAL FOR INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS
• USES:

NON-HYDRAULIC CEMENTS
• (LESS COMMON) DOES NOT SET IN WET CONDITIONS OR UNDER WATER
• MORE BASIC AND WAS THE FIRST FORM OF CEMENT INVENTED BY EARLY
SCIENTISTS
• CANNOT HARDEN WHILE IN CONTACT WITH WATER
• CREATED USING MATERIALS SUCH AS NONHYDRAULIC LIME AND GYPSUM
PLASTERS AND OXYCHLORIDE, WHICH HAS LIQUID PROPERTIES

PORTLAND CEMENT
• MOST COMMON TYPE OF CEMENT IN GENERAL USE AROUND THE WORLD
AS A BASIC INGREDIENT OF CONCRETE, MORTAR, STUCCO, AND NON-
SPECIALTY GROUT.
• DEVELOPED FROM NATURAL CEMENTS MADE IN BRITAIN BEGINNING IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE 18TH CENTURY. ITS NAME IS DERIVED FROM ITS
SIMILARITY TO PORTLAND STONE, A TYPE OF BUILDING STONE QUARRIED
ON THE ISLE OF PORTLAND IN DORSET, ENGLAND
CONCRETE SLUMP TEST

• MEASURES THE CONSISTENCY OF FRESH CONCRETE BEFORE IT SETS.

• IT IS PERFORMED TO CHECK THE WORKABILITY OF FRESHLY MADE
CONCRETE