CARPENTRY

SHOP
 CARPENTRY SHOP

• Carpentry deals with the construction of work such as

making roofs, floors portions etc of a building , doors,
windows, trusses, workbenches, house hold furniture and
many other useful articles by means of suitable wood.
• The term joinery is used for connecting the wooden parts
with the different joints such as making doors, stairs,
furniture and many other articles.
• The timber is the material used for carpentry and joinery
work.
TIMBER

• Wood obtained from exogenous tree by cutting these

trees after their full growth and made suitable for
engineering or building purposes by sawing and converting
into various suitable commercial sizes.
 ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
• 1. It is very easy to be worked with tools to give it
desired shape and size.
• 2. Structural connections and joints can be easily made .
• 3. It is lighter in weight.
• 4. In framed structure , it suites equally well both load
bearing and non load bearing members.
• 5. In timber work, cost of material as well as
construction both are minimized as compared to the
other materials of similar use.
• 6. It responds very well to polishing and painting etc.
 ADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
7. It suites very favorably to doors, windows, cabinet work
furniture an decorative designs and fittings.
8. It is quit suitable for making sound proof construction.
9. It, being non conductor of heat, is favoured for the
construction of houses. Such houses will remain warm
in winter and cool in summer.
10. It provides combination of strength, durability, lightness
and economy as compared to other materials of
construction.
 DISADVANTAGES OF TIMBER
• Combustible
• Diminish due to rusting
• Destroyed and decay due to attack of insects, fungi, terminators etc.
• Timber swell and undergoes shrinkage with changing atmosphere humidity.

Uses of Timber
• Piles, post, beam, door –windows, roof member, Truss,
paneling, ceiling, partition wall, frame work, scaffolding,
transmission poles, wagon and coaches, bridges, boat,
ships, agricultural implants, sports goods, musical
instruments etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

1. Exogenous Tree or Outer growing

(a) Conifer or Evergreen Tree (Soft Wood)
(b) Deciduous ( Hard Wood)
2. Endogenous Tree or Inwards Growing

Exogenous trees grow in width by forming a new layer of wood

under the bark.
Endogenous trees grow by forming new fibers within the trunk
interspersed with the old fibers.
STRUCTURE OF TIMBER TREE

1. Pith
2. Heart Wood
3. Sap Wood
4. Cambium Layer
5. Inner Bark or Bast
6. Outer Bark or Cortex
7. Annual Rings
8. Medullary Rays
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT
WOOD AND HARD WOOD
SOFT WOOD HARD WOOD
• 1. It is resinous wood having a 1. It is non-resinous wood
fragrant smell and regular texture. containing a fairly good
• 2. Straight fiber and good texture. amount of acid.
2. Fibers are quite close and
• 3. Light in colour and weight.
compact.
3. Dark in colour and heavy in
• 4. annual rings are distinct weight.
• 5. Good tensile strength and week 4. Annual rings are not distinct
shear strength
5. Good tensile as well as shear
strength.
SOFT WOOD HARD WOOD

6. Get split quickly • 6. Does not split quickly

7. Weaker and less durable • 7. stronger and more
durable
8. Catch fire soon cannot
withstand high • 8. It has an added advantage
temperature. in its refractoriness.
9. It is easy to be worked. • 9. It is difficult to be
worked.
 •Cedar
•Linden/Lime/Basswood
Softwood •Pine
•Spruce
•Kail Wood

•Ash
•Aspen
•Birch
•Cherry
•Elm
Hardwood •Hazel
•Mahogany
•Maple
•Oak
•Teak
•Walnut
 DEFECTS IN TIMBER
(a) Natural Defects
Exp: Knots, Shakes, Twisted Fibers, Rind Galls etc.

(b) Defects Occurring During Conversion,

Seasoning or Use
Exp: Shakes, Distortion, case hardening, Honey Combing etc.

(c)Defects Due to action of Fungi or Insects

Exp: Dry rot, Wet rot
 (CAUSED DUE
TO)

NATURAL INSECT SEASONIN

FUNGI CONVERSIO
FORCES S G
N
CHEMICAL
STAIN

KNOTS

SHAKES

TWISTED
FIBRES

RIND
GALLS

UPSETS

BURLS
CHEMICAL STAIN:-THE WOOD
IS SOMETIMES DISCOLOURED BY THE
CHEMICAL ACTION CAUSED WITH IT
BY SOME EXTERNAL [Link] IS
KNOWN AS CHEMICAL STAIN.

RIND GALLS:-THE RIND MEANS BARK

AND GALL INDICATES ABNORMAL
[Link] PECULIAR CURVED
SWELLING FOUND ON THE BODY OF TREE
ARE KNOWN AS RIND [Link]
DEVELOP AT POINTS FROM WHERE
BRANCHES ARE IMPROPERLY CUT OFF OR
[Link] ARE RARELY FOUND IN A
TREE AND THE TIMBER IN THIS PART IS VERY
WEAK AND NOT DURABLE.
COARSE GRAIN:-IF THE TREE GROWS RAPIDLY,THE
ANNUAL RINGS ARE [Link] IS KNOWN AS THE
COARSED GRAIN TIMBER AND SUCH TIMBER
POSSESSES LESS STRENGTH
KNOTS:-THESE ARE THE BASES OF
BRANCHES OR LIMBS WHICH ARE
BROKEN OR CUT OFF FROM THE
[Link] PORTION FROM WHICH THE
BRANCH IS REMOVED RECIEVES
NOURISHMENT FROM THE STEM FOR A
PRETTY LONG TIME AND IT ULTIMATELY
RESULTS IN FORMATION OF DARK HARD
RINGS WHICH ARE KNOWN AS
[Link] CONTINUITY OF WOOD
FIBRES ARE BROKEN BY KNOTS,THEY
FORM A SOURCE OF WEAKNESS
SHAKES:-THESE ARE LONGITUDINAL
SEPERATIONS IN WOOD BETWEEN THE
ANNUAL [Link] ARE CRACKS
WHICH PARTLY OR COMPLETELY
SEPARATE FIBRES OF [Link]
SEPERATIONS MAKE THE WOOD
UNDESIRABLE WHEN APPERANCE IS
IMPORTENT
 STAR SHAKES:-THESE ARE CRACKS
WHICH EXTEND FROM BARK TOWARDS
THE SAP [Link] ARE USUALLY
CONFINED UPTO THE PLANE OF SAP
[Link] ARE WIDER ON OUTSIDE
ENDS AND NARROWER ON INSIDE
[Link] ARE USUALLYFORMED DUE TO
EXTREME HEAT OR SEVERE FROST
DURING THE GROWTH OF TREE
CUP SHAKES:-IT APPEARS AS CURVED
SPLIT WHICH PARTLY OR WHOLLY
SEPERATES ANNUAL RINGS FROM ONE
[Link] IS CAUSED DUE TO
EXCESSIVE FROST ACTION ON SAP
PRESENT IN THE TREE ESPECIALLY WHEN
THE TREE IS YOUNG
HEART SHAKES:-THESE CRACKS OCCUR IN
CENTRE OF CROSS-SECTION OF TREE AND
THEY EXTEND FROM PITH TO SAP WOOD IN
DIRECTION OF MEDULLARY [Link]
CRACKS OCCUR DUE TO SHRINKAGE OF
INTERIOR PART OF TREE WHICH IS
APPROACHING [Link] HEART SHAKE
DIVIDE THE TREE CROSS-SECTION INTO TWO
OR FOUR PARTS.

RING SHAKES:-WHEN CUP SHAKES

COVER THE ENTIRE ,THEY ARE KNOWN
AS RING SHAKES
TWISTED FIBRES:-THESE ARE KNOWN AS
WANDERING HEARTS AND CAUSED BY TWISTING
OF YOUNG TREES BY FAST BLOWING [Link]
TIMBERS WITH TWISTED FIBRES IS UNSUITABLE FOR
SAWING

UPSETS:-THESE INDICATE WOOD FIBRES

WHICH ARE INJURED BY CRUSHING OR
[Link] UPSETS ARE MAINLY DUE
TO IMPROPER FELLING OF TREE AND
EXPOSURE OF TREE IN ITS YOUNG AGE TO
FAST BLOWING WIND
BURLS:-THEY ARE PARTICULARLY FORMED
WHEN A TREE RECIEVES SHOCK OR INJURY
IN ITS YOUNG [Link] TO ITS INJURY,THE
GROWTH OF TREE IS COMPLETELY UPSET
AND IRREGULAR PROJECTIONS APPEAR ON
THE BODY OF TIMBER
BLUE BROWN DRY HEART WET WHITE
STAIN ROT ROT ROT ROT ROT
BLUE STAIN :-THE SAP OF WOOD IS STAINED
TO BLUISH COLOUR BY THE ACTION OF
CERTAIN TYPE OF FUNGI

BROWN ROT :-THE TERM ROT IS USED TO

INDICATE DECAY OR DISEASE OF
TIMBER,THE FUNGI OF CERTAIN TYPE
REMOVES CELLULOSE COMPOUNDS FROM
WOOD AND HENCE WOOD ASSUMES THE
BROWN COLOUR

WHITE ROT:-IT IS JUST OPPOSITE OF

BROWN [Link] THIS CERTAIN TYPE OF
FUNGI ATTACK LIGNIN OF WOOD AND
WOOD ASSUMES THE APPEARANCE OF A
WHITE MASS CONSISTING OF CELLULOSE
 HEART ROT:-THIS IS FORMED WHEN BRANCH
HAS COME OUT OF THE [Link] SUCH
CASE,THE HEART WOOD IS EXPOSED TO
ATTACK OF ATMOSPHERIC [Link]
THE TREE BECOMES WEAK AND IT GIVES
HOLLOW SOUND WHEN STRUK WITH
HAMMER WET ROT:-SOME KIND OF FUNGI
CAUSEDCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF WOOD OF
TIMBER AND IN DOING SO CONVERT TIMBER INTO
GREYISH BROWN [Link] IS KNOWN AS WET
ROT. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED
ABOUT WET ROT ARE.

➢THE ALTERNATE WET AND DRY CONDITIONS FAVOURS THE DEVELOPMENT

OF WET ROT
➢IF UNSEASONED OR IMPROPERLY SEASONED TIMBER ARE EXPOSED TO RAIN
AND WIND,THEY BECOME EASILY LIABLE FOR ATTACK OF WET ROT.
➢TO PREVENT WET ROT,THE WELL SEASONED TIMBER SHOULD BE USED FOR
EXTERIOR WORK OR FOR UNDERGROUND WORK AND IT SHOULD BE
COVERED BY TAR OR PAINT FOR PROTECTION AGAINST MOISTURE
DRY ROT :- SOME TYPES OF FUNGI FEED ON
WOODS AND DURING FEEDING THEY
ATTACK ON WOOD AND CONVERT IT INTO
DRY POWDER [Link] IS KNOWN AS DRY
[Link] FOLLOWING FACTS TO BE NOTED.

➢DRY ROT OCCURS AT THE PLACES WHERE THERE IS NO FREE

CIRCULATION OF AIR SUCH AS IMPROPERLY VENTILATED BASEMENTS,ROOMS
ETC AND DAMPED SITUATION LIKE KITCHEN TOILET ETC.
➢THE UNSESONED SAP WOOD ARE EASILY ATTACKED BY DRY ROT.
➢THE FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS FOR GROWTH OF FUNGUS CAUSING DRY
ROT ARE ABSENCE OF SUNLIGHT,DAMPNESS,PRESENCE OF SAP,STAGNANT AIR
AND WARMTH.
➢IT IS ALSO CAUSED BY CHARRING,PAINTING AND TARRING THE
UNSEASONED TIMBER.
➢THE DRY ROT MAY BE PREVENTED BY USING WELL SEASONED TIMBER FREE
FROM SAP.
➢WHEN A PART OF TREE IS SERIOUSLY AFFECTED BY DRY ROT,THE DAMAGED
PORTION MAY BE COMPLETELY REMOVED AND REMAINING UNAFFECTED
PORTION SHOULD BE PAINTED WITH A SOLUTION OF COPPER SULPHATE.
 (CAUSED
BY)

BEETLE MARINE TERMITE

S BOARERS S
 Flour like powder

➢THEY FORM PIN HOLES OF SIZE ABOUT 2MM DIA IN

WOOD
➢TUNNEL FORMATION IS DONE IN SAP WOOD BY
LARVAE OF BEETLE
➢CONVERSION OF TIMBER INTO FLOUR LIKE POWDER
➢THEY DO NOT DISTURB OUTER SHELL OR COVER
 BOARS
➢THEY ARE FOUND IN SALTY WATER
➢THEY FORM TUNNELS OR BORES TO TAKE SHELTERS
➢DIAMETER AND LENGTH OF HOLES ARE AS HIGH AS
25MM AND 60 MM RESPECTIVELY
➢AFFECTED WOOD LOOSES ITS COLOUR AND
STRENGTH
➢NO TIMBER IS COMPLETELY IMMUNE FROM ATTACK OF
➢LIVES IN COLONY AND VERY FAST IN EATING AWAY THE
WOOD FROM CORE OF CROSS-SECTION.
➢MAKES TUNNELS IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AND
USUALLY NOT DISTURB THE OUTER SHELL OR COVER.
➢THE TIMBER PIECE ATTACKED BY TERMITES MAY LOOK
SOUND UNTILL IT COMPLETELY FAILS
➢FEW GOOD TIMBERS LIKE TEAK,SAL,ETC CAN RESIST
THE ACTION OF TERMITES
CHIP MARK DIAGONAL TORN WAN
GRAIN GRAIN E
CHIP MARK:-THIS DEFECT IS
INDICATED BY MARK OR
SIGNS PLACED ON FINISHED
SURFACE OF [Link]
MAY BE FORMED BY PLANING
MACHINE
WANE:-THIS DEFECT
IS DENOTED BY
PRESENCE OF
ORIGINAL ROUNDED
SURFACE ON
MANUFACTURED PART
DIAGONAL GRAIN:-THE
DEFECT IS FORMED DUE TO
IMPROPER SAWING SAWING
OF [Link] IS INDICATED BY
DIAGONAL MARKS ON
STRAIGHT GRAINED SURFACE
OF TIMBER
TORN GRAIN:-DEFECT
CAUSED WHEN A SMALL
DEPRESSION IS FORMED
ON A FINISHED SURFACE
OF TIMBER BY FALLING A
TIMBER OR SO
TORN
GRAIN
TWIST CUP BOW SPRIN SPLIT HONEY
G COMBING
BOW:-THIS DEFECT IS
INDICATED BY
CURVATURE FORMED IN
DIRECTION OF LENGTH
OF TIMBER
CUP:-THIS DEFECT IS
INDICATED BY
CURVATURE FORMED IN
TRANSVERSE DIRECTION
 CHECK:-A CRACK
WHICH SEPERATES
FIBRES OF [Link]
DOES NOT EXTEND
FROM ONE END TO
THE OTHER

SPLIT
SPLIT:-WHEN CHECK
CHEC EXTENDS FROM ONE
K
END TO OTHER,IT IS
KNOWN AS A SPLIT
 TWIST:-WHEN A PIECE OF
TIMBER HAS SPIRALLY
DISTORTED ALONG ITS
LENGTH,IT IS KNOWN AS
A TWIST
HONEY-COMBING:-DUE TO
STRESS DEVOLOPED
DURING DRYING,VARIOUS
RADIAL AND CIRCULAR
CRACKS DEVELOP IN THE
INTERIOR PORTION OF
TIMBER,WHICH RESEMBLES
WITH HONEY-COMB HONEY-COMB
STRUCTURE
 QUALITIES OF GOOD TIMBER
1. It Should have Straight Fiber

2. Wood Obtained from near the pith is always better than the rest of the tree.

3. It should be free from knots.

4. It should not posses natural defects.

5. On sawing it should give a sweet smell.

6. It should have regular annual rings.

7. It should not clot the saw teeth during sawing.

8. It should be Strong and heavy.

9. It should not split when nails are driven in to it.

10. It should bear high resistance shock and stresses.

11. It should have dark colour, give clear sound, easily workable, high resistance to fire and free from decay.

12. On planning it should give silky texture and bright appearance.

13. It should not wrap or twist after seasoning.

14. It should respond well to polishing and painting.

SELECTION OF TIMBER

• 1. Durability

• [Link]

• 3. Weight

• 4. Hardness

• [Link]

• 6. Elasticity

• 7. Type of texture

• 8. Type of grains

• 9. Resistance to fire

• [Link] to various stresses

• 11. Ability to retain shape

• 12. Easy Polishing

SEASONING OF TIMBER

• Seasoning of timber is the process of drying or removing

the moisture or Sap presents in a freshly felled timber,
under more or less controlled conditions.

• Freshly felled timber contains a large humidity of moisture

roughly from 100 to 200%, based upon dry weight of wood.
If the timber is used without seasoning it is liable to shrink ,
wrap and crack.
ADVANTAGES OF SEASONING

➢Wood becomes hard, more durable, resistance to

shock and stresses produced.
➢Its workability is improved.
➢Its density is reduced, does not wrap after seasoning.
➢Shrinkage does not occur after seasoning.
➢Defects like twisting, bowing and splitting do not
occur.
➢Improved ability to polishing and painting.
➢Its resistance to fire is increased.
METHODS OF SEASONING

1. Natural Seasoning
(a) Air Drying/ seasoning
(b) Water Seasoning

2. Artificial Seasoning
(a) Kiln Seasoning
(b) Chemical Seasoning
(c) Electrical Seasoning
 NATURAL SEASONING

(a) Air Seasoning:-

In this method of seasoning the sawn timber is
stacked in a dry place about 30 cm above floor level
with longitudinal and crosspieces arranged one upon
another, leaving a space of a few Centimeters for free
circulation of air. Wood fit for carpenter’s work after
2 years and for painter’s work after 4 years.
ADVANTAGES

(I) IT DOES NOT NECESSITATE MUCH ATTENTION

(II) IT IS SIMPLE AND CHEAP METHOD.
(III) LESS CHANCES OF DAMAGE TO THE TIMBER.

DISADVANTAGES

(I) VERY SLOW EXTENDS OVER YEARS.

(II) FOR LARGE STACKS CONSIDERABLE SPACE IS
REQUIRED.
(III) RIGID CONTROL CANNOT BE EXERCISED
(IV) BLOCK THE CAPITAL A LONG TIME.
(V) TIMBER MAY GET DAMAGED BY INSECTS AND
FUNGI DURING SEASONING PERIOD.
(B) WATER SEASONING

This method of seasoning timber consists in

keeping logs of wood completely immersed in a
running stream of water, the longer ends of the log
being kept pointing up-stream. By this process, the
sap, sugar and gum etc are leached out of the wood
and replaced by water. The logs are then taken out and
left to dry in an open places.
Advantages
It is quick process, tendency of wood to shrink or
wrap is reduced less liable to be eaten away by worm
or to decay by dry rot.

Disadvantages
(i) The process reduces the elasticity and the durability
of the timber.
(ii) The timber is redder brittle.
2. ARTIFICIAL SEASONING

(a) Kiln Seasoning:- The timber is seasoned under controlled

temperature and humidity conditions with proper circulation and ventilation
system. The rise in temperature should be such that the timber retains the original
strength and elastic properties. The required humidity level is maintained to
avoid wrapping and cracking. The drying of timber at uniform rate is well
maintained by circulating hot air by fans and a certain amount of steam is added
in order to retain correct humidity. The ventilation is provided to avoid over
heating and excessive humidity. The timber inside the chamber , on trolley is
kept under controlled conditions for about fortnight or depending upon the initial
water content and required moisture level. The quality of wood is inferior as
compared to the one seasoned by natural seasoned methods.
KILN METHOD
• Disadvantages:-
1. It is costly.
2. More skilled labor required.\
3. Due to quick seasoning so chances to check regularly
seasoning defects such as wrapping, internal cracks,
surface cracks etc.
( C) Electrical Seasoning:-
This method of seasoning works on the principle that heat is produced when
poor conductor are placed in the field of high frequency. The wooden planks are
made to pass through an induction coil producing high frequency. Due to an
induction effect moisture contents in the wood is dried quickly. This method of
drying is employed in plywood manufacturing process. This method is not popular
because of prohibitive cost, lack of control moisture content, sudden drying
damage wooden fibers.

(B) CHEMICAL SEASONING:-

IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS SALT SEASONING. IN THE METHOD, THE
TIMBER IS IMMERSED IN A SOLUTION OF SOLUBLE SALT. IT IS THEN TAKEN
OUT AND SEASONED IN ORDINARY WAY. THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF
TIMBER DRIES IN ADVANCE OF EXTERIOR ONE AND CHANCES OF
FORMATION OF EXTERNAL CRACKS ARE REDUCED.
ELECTRICAL SEASONING
PLYWOOD

• Plywood is made of three or more number of odd layers, jointed

together by gluing and pressing. The central layer is called core, the
outer layer is face plys and intermediate layers as cross bands.

Advantages
• 1. lighter weight, much stronger than solid stock of same thickness.
• 2. It can be made in very large sizes.
• 3. Easily worked and bend into shapes of different designs.
• 4. Top veeners can be given fine decorative effects to give attractive
appearance.
 BLOCK BOARD

• Blockboard is a wood based panel, made up of a core of

softwood strips glued [Link] strips may be up to
about 28mm wide and are placed edge to edge and
sandwiched between veneers of softwood, hardwood or thin
MDF or particleboard, glued under high pressure.
The internal strips are generally made of light weight poplar
wood.
Blockboard is used to make doors, tables, shelves, paneling and
partition walls. It is normally used for interior usages, due to the type
of glues used. To achieve maximum strength, it is important to ensure
that the core runs lengthways. Blockboard (also called lumber core)
has very good screw holding and can be considered as solid wood; it
has a good resistance to warping.
FIBERBOARD

• Fiberboard is a type of engineered wood product that is made out of wood fibers.
Types of fiberboard (in order of increasing density) include particle board, medium-
density fiberboard, and hardboard. Fiberboard is sometimes used as a synonym for
particle board, but particle board usually refers to low-density fiberboard. Plywood is
not a type of fiberboard, as it is made of thin sheets of wood, not wood fibers or
particles. Fiberboard, particularly medium-density fiberboard (MDF), is heavily used in
the furniture industry. For pieces that will be visible, a veneer of wood is often glued
onto fiberboard to give it the appearance of conventional wood.
• Fiberboard is also used in the auto industry to create free-form shapes such as
dashboards, rear parcel shelves, and inner door shells. These pieces are usually
covered with a skin, foil, or fabric such as cloth, suede, leather, or polyvinyl chloride.
FIBER BOARD
 BATTEN BOARD
• A batten is a thin strip of solid material, typically made
from wood, plastic or metal. Battens are used in building construction and various
other fields as both structural and purely cosmetic elements. In the steel industry,
battens may also be referred to as "top hats", in reference to the profile of the
metal.
• In sailing, battens are long, thin strips (usually fiberglass or some similar material
nowadays, but historically wooden) used to support the roach of a sail. They are
also used on tall ships to form the ladders up the shrouds in a fashion similar
to ratlines. They are also used to help secure tarpaulinsover hatches, thus giving
rise to the common phrase "batten down the hatches!", meaning to secure the
hatches against an approaching storm. Used by analogy in non-sailing contexts, it
means to prepare to weather a coming storm, whether that storm is
metaphorical or real.
• In cabinetry, battens may be used to strengthen panels made up of multiple
boards, as in a batten door, or to cover joins.
 WOOD WORKING HAND TOOLS
Classification of tools according to their use is
given below:-
1. Measuring and Marking Tools
2. Holding and Supporting Tools
3. Cutting Tools
4. Planning Tools
5. Boring and Drilling Tools
6. Striking Tools
7. Miscellaneous Tools
MEASURING AND MARKING TOOLS: USED FOR
MEASURING, MARKING, SETTING OUT ANGLES AND
PARALLEL LINES AND TESTING

Measuring Tools

(a) Folding Rule

(b) Measuring Taps

(c) Try square

(d) MITRE Square

(e) Bevel square

Marking Tools

(f) Marking Knife or Scriber

(g) Marking Gauge

(f) Mortise Gauge

(e) Cutting Gauge

MEASURING TOOL:

(a) Folding Rule

(b) Measuring Steel Tap

• Try Square: -used for measuring and setting out dimensions, testing the finish of a
planed surfaces, draw parallel lines at right angles (900 ) to plane surfaces, draw
mutually perpendicular lines over a plane surface and test the squareness to two
adjacent surfaces. It consists of a steel Blade fitting into a wooden or metallic stock
at right angle to it.
• Mitre Square: measuse aand mark angle at 450

• Bevel Sqaure :- measure 0 to 180 degree angle.

MARKING TOOL:-

• Marking Knife or Scriber: It has sharp conical edges used to mark on even
hard surfaces. The front edge is hardened so as to resist wear and tear. It is
made up of carbon steel. It is used for measuring and marking the points and
lines on wooden stock before processing.
MARKING GAUGE: IT IS USED TO DRAW PARALLEL
LINES. THE MOVABLE PORTION OF THE GAUGE IS ADJUSTABLE
TO SUITABLE POSITION AND IS TIGHTENED ON THE STEM.
THE PIECE WHICH SLIDES IS CALLED STOCK AND SCRIBING
PIN IS FIXED ON THE STEM.
MORTISE GAUGE: IT IS USED TO DRAW TWO
PARALLEL LINES. ITS WORKING IS SIMILAR TO
MARKING GAUGE EXCEPT IT HAS TWO SHARP
EDGES. ONE FIXED AND SECOND ADJUSTABLE OR
FIXED
HOLDING AND SUPPORTING
TOOLS
1. Carpenter’s bench and bench Hook
2. Carpenter’s Vice
3. Bar or T- Clamp and C-Clamp
4. Hand Screw
CARPENTER’S BENCH AND BENCH HOOK:- IT IS
TABLE OF RIGID CONSTRUCTION MADE OF HARD WOOD
ABOUT 180CMX 120CMX90CM(H) SIZE. FOUR CARPENTER VICE
ARE FITTED ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF BENCH TO HOLD THE JOBS
DURING OPERATION.
CLAMPS AND SCREWS: THESE ARE USED
BY CARPENTERS FOR HOLDING AND SUPPORTING
WOOD PIECES IN POSITION FOR CARRYING OUT
DIFFERENT OPERATIONS.
CUTTING TOOLS

• Cutting tools may classified as follows:-

1. Saws
2. Chisels
3. Axe
SAWS:-SAWING MEANS CUTTING WOODS ALONG THE GRAINS.
THE MAIN PARTS OF A SAW ARE BLADE AND HANDLE. THE SIZE OF
A SAW IS THE LENGTH OF THE BLADE IN MM. THE TOOTH IS
SPECIFIED BY ITS PITCH AND THE ANGLE. THE TEETH ARE BENT
SLIGHTLY BY ITS PITCH AND THE ANGLE.

Common type of Saws :-

1. Rip saw
2. Cross-cut saw
3. Panel saw
4. Tenon saw (or back saw)
5. Dovetail saw
6. Compass or turning saw
7. Keyhole saw
• Rip saw

• Cross-cut saw

• Tenon saw
1. Dovetail saw

2. Compass or turning saw

3. Keyhole saw
 CHISELS:- IN THE WOOD WORK A LARGE NUMBER OF
CHISELS ARE USED FOR CUTTING THE WOOD IN
DIFFERENT MANNERS TO PRODUCE DESIRED SHAPES
AND VERITIES.
(i) Firmer chisel
(ii) Bevelled edge firmer chisel
(iii) Parting chisel
(iv) Mortise Chisel
(v) Socket chisel
(vi) Gauge chisel
(i) Firmer chisel

(ii) Bevelled edge firmer chisel

(iii) Parting chisel

(i) Mortise Chisel

(ii) Socket chisel

(iii) Gauge chisel

AXES:- IS A CUTTING TOOL MADE OF CARBON
STEEL. THE CUTTING EDGE IS FORMED BY BEVELING
BOTH SIDES OF THE AXE. IT IS EMPLOYED FOR
SPLITTING WOOD ALONG THE GRAINS FOR ROUGH
WORK. Axe
• Axe
• Side axe
• adze

Adz
Side Axe
PLANNING TOOLS:- THE PLANNING TOOLS ARE USED
FOR SHAVING OR SMOOTHING PLANE SURFACES. A PLANE
MAY BE DESCRIBED AS A CHISEL FASTENED TO A METALLIC
OR WOODEN BLOCK CALLED BODY. THE CHISEL FASTENED
TO THE BODY AT AN ANGLE OF 25 TO 35 DEGREE
RESPECTIVELY. ANOTHER BLADE CALLED CAP IRON IS USED
FOR STIFFENING THE CUTTING BLADE, PREVENTS
CHATTERING AND HELPS IN CUTTING AND CURLING OF
SHAVINGS. THE CAP IRON SHOULD BE 1.5MM ABOVE THE
CUTTING EDGE.
1. Wooden Jack Plane
2. Iron Jack Plane
3. Smoothing Plane
BORING AND DRILLING TOOLS:- FOR
PRODUCING HOLES IN WOOD.

• Auger
• Gimlet
• Bradwal
• Brace and Bits
• Hand Drill
 Gimlet

Auger

Bradwal

Brace and
Hand Drill
 STRIKING TOOLS
1. Mallet
2. Claw Hammer
3. Peen Hammer

Mallet

Claw
Hammer Peen
Hammer
MISCELLANEOUS TOOLS

1. Screw Driver

2. Pincer

3. Rasp file
WOOD WORKING PROCESSES

1. Marking and Laying out

2. Sawing
3. Planning
4. Mortising and Tenoning
5. Boring
6. Grooving and Tonguening
7. Moulding
8. Rebating
9. Recessing
CARPENTRY JOINTS

1. Halving

(a) Corner Lap joint

(b) T- lap Joint

(c) Dove-Tail Joint

(d) Cross-Lap Joint

2. Mitre Joint

3. Mortise and Tenon Joint

4. Briddle Joint

5. Grooving and Tongueing

6. Dove- Tail Joint

7. Dovel Joint
 HALF LAPS (T-LAP JOINT)
• Left to right: Half lap, mitred half lap, cross lap and dovetail lap
• Half lap joints are used extensively in traditional timber
framing, construction and cabinetry for [Link] are quick and easy to make
and provide reasonable strength through good long grain to long grain gluing
surface. The shoulders provide some resistance to racking (diagonal distortion).
They may be reinforced with dowels or mechanical fasteners to resist twisting.
• Applications
• Frame assembly in cabinet making
• Temporary framing
• Some applications in timber frame construction
• Table
Half laps (T-lap
Joint) End Lap Joint

Cross Lap Joint

END LAP

• Also known simply as a 'pull lap', it is the basic form of the lap joint and is used when
joining members end to end either parallel or at right angles. When the joint forms a
corner, as in a rectangular frame, the joint is often called a corner lap. This is the most
common form of end lap and is used most in framing.
• For a half lap in which the members are parallel, the joint may be known as a half lap
splice. This is a splice joint and is an alternative to scarfing when joining shorter
members end to end.
• Both members in an end lap have one shoulder and one cheek each.
• Use for:
• Internal cabinet frames
• Visible frames when the frame members are to be shaped.
CROSS LAP

• The main difference between this and the basic half lap is that the joint occurs in the
middle of one or both members, rather than at the end. The two members are at
right angles to each other and one member may terminate at the joint, or it may
carry on beyond it. When one of the members terminates at the shin , it is often
referred to as a Tee lap or middle lap. In a cross lap where both members continue
beyond the joint, each member has two shoulders and one cheek. For a Tee lap, one
of the members has only one shoulder.
• Use for:
• Internal cabinet frames
• Simple framing and bracing
•
DOVETAIL

• This is a lap in which the housing has been cut at an angle

which resists withdrawal of the stem from the cross-piece.
• Use for:
• Framing applications where tension forces could pull the
joint apart
DOVE TAIL JOINT
MITRE HALF LAP

• This is a variation of the end lap which shows a mitre on

the face of the finished work.
• The mitred half lap is the weakest version of the joint
because of the reduced gluing surface.
• Use for:
• Visible framing applications where a mitre corner is desired
MORTISE AND TENON JOINT

• The mortise and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years
by woodworkers around the world to join pieces of wood, mainly
when the adjoining pieces connect at an angle of 90°. In its basic form
it is both simple and strong. Although there are many joint variations,
the basic mortise and tenon comprises two components: the mortise
hole and the tenon. The tenon, formed on the end of a member
generally referred to as a rail, is inserted into a square or rectangular
hole cut into the corresponding member. The tenon is cut to fit the
mortise hole exactly and usually has shoulders that seat when the
joint fully enters the mortise hole. The joint may be glued, pinned, or
wedged to lock it in place.
Briddle Joint
Dovel
Joint

Grooving and
 HIGHLIGHTS

1. Timber is the wood suitable for building or engineering

purposes and it is applied to trees measuring not less than
0.5 m in girth.

2. A good timber should have a uniform colour, smell

sweet, be sonorous when struck, have straight and closed
fibers, be heavy in weight, and be free from flaws etc.
3. The tress may be exogenous or endogenous. The trees
should be felled when they have just matured or when they
are very near to maturity.
 HIGHLIGHTS

4. The most common defects in timber are :

Heart shakes, star shakes, cup shakes, radial shakes, rind galls, upset,
twisted fibers, burns, wind cracks, knots, honeycombing, end splits,
deadwood, druxiness.
5. Seasoning of timber is the process of drying timber or removing
moister or sap, present in a freshly felled timber, under more or less
controlled conditions.

6. Seasoning of timber decreases the weight of timber, improves its

working qualities, enables it to be easily painted, polished and
preserved and provides its dimensional stability.
 HIGHLIGHTS
7. Seasoning of timber may be carried outin following two ways:
• (i) Natural Seasoning
(a) Air Drying/ Seasoning (b) Water Seasoning
• (ii) Artificial Seasoning
(a) Kiln Seasoning (b) Chemical Seasoning (c) Electrical Seasoning

8. Decay of timber may be caused by :

Moister, imperfect seasoning, alternation of dry and wet states, vegetable growth, attacks of
insects etc, bad storage or stacking of timber etc.

9. Diseases of wood are :

Dry Rot: It is decomposition of felled timber by the action of various fungi which feed
upon the wood and reduce it to a dry powdery condition.
Wet Rot : It is the decomposition of tissues or timber caused by damp and moisture and
by alternate wetting and drying.
 HIGHLIGHTS
10. The different methods of preservation of timber are : Tarring,
charring, painting, creasoting, Ascue treatment, fire proofing and Abel’s
process.

11. Veneers are the thin sheets or slices of wood of superior quality,
having thickiness varying from 0.4mm to 6 mm or more.

12. Plywood is made by cementing together several layers of wood which

may be thin veneers or thicker boards.
 HIGHLIGHTS
• 13. Wood working tools are classified as follows:
Measuring and marking tools, holding and supporting tools, cutting tools,
Planning tools, Boring and Drilling Tools, Striking tools, Miscellaneous tools.
• 14. Wood working processes:
Marking and laying out, Sawing, Planning, Mortising and Tenoning, Boring,
Grooving and tongueing, Moulding, Rebatting, Recessing.
• 15. Classification of Joints:
Lap Joints, Dowel Joint, Grooved Joint , Miter Joint, Mortise and Tenon Joint,
Dovetail joints etc.