School year 2019-2020

SUBJECT: HYDROLOGY

Teacher: Mr. Djanhan Patrice KOUASSI

Email: dpat_kouassi@[Link]

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 COURSE OUTLINE
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION;
CHAPTER II: HYDROLOGY OF BASINS
VERSANTS;
CHAPTER III: PRECIPITATIONS;
CHAPTER IV: EVAPORATION-
Evapotranspiration-Deficit
OF FLOW;
CHAPTER V: STATISTICAL STUDIES

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

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 CHAPTER OUTLINE
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I1. Definition and purpose of hydrology

The water cycle;

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 I1. Definition and purpose of hydrology
I1.1 Definition
According to the U.S. Federal Council for Science and Technology
Hydrology is the science that primarily studies the cycle
of the sources of nature, as it relates to its distribution
geographical and temporal in the atmosphere, at the surface (lakes and
rivers) and in the soil and subsoil. The physical properties and
chemical properties of water and its interactions with the physical environment
and biological, as well as its influence on human activities are
also topics addressed in hydrology.
According to the International Glossary of Hydrology (1992):
Hydrology is the science that deals with water found in the
surface of the Earth, as well as above and below, of their
formation, their circulation and their distribution over time and
in space, of their biological, physical and
chemicals and their interaction with their environment, including
with living beings. 5
 I1. Definition and purpose of hydrology
I1.2 Sciences related to hydrology
Hydrology is thus a multidisciplinary science open to a
a large number of professions: civil engineer, geologist, geographer
an agronomist or a rural engineering engineer. It requires a
knowledge in probabilities and statistics, in optimization, in
chemistry, biology, microbiology, economics, urban planning, in
social and political sciences.
Thus, some related sciences are:
Hydrogeology: study of groundwater.
Surface hydrology: study of water on the surface of the Earth;
Oceanography: study of the oceans;
Meteorology: study of the atmosphere;
Glaciology: study of glaciers;
Nivology: study of snow;
Potamology: study of rivers;
Limnology: study of lakes; 6
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 I1. Definition and purpose of hydrology
I1.3 But of hydrology
Hydrology provides practitioners with inventory tools and
data analysis to meet needs, both on the
design plan of the components of a layout that
on the exploitation of water systems.

Regarding concrete achievements, hydrology can

to lead to the design or management of exploitation arrangements
of water resource for energy production
hydroelectric, irrigation or drainage of agricultural land,
the supply of drinking water for domestic consumption or
industrial, navigation, commercial or sport fishing, the
recreation.

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 I1. Definition and purpose of hydrology
I1.3 Objective of hydrology
Hydrology allows to determine the origin, the extent, the
reliability, the quality of water resources on which it relies
an assessment of the possibilities regarding the use and
control.
Surface hydrology studies water on the surface of the Earth. It has
for the purpose to provide hydrological information to
deciders on the characteristics and evolution of resources
water of a country.

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 I1. Definition and purpose of hydrology
I1.4 Areas of application
This information may be required in the fields
following application:

1. The estimation of the country's water resources (quantity, quality,

spatio-temporal distribution), the potentialities in the field of
development of this resource, the ability to satisfy the
current and future needs
2. Project planning, design, and implementation
related to water;
3. The estimation of environmental, economic and impact
social practices of current or planned management
water resources and the adoption of strategies and policies
adapted;

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 I1. Definition and purpose of hydrology
I1.4 Areas of application
4. The estimation of the impact on water resources of
activities not directly related to their operation such as
urbanization or logging;
5. The safety of people and property against related risks
to water, in particular floods and droughts.

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 Issues of quantitative surface hydrology

Flood forecasting Forecast of low water levels

Project management

Sizing Impact of anthropization

of works 12
 Hydrology: forecasting and predetermination
Protection and prevention
Predetermination X
Research of a statistical distribution of a
greatness X for the assessment of a risk or 0 1
of a probability Annual draw Frequency

•65% chance of a decadal flood

in the next ten years
Forecast Rain-Flow Approach
.

Simulation of flows
Evolution of a magnitude X over time

Now

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 Hydrology:Floodandinundation
• Crew:
Brutal increase in flow and consequently of the
height of a watercourse following rain, during snowmelt,
a rise in water table, a reservoir drainage, etc.
Flooding:
Temporary submersion, natural or artificial, of a space
land; the flood is both:
a natural phenomenon or inadvertently induced by
artificial transformations of the environment, or an action
voluntary or accidental humane: the fact or the act of flooding;

a temporary state, the result of thisphenomenonor of this action.

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 I1. Definition and purpose of hydrology
I1.5 Tools and working methods
The working methods in hydrology follow the following steps
in order to meet the needs of various requests:
1- Field data acquisition: Heavy work, but it is there
the basis of any method, concerns schematically:
organization of the data collection network, the collection of
data and data transmission;

Data processing: includes ETL processing

data archiving, data analysis;

3- Decision making: includes data preparation

operational and project data, public information.

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 Water cycle
I2.1 Definition
The water cycle, also called the hydrological cycle, is a
concept that encompasses the phenomena of movement and of
renewal of waters on earth. This definition implies
that the mechanisms governing the hydrological cycle do not
do not occur only one after the other, but
are also concurrent. The hydrological cycle therefore has neither
beginning, not end.

These movements accompanied by changes in the state of water

events carried out in the atmosphere, on the surface of the earth and
in the basement.

The water cycle is the set of all processes of

transformation of water on earth whose main phases are:
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 I2. Water Cycle
I2.2 Description of the process
This process takes place as follows:
1. Evaporation: It mainly occurs at the level of the oceans which
cover 70% of the Earth's surface and contain 97% of the
available waters. The average annual evaporation from the
the ocean is estimated at 1400 mm. However, approximately
90% of this volume falls back directly as
precipitation over the oceans. But evaporation also occurs
directly from the atmosphere in rainy weather, to the
level of water bodies, wet soil, and through the vegetation
(480 mm/year). In this last case, it is called transpiration. We
group under the name of evapotranspiration the whole of
process of evaporation and transpiration. Evaporation
directly from a snow mantle, without passing through the liquid state;
is called sublimation.
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 I2. Water cycle
I2.2 Description of the process
2. Transport by winds and currents: The clouds formed by
evaporation can be carried by the winds and the
currents. These air movements are generated by the gradient of
pressure that exists between high and low pressure centers.
The existence of these centers is directly related to the gradient of
temperature between places exposed differently to the sun.
3. Precipitation: Under certain atmospheric conditions, the
clouds formed by evaporation condense and fall under
the effect of gravity, leading to precipitation. This
can be solid or liquid depending on the temperature
The ambient temperature is respectively below or above zero.
degree. The precipitation on the land (800 mm/year) comes from
40% of the evaporation comes from the oceans and 60% from
evaporation at the level of water bodies, of the atmosphere and of
sol; 18
 I2. Water Cycle
I2.2 Description of the process
4. Infiltration: When precipitation is liquid, a part
fills the depressions and infiltrates into the soil. These infiltrations
recharge the soil with moisture and feed the aquifers
subterranean.
5. Groundwater flow: The underground aquifers feed
horizontally the rivers and lakes during the days and the
months following the vertical infiltrations into the soil.
However, according to the relative position of the water table level
underground and of the nearby watercourse, there may be
flow in one direction or the other;

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 I2. Water cycle
I2.2 Description of the process
6. Surface runoff: The excess precipitation that does not
has not infiltrated or evaporated or has not been intercepted by the
Vegetation flows according to the slope of the terrain. It is the
surface runoff that feeds rivers and streams
discharging into the seas and oceans. It is estimated that
only 320 mm of the 800 mm fall annually on
the lands return to the oceans in the form of runoff from
The balance (480 mm/year) constitutes the deficit.
of flow.

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 I2. Water cycle
I2.3 Water balance
Establishing the water balance of a region over a given period is
quantify the amounts of water that enter and exit the different
watersheds that make it up (the watershed of a river is
the area within which the precipitated water flows and converges
towards the river).

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Spatial scales of hydrology: The regional scale

Basin ETP
ETR

Basin rain

Flow at the outlet

(measured at a section of
control
Rain = Evapotranspiration + Flow
+/- Stock variations +/- underground exchanges
 The scales spatial of Hydrology: The scale of the plot

ETP
ETR Pluie = Evapotranspiration
Rain Infiltration (recharge)
Stock Variations ZNS
(+ Runoff)

Runoff

Infiltration
Orders of magnitude of the terms of the water balance (in annual water layers)

Precipitation Evaporation Flow

Continents mm mm mm
Europe 790 507 283
Africa 740 587 153
Asia 740 416 324
America of
North 756 418 339
South America 1600 910 685
Australia and
Oceania 791 511 280
Antarctica 165 0 165
Average for
all the
continents 800 485 315

According to Musy, EPFL