Introduction of Hydrology
Introduction
• Hydrology is the study of the distribution
and movement of water both on and
below the Earth’s surface, as well as the
impact of human activity on water
availability and conditions.
• More specifically hydrologists study the
chemical properties, biological
interactions, and the physical processes
that govern the water
Applications of Hydrology in Engineering
1. Hydrology provides guidance for undergoing proper planning and management of water resources Calculates rainfall,
surface runoff, and precipitation.
2. It determines the water balance for a particular region.
3. It mitigates and predicts flood, landslide and drought risk in the region.
4. It estimates the water resource potential of the river basins
5. Enables real-time flood forecasting and flood warning.
6. Hydrology analyses the variations observed in the catchments by bringing a relationship between the surface water and
groundwater resources of the catchment.
7. Hydrology studies the required reservoir capacity that is necessary for irrigation and municipal water supply purpose
during drought conditions.
8. It is used in the design and operation of hydraulic structures
9. It is used for hydropower generation.
10. Brings measures to control erosion and sediments.
Hydrologic cycle:
The hydrologic cycle involves the continuous circulation
of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system. At its core,
the water cycle is the motion of the water from the
ground to the atmosphere and back again.
• process involved in hydrologic [Link] of them are
• evaporation
• transpiration
• condensation
• precipitation
• runoff
Water budget
A water budget is a hydrological tool used to quantify the flow of
water in and out of a system. In other words, it is an accounting of all
water stored and exchanged on the land surface (rivers, lakes),
subsurface (aquifer, groundwater), and atmosphere (precipitation,
evaporation).
➢ Water budget equation:
The Water-Budget Equation,
P + Qin = ET + ∆S + Qout
(A1) where P is precipitation,
Qin is water flow into the watershed,
ET is evapotranspiration (the sum of evaporation from soils, surface-
water bodies, and plants),
∆S is change in water storage, and Qout is water flow out of the
watershed.
Distribution of
earths water:
• 97.5 % of water in frozen polar ice.
• Only 2.5 % of water is accessible.
• Most of it is sea water.
• 0.007% of earth’s water contained in
• lakes and reservoirs is readily available
• for use now.
Global water
balance:
Water balance:
The law of water balance states that
the inflows to any water system or
area is equal to its outflows plus
change in storage during a time
interval. In hydrology, a water
balance equation can be used to
describe the flow of water in and out
of a system.
Global radiation
Global radiation is the total
amount of global radiation that
hits the earth's surface directly
and indirectly. The global
radiation at the earth's surface
is, among other things, very
important for the climate
system through its influence on
air temperature and
evaporation.
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases are the
gases in the atmosphere that
raise the surface temperature
of planets such as the Earth.
What distinguishes them from
other gases is that they absorb
the wavelengths of radiation
that a planet emits, resulting in
the greenhouse effect.
Effect of greenhouse gas
on earth and water:
• [Link] is high day by day.
• [Link] produce co2 gas. Its harmful
in the human life.
• [Link] the main causes of acid rain
• [Link] tempareture falls ice and
[Link] a result sea water label
high.
• [Link] harmful for our ecosysteam.
Conclusion:
Hydrology is the physical science which describes on the earth water circulation,distribution and [Link]
balance is the most important on the [Link] there are many causes pure water is not available now a
[Link],we should awere of the people do not waste in water.
Reference :Lecture,Engineering hydrology book of subramanya and online resource.
