Research – Analysis of the iOS operating system – 2014

iOS OPERATING SYSTEM

Edgar Segundo Quezada Patiño

Email: esquezada1@[Link]
Jessica Nathaly Correa Tenesaca
Email: jncorrea@[Link]
María Isabel Granda Aguilar
Email: migranda@[Link]
Carolina Elizabeth Jaramillo Alverca
Email: cejaramillo6@[Link]

I. DEVELOPMENT released on July 11, 2009

this new version included
characteristics such as tentpole
[Link] iOS in addition to including Microsoft
Exchange ActiveSync for the
synchronization of email
iOS is a mobile operating system developed electronic y applications
by Apple. At the beginning of 2007 (January 9), it is revealed that like iCloud, MobileMe, App
existence of the OS, although it did not have an official name Store, among others. Then he saw the
until the first beta version (March 6, 2008), luz iOS 2.1 followed by iOS 2.2
and its final version iPhone iOS
Since then it would be called iPhone OS. The same that
2.2.1
took place with its first iPhone device on the 29th of
Third generation of iOS
June 2007. exposed in April 2009 and
A little later, in September 2007, the released on June 17, 2009
the platform was increasing interest, thus leading to this version included new
a new release of a device called features like purchases
iPod Touch, which had multimedia capabilities. in the App Store, notifications
of the iPhone, but it excluded the ability to make iPhone June of push, video recording
phone calls. OS 3.0 2009 among multiple characteristics
more. The version followed it
This is how Apple sparked development and
iPhone OS 3, iPhone OS 3.2
progress of your operating system. By January 27 of the final versions of this
2010, Apple announces a new device (iPad), generation was 3.1.3 for
being very similar to the iPod Touch. And on June 7 iPhone and iPod and iPhone OS
of the same year, Steve Jobs, during the unveiling of the 3.2.2 for iPad.
iPhone 4 announces that iPhone OS would be called This fourth generation of iOS
officially iOS. story with more than 100 new ones
Over the years, developments have taken place. characteristics and 1500 new ones
different versions of iOS, up to what we have today APIs for developers,
(iOS 7.1) bringing new features and improvements these characteristics included
multitasking for the
to the operating system, making it increasingly
applications, new apps
complete, the same as detailed in table 1. iOS 4 April 2010
like iBooks, Game Center,
The revelation of its existence in 2007, iAd, among others. Your next
revolutionized the mobile phone industry, causing iOS version 4.1 with new
such companies as Nokia, Sony, and Motorola, apps, followed by iOS 4.2 followed
adapt y be innovative in the face of the new from iOS 4.3 that would include
competition, and the market that is constantly changing. new apps and finally
It would see the light iOS 4.3.5

Fifth generation what

Table 1. Evolution of iOS - Features [2][3] they were born new
characteristics like the Center
of Notifications.
Release Version Characteristics Reminders, iMessage, Siri,
First version of iOS October of among other characteristics
iOS 5
counting on an interface 2011 how the final of the
multitouch and some apps computer dependency
like safari, player of to configure the device.
music, mail. This version The following version was iOS
iPhone June of it was succeeded by iPhone OS 5.1 followed by its final version
OS 1.0 2007 1.1 including the iTunes app iOS 5.1.1
Store, followed by this version Sixth generation of iOS with
I arrive iPhone OS 1.1.1 this was accompanied by new ones
counting with new characteristics how the
applications between they September
iOS 6 map service which was
location services. from 2012
contrary to what they expected
iPhone Next generation of iOS since it maintained many
April 2009
OS 2.0 exposed in April 2008 and errors in its launch, without
 Research – Analysis of the iOS operating system – 2014

embargo ofreció others exclusive to the company, we will only be able to provide
characteristics how the through the acquisition of one of those devices,
integration with Facebook in addition to the battery life, which is very short,
share photos in streaming compared to other devices that have a
by iCloud, panoramic photos
different operating system.
among other functions. Brought
new updates like It has special commands required by the
iOS 6.1, iOS 6.1.3, iOS 6.1.4 and command line interface, often make use of
its final version 6.1.5 cryptic name schemes and do not give much
This seventh generation information to notify a user of what they are
multiplatform adapted for doing.
iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch, is
the most recent version of [Link] iOS
Operating System oriented towards
offer a better experience
June of
iOS 7 device visual, is
2013 iOS is an operating system based on the
version offers features
improved at the Center of knowledge of the MAC OS X operating system, the
Notifications, the camera, the same which in turn is based on Darwin BSD, for
Safari y the capacity what a UNIX operating system is.
multitasking of yours This architecture has four layers of
applications.
abstraction, in which the upper layers are
those that contain the services and technologies for
b. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF the development of applications, while the layers
lower rates intervene in basic services.
iOS

i. Advantages

Even if it is a private operating system and

exclusive to its devices, Apple releases its SDK,
to be implemented and improved by
developers who said so, in this way, the
The App Store is considered the online application store.
line with more available applications.
It is an operating system that is easily
Hackable, this can be positive and negative at the same time.
according to the eyes that analyze it. If we measure it Fig. 3.1.: iOS Layer Architecture[6]
directing it towards security, this can be a
serious problem, since being able to do Jailbreak
easily our device, also in a way i. Cocoa Touch Framework
we will be able to install third-party applications outside the App
Store, but if we view it from a perspective of
take control of our device, enhance its It is the most significant layer within development.
performance and the power to do and undo as we wish, of iOS applications. This defines the infrastructure of the
it is a great advantage, which allows us to install basic application and support for technologies such as
third-party applications y tweaks, that is, such as: Multitasking, touch inputs, notifications and
modifications to the system. other high-level system services. This layer
iOS multitasking is reserved only for is composed of two essential Frameworks:
seven fundamental processes, which are: UIKit: provides the necessary classes for the
Your IP user interface development.
Background audio Foundation Framework: specifies the classes
basics, the access and handling of objects and
Push notifications
operating system services.
Local notifications
Background location
ii. Media Coverage
Task completion
Quick application switch
This also has a positive side, in which This layer provides graphics services,
Apple leads its closest competitor, and that is audio and video to the upper layer.
by feeding the multitasking to these basic processes and
primary, the duration of their battery does not suffer.
The integration of applications with hardware
it is perfect, due to the fact that only Apple devices
They can count on this operating system.

ii. Negative Aspects

One of the major drawbacks of the system

Apple's operating system is that due to being owned
 Research–Analysis of the iOS operating system–2014

iii. Capa Core Services

It contains the fundamental services of the system

operational to be used by all applications.

iv. Capa Core OS

It is the lowest layer and it is the one that is responsible

of low-level tasks, such as: memory management,
process management, drivers, security, among others.

[Link] MANAGEMENT
As mentioned earlier, iOS derives from
UNIX operating system, so we will focus on
he. Fig. 3.2.: State diagram of a process[8]
When talking about processes, it can be defined as a
work in progress in a real-time system ii. Threads
shared. The one that needs certain resources
such as: CPU time, memory, files and A thread is one that allows the execution of several
I/O devices. instructions sequences within the same
These resources are provided to you at the moment process sharing the same space of
to create the process or they are assigned while it is happening directions and the same data structures of the
executing. When the process ends, the system core.
operational claims all usable resources. System calls for basic management of
threads are:
i. States of a process
Table 3.1. System calls, thread management. [9]
Includes nine states through which it travels a Description Calls to the system
processes, such as: pthread_create
Created (Creado):El proceso está recién creado pthread_exit
and is not ready to run. Thread management pthread_kill
Ready (Ready to execute in memory): The pthread_join
pthread_self
the process is not running, but it is ready
to execute as soon as the kernel it
plan. iii. Process Planning
Ready Swapped
the process is ready to execute. But it must In UNIX, being a time-sharing system
load into main memory before it and real-time, use a short-term scheduler, therefore
plan your execution. that its scheduling algorithm prioritizes
Sleep (Asleep in memory): Unable to execute providing an effective response time to
until an event occurs; the process is interactive processes, which turns it into a system of
in main memory. timeshare. The algorithm used by this system
Sleep Swapped (Asleep in the swap area): The It is the Round-Robin with multiple queues where
the process is waiting for an event and has been each of these queues is assigned a level of
changed to a secondary storage (a priority, this level of priority is high when its value
blocking state. it is lower and when the value is high the level of
Kernel running (Execution in Kernel mode): priority decreases, a queue represents a list
Events that only the kernel can control. linked to the processes ready to be executed in
User Running (Execution in user mode): where they share the same level of priority.
Running in user mode. The processes that are going to be executed are assigned
Zombie: The process no longer exists but leaves a a CPU time called quantum.
register to be picked up by the parent process. A process runs until it consumes its
Preempted (expelled or appropriated): The process time quantum or is voluntarily blocked, at
returns from kernel mode to user mode, but the the duration of the quantum is usually 100 milliseconds.
the kernel takes over the process and makes a change The process scheduling algorithm that uses
from context, passing another process to be executed in this system is as follows:
user mode. The priorities of the processes that are ready
to be executed and assigned among the
It is worth mentioning that there are two levels in the different queues are constantly calculated
that a process is executed: in periods of 1.
Kernel mode: in this mode, no one is put. Every tenth of a second, the scheduler
restriction to the system kernel (privileged mode select the highest priority process and this is
[7]). assigned to the CPU.
User mode: normal execution mode of a If a process consumes its time quantum, it is
process, has no privileges. placed at the end of its priority queue.
 Research - Analysis of the iOS operating system - 2014

If a process goes to the sleeping state during o semctl.- Performs read operations and
on the amount of time, the scheduler selects status writing of the traffic light, as well as
immediately another process and assigns it the CPU. also the destruction of the traffic light.
If a process ends a system call o semop.- Performs increment operations
during its quantum of time and a process of the decrease with blockages.
the highest priority is ready to be executed, to the Signals.-It is a mechanism to communicate to a
lower priority process exits the CPU and is given process that a certain event has occurred and therefore
assign the space to the highest priority. must be attended to.
Every time there is an interruption of the A signal handler is a subroutine
system clock (clock tick), the usage counter responsible for attending to the reception of a signal
the CPU of the process increases by a process. When a process
Define a manager is indicated that it has been
captured the signal.
The possible signs are:
o SIGHUP. Usually for reread
configuration
o SIGKILL - The kernel destroys the process
o SIGTERM.- 'Graceful' termination, in
general ends up sending a KILL to himself
same
o SIGSTOP.- The kernel stops the process
stopped
o SIGCONT
o SIGUSR.- Defined by the user or more
Well done to the person who programmed the process.
Fig 3.3. Priority scheme in UNIX
Sockets.- A socket is a point through which one can
iv. Inter-process communication communicate two processes. These can be created and
destroy dynamically.
UNIX must establish certain mechanisms of
inter-process communication (IPC):
Message queue: it is a way to
communication that allows sending messages from a
process to another. Each process is associated with a
message queue, which functions as a mailbox.
The basic operations it performs are:
o Msgctl.- Control
o msgget.- Create / access
o msgrcv.- Receive messages
o msgsnd.- Send messages
Fig 3.4. Communication via Sockets
Shared memory: it is a way of sharing
data in a memory fragment to which several
processes can access. INTERBLOCKING
Within UNIX, memory usage
shared, it is the fastest way to In most Operating Systems, in our
communication, being a block of memory in UNIX case, the problem is simply ignored by justifying that
virtual which is shared by several processes; the most users would prefer an active lock
same ones that can write or read about the occasional (or even a blocking) instead of a
shared memory. rule that restricts all users to one
The fundamental operations that UNIX process, a single file open, and only one thing of
define son: all.
o Shmat.- Links memory to the process The method used to address the problem
o Shmctl.- Performs control mutual blocking in UNIX is:
o Shmdt.- Detach memory from the process
o shmget.- Create / start / access i. The ostrich algorithm
Semaphores: it is a concurrency tool
que permite sincronizar varios procesos. This method ignores the problem and pretends that
A traffic light must have a value of mutual deadlocks never occur in the system.
traffic light, an identifier of the last process that The ostrich method is very simple, it consists of
performed operations on the traffic light, a number to lower your head and do nothing about the problem.
of processes that wait for the traffic light to be To bypass the interlocking, it is necessary to have in
greater than its current value and a number of count the following factors:
processes that wait for the value of the semaphore Number of times the deadlock occurs.
zero sea. Additionally, UNIX defines three operations. Severity of interlocking occurrence.
basics: Cost of the consequences.
o semget.- Create or take control of a Cost, in case of doing something.
traffic light
 Research - Analysis of the iOS operating system - 2014

MEMORY MANAGEMENT [Link] MANAGEMENT

The memory management that is used in Unix is Every element is represented in the form of a file.
totally dependent on the device's hardware, in and it is arranged in a hierarchical structure in which the
this memory management system is carried out through base or root is written as: "/"
demand paging along with swapping of
processes. [12][13] Paging makes use of the tables
of pages, a block descriptor where i. Files and Directories.
store the information that references the page in
memory in such a way that it can be accessed, the To write the name of a file, one can
bookmarks that store information of use any character except for ‘’/’’, since
How is the page, that is, what is its status? it has a special meaning. In addition, it is not allowed
it has this and in addition to using the amount of processes use special characters, accents, spaces in
that reference the framework, this amount is significant blank or characters like: ¡ # & <> @ .
utility to determine the status of a page.
ii. Types of Files in UNIX:[16]

Ordinary Files: Or regular, contain the

information with which each user works. They can
create, modify, delete, etc.
Links: are special files that allow
that several names or links are associated with a single one
file.
Physical links (physical connections). The link is a
second name that refers to a file, but
it's not the file itself. It's used to locate the file in
its current location, but it is not the actual file could
to be used by other users.
Fig 3.5. Transition of states and aging of Symbolic links (symbolic links):
a page [14] they are used to assign more than one name to a file.
They are not suitable for directories, they only contain the name of
The system is responsible for defining those frameworks. another file.
that are free, these frames are the ones that are not A symbolic link refers to the name of
they have not been assigned to any process which allows another file. The parameter –s is used.
that can accommodate any process. In the system Directories: Special files that contain
there may be occasions when the demand for references to other files. They contain information
processes are high, then the paginator is not able about: ordinary files, subdirectories, links, etc.
to assign free frames at an efficient speed, in Special files (device): used
in these cases, swapping intervenes, which is responsible for access to peripherals. Each I/O device is
to transport a process from main memory to the associated with a special file.
secondary memory, when the main memory is
available then the processes move from memory iii. FILE MANAGER FOR IOS:
secondary to the main to be executed. For FILES APP
to produce an exchange, different factors are taken into account
aspects regarding the state of the process, where
Files App is a file manager for us
consider its priority, the size of the program
allows to centralize all files of the device
and the amount of time they have been hosted in Apple in one place, where it can be defined
memory. [14] folders, open the files, add contents from
the computer and transfer them again from it
way.
Allows renaming files, moving them, copying them or
create folders to classify them in a better way.
17
Files App has been developed by Sonico Mobile.
it is compatible with various types of formats for both
images, multimedia files, documents and even
programming code.

II. CONCLUSIONS
The mobile industry was revolutionized thanks to its origin and
evolution of the iOS operating system, which was born from the
Fig 3.6. Exchange or Swapping of a process [15] hands of Steve Jobs, giving rise to a generation
new and complete list of devices that are still being followed
developing up to the present.
 Research - Analysis of the iOS operating system - 2014

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