Calculating the wind load for strength limit state for a portal frame structure that is located in
Perth.
1
1 Regional wind speed Cl 3.2
Region: Perth
A1 Fig 3.1(A)
Notes: See NCC Vol 1 for importance level and annual probability of exceedance for non-cyclonic
wind.
Strength: V500 = 45 m/s Table 3.1
Serviceability: V25 = 37 m/s
2 Wind direction multiplier Cl 3.3
Md = 1.00 Table 3.2
Notes: For region A1, Md varies between 0.80 and 1.00. In this question we are looking into N-S wind
direction that is also the longitudinal direction of the building, ie ϴ = 90. We are also considering the
note under Cl 2.3 where we can conservatively design the structure using the wind speed and
multipliers (Md, Mz,cat, Ms and Mt) for the worst direction. So, we use the option “any direction” here
that is 1.00.
3 Average roof height
Roof pitch: α = tan-1(9 - 8.38)/(19.11/2) = 3.7˚
In order to calculate the average height, a 200 mm roof construction, and half the depth of the beam
are also considered, knowing that the given dimensions are centre-line to centre-line:
h = 8.38 + (9 – 8.38)/2 + (.403/2) + 0.2 = 9.10 m Fig 2.1
Notes: Since the structure is not tall, this height is used to calculate the wind pressure for the whole
column and on the roof, which is on the conservative side. For tall structures the pressure can be
calculated at different heights.
4 Terrain multiplier
Terrain category: TC1 Description of the location & Cl 4.2.1
Mz,cat = 1.05 + (1.12 – 1.05)/5 * (9.1-5) = 1.11 Interpolation Table 4.1
2
5 Shielding multiplier
Ms = 1.0 No upwind shielding buildings or structures & Table 4.3
6 Topographic multiplier
Mt = 1.0 Flat area & Cl 4.4
7 Design wind speed
Vdes = Vdes,ϴ = Vsit,β = VR Md (Mz,cat Ms Mt) Cl 2.2
Vdes = VR * 1.0 * (1.11 * 1.0 * 1.0) = 1.11 VR
Strength limit state: Vdes = 1.11 * 45 = 50 m/s
Serviceability limit state: Vdes = 1.11 * 37 = 41 m/s
Notes: See the notes under Section 2.
8 Aerodynamic shape factor
Internal pressure
Cfig,i = Cp,i * Kc,i Cls 5.2 & [Link] & Table 5.1 (A)
Cfig,i = (either -0.3 or 0.0) * Kc,i
Action combination factor for internal pressure Cl 5.4.3 & Table 5.5
Kc,i = 0.8 (or zero when there is no internal pressure)
Notes: Consider the gate of the shed is closed most of the time (at least when there is a strong wind)
and the gate and its supports can resist the effects of the wind pressure/suction and that the shed
cladding is permeable. Otherwise, assuming the gate is on the west side of the shed and is open
when the wind blows and there is no other opening in the shed this factor will be equal to Cp,e.
Cfig,i = (either -0.3 or 0.0) * Kc,i
Cfig,i = either -0.24 or 0.0
Notes: We need to decide which one is more critical and use one or the either (they are not two
alternative load cases).
3
External pressure
Cfig,e = Cp,e * Ka* Kc,e* Kl* Kp Cls 5.2 & 5.4.1 & Table 5.2 (A)
External pressure on windward wall
Cp,e = 0.7
Action combination factor for external pressure for all walls Cl 5.4.3 & Table 5.5
Kc,e = 0.8
Area reduction factor for windward and leeward walls Cl 5.4.2 & Table 5.4
Ka = 1.0
We further assume that Kl = Kp = Kr = Cdyn = 1.0
Cfig,e windward = 0.7 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = 0.56
External pressure on leeward wall Cls 5.2 & 5.4.1 & Table 5.2 (B)
ϴ = 90
α = 3.7˚
d/b = 19.11/10 = 1.9
Notes: To be precise we need to calculate the actual length of the building (b and d) – similar to was
we estimated h (Section 3).
Cp,e = -0.5 + (-0.3 + 0.5)/1 * (0.9) = -0.32
Cfig,e leeward= -0.32 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.26
External pressure on side walls Cls 5.2 & 5.4.1 & Table 5.2 (C)
Cp,e = -0.65 0 to 9.10 m
Cp,e = -0.5 9.10 m to 18.20 m
Cp,e = -0.3 18.20 m to 19.11 m
Area reduction factor for side walls Cl 5.4.2 & Table 5.4
A ~ 9.1 * 19.11 = 174 > 100
Ka = 0.8
4
Notes: Assuming the shed is braced in the perpendicular direction, we do not consider these for the
analysis in N-S direction of the frame.
Cfig,e sidewall = -0.65 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.52 0 to 9.10 m
Cfig,e sidewall = -0.5 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.40 9.10 m to 18.20 m
Cfig,e sidewall = -0.3 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.24 18.20 m to 19.11 m
External pressure on roof Cls 5.2 & 5.4.1 & Table 5.3 (A)
h/d = 9.1/19.11 = 0.47 < 0.5
Alternative I (maximum uplift)
Cp,e = -0.9 0 to 4.55 m
Cp,e = -0.9 4.55m to 9.10 m
Cp,e = -0.5 9.10 m to 18.20 m
Cp,e = -0.3 18.20 m to 19.11 m
Area reduction factor for roof Cl 5.4.2 & Table 5.4
A = 10 * 19.11 = 191.1 > 100
Ka = 0.8
Action combination factor for external pressure for roof Cl 5.4.3 & Table 5.5
Kc,e = 0.8
Notes: According to Cl 5.4.3 Ka * Kc,e cannot be less than 0.8. So in this case we can ignore Ka and only
consider Kc,e in our calculations.
Cfig,e roof I = -0.9 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.72 for 0 to 4.55 m
Cfig,e roof I = -0.9 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.72 for 4.55m to 9.10 m
Cfig,e roof I = -0.5 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.40 for 9.10 m to 18.20 m
Cfig,e roof I = -0.3 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.24 for 18.20 m to 19.11 m
Alternative II (minimum uplift)
Cp,e = -0.4 for 0 to 4.55 m
Cp,e = -0.4 for 4.55m to 9.10 m
Cp,e = 0 for 9.10 m to 18.20 m
Cp,e = 0.1 for 18.20 m to 19.11 m
5
Cfig,e roof II = -0.4 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.32 for 0 to 4.55 m
Cfig,e roof II = -0.4 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = -0.32 for 4.55m to 9.10 m
Cfig,e roof II = 0 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = 0 for 9.10 m to 18.20 m
Cfig,e roof II = 0.1 * 1.0 * 0.8 * 1.0 * 1.0 = 0.08 for 18.20 m to 19.11 m
9 Design wind pressure
p = (0.6) (Vdes,ϴ)2 Cfig Cdyn Cl 2.4.1
p = (0.6) (1.11 VR)2 Cfig *1.0
pstrength = (0.6) (1.11 * 45)2 Cfig *1.0 = 1.50Cfig kN/m2
pserviceability = (0.6) (1.11 * 37)2 Cfig *1.0 = 1.01Cfig kN/m2
We focus on strength here.
Cfig,i = either -0.24 or 0.0 (from Section 8)
pstrength = 1.50Cfig kN/m2
I
q =p * (b/2) = 5p = 7.50Cfig kN/m
q = 7.5(-0.24) = -1.8 kN/m or 0 kN/m
Cfig,e windward = 0.56
4.2
q =7.5(0.56) = 4.2 kN/m
II
Cfig,e leeward = -0.26 1.95
III
q =7.5(-0.26) = -1.95 kN/m
6
Cfig,e sidewall = -0.52 0 to 9.10 m
Cfig,e sidewall = -0.40 9.10 m to 18.20 m
Cfig,e sidewall = -0.24 18.20 m to 19.11 m
Cfig,e roof I = -0.72 for 0 to 4.55 m
q =7.5(-0.72) = -5.4 kN/m
Cfig,e roof I = -0.72 for 4.55m to 9.10 m IV
q =7.5(-0.72) = -5.4 kN/m
Cfig,e roof I = -0.40 for 9.10 m to 18.20 m
q =7.5(-0.4) = -1.95 kN/m
Cfig,e roof I = -0.24 for 18.20 m to 19.11 m
q =7.5(-0.24) = -1.8 kN/m
Cfig,e roof II = -0.32 for 0 to 4.55 m
q =7.5(-0.32) = -2.4 kN/m
Cfig,e roof II = -0.32 for 4.55m to 9.10 m
q =7.5(-0.32) = -2.4 kN/m
Cfig,e roof II = 0 for 9.10 m to 18.20 m
V
q =7.5(0) = 0 kN/m
Cfig,e roof II = 0.08 for 18.20 m to 19.11 m
q =7.5(0.08) = 0.6 kN/m
7
10 Design wind scenarios to be included in load combinations
4.2 1.95
Maximum uplift with 0 internal pressure
0.15
Maximum uplift with 1.8 kN/m internal pressure
4.2
1.95
Minimum uplift with 0 internal pressure
6
0.15
Minimum uplift with 1.8 kN/m internal pressure
Notes: For a 3-D analysis, the pressure on sidewalls need to also be included in each of the above
loading scenarios.
