🧩 1.
SELECT — ma’lumotni tanlash
-- Misol 1: Barcha talabalarni olish SELECT * FROM Talabalar; -- Misol 2: Faqat
ism va familiyasini olish SELECT ism, familiya FROM Talabalar;
🧩 2. WHERE — shart qo‘yish
-- Misol 1: Yoshi 20 dan katta talabalar SELECT * FROM Talabalar WHERE yosh
> 20; -- Misol 2: Faqat "Toshkent" shahridagi talabalar SELECT * FROM
Talabalar WHERE shahar = 'Toshkent';
🧩 3. AND / OR — shartlarni birlashtirish
-- Misol 1: Toshkentda yashaydigan va yoshi 18 dan katta talabalar SELECT *
FROM Talabalar WHERE shahar = 'Toshkent' AND yosh > 18; -- Misol 2: Yoshi
25 dan katta yoki "Buxoro"lik talabalar SELECT * FROM Talabalar WHERE
yosh > 25 OR shahar = 'Buxoro';
🧩 4. ORDER BY — saralash
-- Misol 1: Ism bo‘yicha alfavit tartibida SELECT * FROM Talabalar ORDER BY
ism ASC; -- Misol 2: Yoshi bo‘yicha kamayish tartibida SELECT * FROM
Talabalar ORDER BY yosh DESC;
🧩 5. INSERT INTO — yangi ma’lumot qo‘shish
-- Misol 1: Bitta talaba qo‘shish INSERT INTO Talabalar (ism, familiya, yosh,
shahar) VALUES ('Ali', 'Karimov', 21, 'Samarqand'); -- Misol 2: Bir nechta
talaba qo‘shish INSERT INTO Talabalar (ism, familiya, yosh, shahar) VALUES
('Dilnoza', 'Rasulova', 19, 'Toshkent'), ('Jasur', 'Abdullaev', 22, 'Namangan');
🧩 6. UPDATE — mavjud ma’lumotni o‘zgartirish
-- Misol 1: Talabaning yoshini o‘zgartirish UPDATE Talabalar SET yosh = 23
WHERE ism = 'Ali'; -- Misol 2: Barcha "Namangan"liklarni "Andijon"lik qilish
UPDATE Talabalar SET shahar = 'Andijon' WHERE shahar = 'Namangan';
🧩 7. DELETE — ma’lumotni o‘chirish
-- Misol 1: Ismi "Ali" bo‘lgan talaba o‘chiriladi DELETE FROM Talabalar WHERE
ism = 'Ali'; -- Misol 2: Yoshi 18 dan kichik talabalarni o‘chirish DELETE FROM
Talabalar WHERE yosh < 18;
🧩 8. BETWEEN — oraliqda qidirish
-- Misol 1: Yoshi 18 va 25 oralig‘idagi talabalar SELECT * FROM Talabalar
WHERE yosh BETWEEN 18 AND 25; -- Misol 2: 2020–2023 yillarda o‘qishga
kirganlar SELECT * FROM Talabalar WHERE kirish_yili BETWEEN 2020 AND
2023;
🧩 9. IN — qiymatlar ro‘yxatini tekshirish
-- Misol 1: Faqat Toshkent yoki Buxoro shahridagi talabalar SELECT * FROM
Talabalar WHERE shahar IN ('Toshkent', 'Buxoro'); -- Misol 2: Muayyan ID’li
talabalarni olish SELECT * FROM Talabalar WHERE id IN (1, 3, 5);
🧩 10. LIKE — matn bo‘yicha qidirish
-- Misol 1: Ismi "A" harfi bilan boshlanuvchi talabalar SELECT * FROM
Talabalar WHERE ism LIKE 'A%';
-- Misol 2: Familiyasi "ov" bilan tugaydigan talabalar SELECT * FROM
Talabalar WHERE familiya LIKE '%ov';
🧩 11. GROUP BY — guruhlash
-- Misol 1: Har bir shahar bo‘yicha talabalar soni SELECT shahar, COUNT(*)
AS soni FROM Talabalar GROUP BY shahar;
-- Misol 2: Har bir kurs bo‘yicha o‘rtacha yosh SELECT kurs, AVG(yosh) AS
orta_yosh FROM Talabalar GROUP BY kurs;
🧩 12. HAVING — guruhlangan ma’lumotga shart qo‘yish
-- Misol 1: Faqat 5 tadan ko‘p talaba bo‘lgan shaharlar SELECT shahar,
COUNT(*) FROM Talabalar GROUP BY shahar HAVING COUNT(*) > 5;
-- Misol 2: O‘rtacha yoshi 20 dan katta bo‘lgan kurslar SELECT kurs,
AVG(yosh) FROM Talabalar GROUP BY kurs HAVING AVG(yosh) > 20;
🧱 SQL Strukturani Hosil Qilish Operatorlari (DDL)
Asosiy DDL operatorlari:
1. CREATE – yangi obyekt (jadval, baza, indeks va h.k.) yaratadi
2. ALTER – mavjud obyektni o‘zgartiradi
3. DROP – obyektni butunlay o‘chiradi
4. TRUNCATE – jadvaldagi ma’lumotlarni tozalaydi, lekin struktura qoladi
5. RENAME – obyekt nomini o‘zgartiradi
🧩 1. CREATE — yangi jadval yoki baza yaratish
-- Misol 1: Yangi jadval yaratish CREATE TABLE Talabalar ( id INT PRIMARY
KEY, ism VARCHAR(50), familiya VARCHAR(50), yosh INT, shahar
VARCHAR(50) );
-- Misol 2: Yangi ma’lumotlar bazasi yaratish CREATE DATABASE
UniversitetDB;
🧩 2. ALTER — mavjud struktura ustida o‘zgartirish
-- Misol 1: Jadvalga yangi ustun qo‘shish ALTER TABLE Talabalar ADD kurs
INT;
-- Misol 2: Ustunning nomini yoki turini o‘zgartirish ALTER TABLE Talabalar
MODIFY yosh SMALLINT;
🧩 3. DROP — obyektni butunlay o‘chirish
-- Misol 1: Jadvalni butunlay o‘chirish DROP TABLE Talabalar;
-- Misol 2: Ma’lumotlar bazasini o‘chirish DROP DATABASE UniversitetDB;
🧩 4. TRUNCATE — jadvalni tozalash (struktura saqlanadi)
-- Misol 1: Jadvaldagi barcha ma’lumotlarni o‘chirish TRUNCATE TABLE
Talabalar; -- Misol 2: "Fanlar" jadvalidagi barcha yozuvlarni o‘chirish
TRUNCATE TABLE Fanlar;
🧩 5. RENAME — jadval yoki ustun nomini o‘zgartirish
-- Misol 1: Jadval nomini o‘zgartirish
RENAME TABLE Talabalar TO Studentlar;
-- Misol 2: Ustun nomini o‘zgartirish (MySQL usuli)
ALTER TABLE Studentlar RENAME COLUMN ism TO name;
🧩 6. CREATE INDEX — indeks yaratish (qidiruvni tezlashtirish uchun)
-- Misol 1: Ism ustuniga indeks yaratish CREATE INDEX idx_ism ON
Studentlar(ism);
-- Misol 2: Bir nechta ustun bo‘yicha indeks yaratish CREATE INDEX
idx_shahar_kurs ON Studentlar(shahar, kurs);
🧩 7. DROP INDEX — indeksni o‘chirish
-- Misol 1: Bitta indeksni o‘chirish (MySQL) DROP INDEX idx_ism ON
Studentlar; -- Misol 2: SQL Server usuli bilan indeksni o‘chirish DROP INDEX
Studentlar.idx_shahar_kurs;
🧱 1. CREATE TABLE — jadval yaratish
-- Misol 1: CREATE TABLE Talabalar ( id INT PRIMARY KEY, ism VARCHAR(50),
yosh INT ); -- Misol 2: CREATE TABLE Fanlar ( fan_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
fan_nomi VARCHAR(100) );
🧱 2. DROP TABLE — jadvalni o‘chirish
-- Misol 1: DROP TABLE Talabalar; -- Misol 2: DROP TABLE Fanlar;
🧱 3. ALTER TABLE — jadval strukturasi ustida o‘zgartirish
-- Misol 1: Yangi ustun qo‘shish ALTER TABLE Talabalar ADD kurs INT;
-- Misol 2: Ustunning turini o‘zgartirish ALTER TABLE Talabalar MODIFY yosh
SMALLINT;
🧱 4. CREATE VIEW — ko‘rinma (view) yaratish
-- Misol 1: Talabalar haqida ko‘rinma CREATE VIEW Talabalar_View AS SELECT
ism, yosh FROM Talabalar WHERE yosh > 20;
-- Misol 2: Fanlar ko‘rinmasi CREATE VIEW Fanlar_View AS SELECT fan_nomi
FROM Fanlar;
🧱 5. DROP VIEW — ko‘rinmani o‘chirish
-- Misol 1: DROP VIEW Talabalar_View;
-- Misol 2: DROP VIEW Fanlar_View;
🧱 6. CREATE INDEX — indeks yaratish
-- Misol 1: CREATE INDEX idx_ism ON Talabalar(ism);
-- Misol 2: CREATE INDEX idx_fan_nomi ON Fanlar(fan_nomi);
🧱 7. DROP INDEX — indeksni o‘chirish
-- Misol 1 (MySQL): DROP INDEX idx_ism ON Talabalar;
-- Misol 2 (SQL Server): DROP INDEX Talabalar.idx_ism;
🧱 8. CREATE SYNONYM — sinonim yaratish (SQL Server yoki Oracle)
-- Misol 1: CREATE SYNONYM Studentlar FOR Talabalar;
-- Misol 2: CREATE SYNONYM Kurslar FOR Fanlar;
🧱 9. DROP SYNONYM — sinonimni o‘chirish
-- Misol 1: DROP SYNONYM Studentlar;
-- Misol 2: DROP SYNONYM Kurslar;
🧱 10. COMMENT — jadval yoki ustunga izoh qo‘shish
-- Misol 1: COMMENT ON TABLE Talabalar IS 'Bu jadval talabalar haqida
ma’lumot saqlaydi.';
-- Misol 2: COMMENT ON COLUMN [Link] IS 'Talabaning ismi';
🧱 11. GRANT — foydalanuvchiga ruxsat berish
-- Misol 1: GRANT SELECT ON Talabalar TO user1;
-- Misol 2: GRANT INSERT, UPDATE ON Fanlar TO user2;
🧱 12. REVOKE — berilgan ruxsatni bekor qilish
-- Misol 1: REVOKE SELECT ON Talabalar FROM user1;
-- Misol 2: REVOKE INSERT, UPDATE ON Fanlar FROM user2;
🧱 13. COMMIT — tranzaksiyani tasdiqlash
-- Misol 1: UPDATE Talabalar SET yosh = 21 WHERE id = 1; COMMIT;
-- Misol 2: INSERT INTO Fanlar VALUES (1, 'Matematika'); COMMIT;
🧱 14. ROLLBACK — tranzaksiyani bekor qilish
-- Misol 1: UPDATE Talabalar SET yosh = 25 WHERE id = 2; ROLLBACK;
-- Misol 2: DELETE FROM Fanlar WHERE fan_id = 1; ROLLBACK;
🧱 15. DECLARE — o‘zgaruvchi yoki so‘rov e’lon qilish (PL/SQL yoki T-
SQL)
-- Misol 1 (PL/SQL): DECLARE v_yosh NUMBER := 20; BEGIN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_yosh); END; -- Misol 2 (T-SQL): DECLARE @ism
NVARCHAR(50) = 'Ali'; PRINT @ism;
🧱 16. EXECUTE — SQL operatorini yoki protsedurani bajarish
-- Misol 1: Protsedurani bajarish EXECUTE AddNewTalaba 'Aziz', 22; -- Misol 2:
T-SQL da qisqaroq yozish EXEC AddNewTalaba 'Dilnoza', 19;
Agar xohlasangiz, shu barcha operatorlar va misollarni jadval shaklida
(Operator | Vazifasi | Misol) qilib, Word yoki PowerPoint
taqdimot tarzida tayyorlab beraman.
Qaysi formatda tayyorlab beray — PowerPointmi yoki Word faylmi?
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