Electronics Form for Computer Science

Edited by: Christian Marongiu - Andrea Leonardi - Giovanni Cabiddu

Transmission lines
RG R L
Z∞
VB
+
VA RT G C

dx
Telegraphists' Equation
dV(x)
= − (R+ jωLI(x)
) ( jω L
Z= R+ )
dx
dI(x)
= − (G+ jωC V) (x) ( jω C
Y= G+ )
dx
Parameters
Primary constants Secondary constants

R per unit of length [Ω /m ] K = line propagation constant

k= ZY
L “ “ [ H /m ] η characteristic impedance
G “ “ [S/m ] Z
η=
C “ “ [ F/m ] Y

Parameters (lossless): R= 0Ω G=[ 0S] [ ]

phase constant
β = ω LC
Characteristic impedance
L Phase speed (propagation)
Z∞ =
C ω 1
u= =
β LC
Propagation constant
k= jω LC Propagation time
l
t p=
u
{l: lunghezza della linea}

Reflection coefficients
RG− Z ∞ RT− Z ∞
ΓG= Γ T=
RG+ Z ∞ RT+ Z ∞
Side Generator Late Termination
0 Diagram a
v = VB trellis
t p
v= (1+Γ TV) B
2tp
( Γ +T Γ Γ TV G )
v= 1+ B
3tp
v =(1+ΓT +ΓTΓG +ΓT 2ΓGV
)B
4tp v= (1+ ΓT+ ΓTΓG+
ΓT 2ΓG+ ΓTΓG2 )VB2
 Transmission time and Skew
VB

VOH
VIH tTXmax
VB(t)= VOH+ (VOL− VOH)e− t/τ

tTX tTX it is the transmission time

VT of the interconnection.
tTXmin tK
VIL t Kit is the skew, or the variation
of the transmission time tTX .
VOL
t

VOH−VOL VOH−VOL VOH−VIL

tTXmin= τ ln tTXmax= τ ln t K= τ ln
VOH−VIL VOH−VIH VOH−VIH

Acquisition systems

Quantization error Jitter Absolute resolution of the converter

Truncation technique (worst case): ∆V j= S.R.⋅T j VMAX
1 Ad=
ε q= N =1LSB T j jitter time 2N
2 ∆V j Voltage error due to jitter Maximum quantization error
Rounding technique:
1 1 1 1 If the signal is sinusoidal: VMAX
ε q= = LSB ε qm=
22 2
N N+1
2 S.R.= V p2π f 2 N+1
Signal to quantization noise ratio
signal strength A
SNRq=
power noiseε q
Sine wave Square wave signal Signal with uniform distribution
SNRq= (6N+1.76 dB SNRq= (6N+ 4.77 dB SNRq= (6N)dB

SNRtotal−1.76 SNRtotal− 4.77 SNRtotal

ENOB= ENOB= ENOB=
6 6 6
Anti-aliasing filter
Atttot [dB]
N pole= With the method
From the book: Dante Del Corso (never used!)
f −f Report of over-
20log s a of rounding sampling
Filter slope [dB]:
fa
ε alias= ε q⇒ ε tot= 2ε q fs
f [ ] 20log(2K− 2)
−1 K= PdB= 6N−
Totot= 2 =N ⎛ 1 ⎞ = 1 2fa
⎜ 2N ⎟ ε tot
⎝ ⎠
 Linear Power Supplies
Regulator Load

220 V EMC
filter Raddriz-
transformer for that reason PB Filter Only I know
stabilized
Unregulated power supply
Legend Single Semionda Double Semionda
Vo output voltage I Dm = Average current on
I o output current diode
Ro Resistance I DP Peak current
exit on the diode

RL = Resistance of Vr Ripple Voltage

load VsMax Maximum Tension
on the secondary

Ripple voltage Io Io
Vr= = ∆Vo Vr = = ∆Vo
fC 2fC
Filter capacitor I Io
C= o C=
fVr 2fVr
Output resistance V 1 V 1
Ro= o = Ro= o =
I o2fC I o4fC
Maximum tension on the secondary Io Io
VsMax= Vo +VD+ VsMax= Vo + 2VD+
2fC 4fC
Ripple factor Vr 1 Vr 1
r= = r= =
23Vo2 3 fCRL 23Vo4 3 fCRL
Average current in diodes Io
I Dm= I o I Dm=
2
Peak current in diodes I DP= I Dm2π fCRL I DP= I Dm2π fCRL

Effective current on the secondary I s(eff) = 2.2Io I s(eff) = 1.8Io

(practical formulas)
Dissipative regulator without protections
Input Voltage
V=
i ( 2V)
1.2÷ o

Load resistance and Output power

Vo
RL= P=
o
Vo I o
Io
Selection of the Zener diode
Vz= VBE+VoconVBE0.65
P=
z (
Vz I zMaxconIzMax5÷10mA )
Calculation of the polarization resistance R Transistor Selection

I B=
Io Io
with 1+β hFE
( i
PBJT V−I o ) o
1+ β hFE Zener diode testing
V V−V V−V z
R= R = i z I zMax = I
− IB
I RI B+ I z R
Transformer
V2 Transfer report.
P= R Effective voltage on the secondary Effective power on the secondary
R V V peff
Vseff= sMax n= P[VA]= VseffI seff
[Link] equal to 100 2 Vhimself self
 Dissipative regulator with current limiting protection

Vo

I o' Max I oMax Io

Selection of Transistor Q1 Calculation of Rs Power on Rs

P=
Q1 ( i
V−V IRs ) oMax
= (V−i 0.65I ) oMax Rs=
VBE 2
P= RsI o2Max
Rs
I oMax

Dissipative regulator with foldback protection

Vo

I cc I oMax Io

Choice of Icc Calculation of R1 and R2 (Empirical formulas) Calculation of Rs Choice of Transistor Q1

R= ( 30KΩ)
10÷
P=
Q1 ( i
V−V Rs )
I= cc
2 R+ R20.78
I o= I cc<< I oMax Rs = VBE 2 1
= (V−
i
R sI ccI=) cc
R= 0.2R2 R2 I cc I cc
1 (V−
i
0.78I) cc
 Power dissipation
Legend
⎧ θ jc→ junction/container
T= ( +θ
T+a Pθ D+θ ) [
θ °C/W ] ⎪
⎨ θ cs→ container/dissipator
j jc cs to

Thermal resistance ⎪ θ → heat sink/environment

From which it is derived:
⎩ sa
θ jc→ see table 1 (depends on the container)
T j− Ta θ czech→ see table 2 (depends on: container and insulator)
θ sa≤ − (θ +θ
jc cs ) T→ Junction temperature°C [ ]
PD j

T→
a
Ambient temperature°C [ ]
P→
D
Dissipated power W[ ]
It is advisable to assume the use of a 'classic' TO-220

TAB. Thermal resistance values (joint/containerθ jc)e(junction/environmentθ yesfor the most common containers
1

TAB. Thermal resistance (container/heatsink)θ cs )

2
 SWITCHING REGULATORS
BUCK converterVo≤ V) in

Ton
Output voltage Vo= V in = Vinδ
T
Current supplied by the Ton
I in= I o = I oδ
input generator T
V−V o V
Ripple of Current I ripple = in
Ton= Toffo= ∆I L
L L
VoT ⎛ Toff ⎞ Vo
Inductor L= ⎜ ⎟= (1− δ )
I ripple ⎝ T ⎠ I ripple f
1
Ripple of Tension Vripple = I ripple= ∆Vo
8Cf
I rippleT V T2
Filtering capacitor C= = o (1− δ )
8VrippleVripple8L
Incoming current graph and current on the diode Current graph on the inductor and output voltage
 BOST ConverterVo> V) in

T V V
Vo= V in = in = in
Output voltage Toff 1− Ton 1− δ
T
⎛ T ⎞ Io I
I in= I o ⎜
⎜ Toff ⎟⎟
Current supplied by the = = o
Ton 1− δ
input generator ⎝ ⎠ 1−
T
V Vo −Vin
Current Ripple I ripple = in T=on
T=
off
∆I L
L L

Ton= in ⎛⎜ on ⎞⎟ =
Vin VTT Vin
L= δ
Inductor I ripple I ripple ⎝ T ⎠ I ripple f

VoT
Ripple of Tension Vripple = δ = ∆Vo
RC
VoT ⎛ Ton ⎞ VT
Filtering capacitor C= ⎜ ⎟ = o δ
VrippleR ⎝ T ⎠ VrippleR
Current graph on the diode Current graph on the inductor
 FLYBACK or INVERTING Converter
Ton
Output voltage Vo= V in
Toff

Current supplied by Ton

I in= I o
input generator Toff
Vin V
Current Ripple I ripple = T=
on
Toff=o ∆I L
L L
VoVin
Inductor L=
I ripplef (V+V
o in )
Io Vo
Ripple of Tension Vripple = = ∆Vo
C f ( V+V
in o)

Io Vo
Filtering capacitor C= = ∆Vo
( in
Vripplef V+V o )
Current graphs on the inductor, input current, and current on the diode
 Generalized summation for conditioning amplifiers

Vi Amplifier of Vout
Conditioning

Vout
G=
ViMax−V I am

The output voltage is equal to the sum:

Standard values of components

Resistances
1,0 10 100 1K 10K 100K 1.0 million
1,2 12 120 1.2K 12K 120K 1.2M
1.5 15 150 1.5K 15K 150K 1.5M
1.8 18 180 1.8K 18K 180K 1.8M
2.2 22 220 2.2K 22K 220K 2.2 million
2.7 27 270 2.7K 27K 270K 2.7M
3,3 33 330 3.3K 33K 330K 3.3M
3.9 39 390 3.9K 39K 390K 3.9M
4.7 47 470 4.7K 47K 470K 4.7M
5.6 56 560 5.6K 56K 560K 5.6M
6.8 68 680 6.8K 68K 680K 6.8M
8,2 82 820 8.2K 82K 820K 8.2M
10M

Rectifier diodes
Acronym Current Tension Container
1N4148 0.15A 75V DO35
1N4150 0.3A 75V DO35
1N4001 1A 50V DO41
1N4002 1A 100V DO41
1N4003 1A 200V DO41
1N4004 1A 400V DO41
1N4005 1A 600V DO41
1N4006 1A 800V DO41
1N4007 1A 1.000V DO41
1N5401 3A 100V DO201
1N5402 3A 200V DO201
1N5404 3A 400V DO201
1N5406 3A 600V DO201
1N5408 3A 1.000V DO201
 Zener diode
2.0V 6.2V 20V 62V
2,2V 6.8V 22V 68V
2.4V 7.5V 24V 75V
2.7V 8.2V 27V 82V
3.0V 9.1V 30V 91V
3.3V 10V 33V 100V
3.6V 11V 36V 110V
3.9V 12V 39V 120V
4.3V 13V 43V 130V
4.7V 15V 47V 150V
5.1V 16V 51V 160V
5.6V 18V 56V 180V
200V

For each voltage value listed in the table, Zener diodes of various power ratings can be found. The most common are 0.5 Watt and 1.3 Watt.

Capacitors
1p 10p 100p 1n 10n 100n 1µ 10µ 100µ 1m 10m
1.5p 15p 150p 1.5n 15n 150n 1.5µ 15µ 150µ 1.5m 15m
2.2p 22p 220p 2,2n 22n 220n 2.2µ 22µ 220µ 2.2m 22m
3.3p 33p 330p 3,3n 33n 330n 3.3µ 33µ 330µ 3.3m 33m
4.7p 47p 470p 4.7n 47n 470n 4.7µ 47µ 470µ 4.7m 47m
6.8p 68p 680p 6.8n 68n 680n 6.8µ 68µ 680µ 6.8m 68m