Pre-Processor

▪ Pre-Processor is a part of compiler it is use to compile your C

program. Which allow you to use macro.
▪ A Preprocessor is a system software (a computer program that is
designed to run on computer’s hardware and application
programs).
▪ In simple terms, a C Preprocessor is just a text substitution tool
and it instructs the compiler to do required pre-processing before
the actual compilation
▪ We'll refer to the C Preprocessor as CPP.
▪ All preprocessor commands begin with a hash symbol (#).
▪ Preprocessor directives are executed before compilation
Cont…

#include
#define
#undef
#ifdef
#ifndef Example of
Preprocessor
#if
#else
#elif
#endif
#error
#pragma
Macro
What is Macro?
▪ A macro is segment of code which is declare using #define with
some value like, #define PI 3.14.
We have two types of macro
▪ Object like macro
▪ Function like macro
The object-like macro is an identifier that is replaced by value. It is
widely used to represent numeric constants.
▪ Function-like Macros: The function-like macro looks like
function call. For example:
#define MIN(a,b) ((a)<(b)?(a):(b))
Here, MIN is the macro name.
Storage Classes
▪ A storage class is used to represent additional information about a
variable.
▪ Storage class represents the scope and lifespan of a variable.
▪ It also tells who can access a variable and from where?
▪ Auto, extern, register, static are the four storage classes in 'C'.
▪ auto is used for a local variable defined within a block or
function
▪ register is used to store the variable in CPU registers rather
memory location for quick access.
▪ Static is used for both global and local variables. Each one has its
use case within a C program.
▪ Extern is used for data sharing between C project files.
Cont…
▪ Please refer unit 1 for static, global and auto storage class in topic
types of variable.
Let’s discuss about register storage class.
▪ Variable using register storage declare same as other variable
type.
▪ For that register keyword is use like,
register int num=10; or register int num;
▪ It will store variable in register and not into memory because
accessing value from register become fast rather than memory.
▪ If register is free than only it occupy space over there other wise
not.
▪ It can't have the unary '&' operator applied to it (as it does not
have a memory location).
Decision Making and Control Statement
▪ C provides two styles of flow control:
▪ Branching
▪ Looping
▪ Branching is deciding what actions to take and looping is
deciding how many times to take a certain action.
▪ In Branching : if, if… else, if… else i…. else and nested if is
available. (it will execute based on the given condition)
▪ In Looping : for loop, while loop and do while loop is available,
it is use to execute same task n numbers of time.
▪ One more Decision making statement provide as switch…case.
▪ Lets discuss it in detials.
Decision Making (statement)
If statement : if given condition become true than and than the
inner block is going to execute. Other wise not.

Syntax : Program
#include<conio.h>
If (condition) #include<stdio.h>
{ void main()
//executable statments {
} int num=10;
clrscr();
We can declare more than one if if(num>0)
statement within a single program as per {
requirement. printf(“positive number”);
}
getch();
}
Cont…
Program using if
//Program using more than one if statement
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num=10;
clrscr();
if(num>0)
{
printf("\n Number is postive");
}
if(num<0)
{
printf("\n Number is negative");
}
if(num%2==0)
{
printf("\n number is even and divisible by 2");
}
if(num%3==0)
{
printf("\n number is divisible by 3");
}
getch();

}
Cont…
if….else statement
▪ if else is use to perform two operation using single statement.
▪ In if else statement else part is know as branch of it.
▪ If the condition become true than inner block of if statement is
executed other wise branch (else block) is going to executed.

Syntax :
If(condition)
{
executable statements;
}
else
{
executable statements;
}
Cont…
Flow chart of
if … else
statement

Note : you can also

declare more
than one if else
statements in
single program.
Program using if…else

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num=30;
clrscr();
if(num%3==0 && num%2==0)
{
printf(“\n Number is divisible by 3 and 2 and its even number”);
}
else
{
printf(“\n number is note divisible by 3 and 2”);
}
getch();
}
if else if else (if else ladder statement)
It execute two different code based upon the condition it going to
execute the related branch.
It must have else statement at the last. Please check syntax below.
If(condition 1)
{ //statement 1 }
else if (condition 2)
{ //statement 2 }
else if (condition 3)
{ //statement 3 }
else if (condition 4)
{ //statement 4 }
else if (condition 5)
{ //statement 5 }
…….
…….
…….
else
{ //statement n}
Flow chart of if else if else
Program using if else if else
//Program to show relation between two numbers using if else if else
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num1,num2;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter value of num1 : ");
scanf("%d",&num1);
printf("\n enter value of num2 : ");
scanf("%d",&num2);
if(num1==num2)
{
printf("\n num1 and num2 both are same");
}
else if(num1>num2)
{
printf("\n num1 is bigger than num2 ");
}
else if(num1<num2)
{
printf("\n num1 is smaller than num2");
}
else if(num1==0 && num2==0)
{
printf("\n both number are ZERO");
}
else
{
printf("\n value of number is %d and number2 is %d",num1,num2);
}
getch();
return 0;
}
Nested if statement
▪ One can also declare if within if to check more than one
condition.
▪ It will execute like if condition1 become true than only it going to
check inner condition else not.
▪ It must have one else statement. If not than it not give any syntax
error but yes logical error will be there.
Syntax :
if(condition)
{ if(condition)
{ if (condition)
{ if(condition) …….. More if statements if required}
}
}
else
{
//statements
}
Program using nested if
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number1, number2;
printf("Enter two integers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &number1, &number2);
if (number1 >= number2)
{ if (number1 == number2)
{
printf("Result: %d = %d",number1,number2);
}
else
{
printf("Result: %d > %d", number1, number2);
}
}
else
{
printf("Result: %d < %d",number1, number2);
}
return 0;
}
Switch Case statement
▪ Using switch case we can check more than one alternatives.
▪ You can also do the same using if else if else (ladder) statement.
▪ A switch statement is a conditional statement used in C
programming to check the value of a variable and compare it with
all the cases.
▪ It matches with all the alternatives and if it match than that
particular block is going to executed. And other are not.
▪ If value enter by user not match with any case than it will
executed default block. So default block is mandatory.
▪ And each block must have break statement at the end of block.
▪ We can also declare nested switch case.
Cont…
Syntax : switch( expression ) switch(expression)
{ {
case value-1: case constant 1:
Block-1; // statements;
Break; break;
case value-2: case constant 2:
Block-2; // statements;
Break; break;
…………. case constant n:
…………. // statements;
…………. break;
case value-n: ………
Block-n; ……..
Break; ………
default:
Block-1; default:
Break; // statements;
} }
Statement-x;
Cont…

Flow chart of
Switch case
Program using switch case
Click here to see program of switch case
Like this you can perform any program.
Some Rule for Switch case
▪ The switch expression must be of integer or character type
▪ The case value must be integer or character constant
▪ The case value can be used only inside the switch statement
▪ The break statement in switch case is not must. It is optional. If
there is no break statement found in switch case, all the cases will
be executed after matching the case value
▪ It is known as fall through state of C switch statement
▪ Do not repeat any cash else it gives an error.
Looping statement
▪ The loops in C programming is use to execute block of code n
numbers of time.
▪ Basically it is use to execute same task several time.
▪ In other words, it iterates a code or group of code many times.
▪ To control the loop execution we have to use condition. It will
executer till condition is fulfill else loop entered into the infinite
loop.
▪ In c we have two types of loop entry control and exit control.
C provide three loops
1) For loop (entry control)
2) While loop (entry control)
3) Do while loop (exit control)
For loop in C Programming
Is use to execute block of code till the condition become true. It will
terminate the execution when condition become false.
For loop is known as entry control loop because it check condition
first before executing the inside statements.
Block of code must enclosed within { } braces.
It execute code “0” or ‘N” times as condition is given.
Syntax :
for(initialization;condition;incr/decr)
{
//code to be executed
}
Flowchart of for loop

▪ We can also declare nested

For loop. (loop within loop).
▪ It is not compulsory to give
Initialization or increment or
Decrement statement.
▪ If you not declare it, it start
With 0 and increment with 1.
▪ If condition is not satisfy than
There may be a chance to
To become infinite loop.
Program using for loop
//program to print multiplication table of entered number
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter number to print table : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("\n Table of number %d is ",num);
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf("\n %d * %d = %d",num,i,(num*i));
}
getch();
}
While loop
▪ It iterates the code until condition is false.
▪ Here, condition is given before the code.
▪ So code may be executed 0 or more times.
▪ It is better if number of iteration is not known by the user.
▪ It is also known as entry control loop. Because condition is check
before entering into loop.
▪ The syntax of while loop
while(condition)
{
//code to be executed
//increment or decrement
}
Flowchart of while loop

▪ It check condition before

entering into loop.
▪ Not like for loop it have
increment or decrement
statement inside loop.
▪ If you don’t know stopping
condition than it may go in
infinite loop.
Program using while loop
//Program to print multiplication table using while loop
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,iter=1; //declaring variable num and iter of type int
clrscr(); //function to clear screen
printf("\n enter number to print multiplication table : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("\n multiplication table of entered number is");
while(iter<=10)
{
printf("\n %d * %d = %d", num,iter,(iter*num));
iter++; //is same as num = num + 1
}
getch(); //function to hold out put on screen
}
Do while loop
▪ It iterates the code until condition is false. Here, condition is
given after the code.
▪ So at least once, code is executed whether condition is true or
false. It is better if you have to execute the code at least once.
▪ It is known as exit control loop.
▪ The syntax of do-while loop in c language is given below:
do
{
//code to be executed
}
while(condition);
Flowchart
▪ You can see in the flowchart
Condition is check after the
code At the time of exit from
the loop.
▪ That’s why it going to executed
one more time if condition is
true or false.
Program using do while loop

//Program to print multiplication table using do while loop

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int iter=1,num;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter number to print multiplication table : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
do
{ printf("\n %d * %d = %d", num,iter,(num*iter));
iter++;
}while(iter<=10);
getch();
}
Break, continue, goto and exit statement
Break statement : is use to break the execution based on given
condition.
▪ If condition id fulfill than it come out from the execution of loop
or any other code.
▪ For that break keyword is use.
Program using break statement
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1;
clrscr();
for(i=1; i<=10; i++)
{
printf("%d \n",i);
if(i==5)
{
break;
}
}
getch();
}
Continue : it is use to continue the iteration or execution of
program based on given condition
▪ For that continue keyword is use.
Program using continue statement
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ()
{
int a = 10;
do
{
if( a == 15)
{
a = a + 1;
continue;
}
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;
} while( a < 20 );
getch();
}
Goto statement : It is use to jump from one instruction to
other in the program.
The goto statement allows us to transfer control of the program
to the specified label.
Syntax:
Forward jump
goto label;
.. .
label: statement;
Program using goto statement
void main()
{ //age1,age2,age3 is label for goto
int age;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter your age : ");
scanf("%d",&age);

if(age<=0)
goto age1;
else if(age>0 && age<18)
goto age2;
else if(age>18 && age<50)
goto age3;
else
printf("\n you are allow for voting online not offline");
goto last;
age1:
printf("\n please enter valid age");
goto last;
age2:
printf("\n you are not allow for voating");
goto last;
age3:
printf("\n you are allow for voating at center");
last:
printf("\n bye");
getch();
}
Exit statement
▪ exit() is a standard library function, which terminates program
execution when it is called.
▪ syntax for a exit statement
void exit(int status)
▪ status -> The status in an integer value returned to the parent
process.
▪ Here 0 usually means program completed successfully, and
nonzero values are used as error codes. e.g exit(0);
▪ There are also predefined macros EXIT_SUCCESS and
EXIT_FAILURE, e.g. exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
▪ In the C Language, the required header for the
▪ exit( ) function is stdlib.h.
Program using exit
#include<stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main ()
{
printf("Start of the program....\n");
printf("Exiting the program....\n");
exit(0);
printf("End of the program....\n");
getch();
}
Conditional Ternary operator (? :)
▪ Conditional operator is similar as if else statement.
▪ It takes less space rather than if else program.
▪ It helps to write if else statement in shortest manner.
Syntax : Expression1 ? Expression2 : Expression3
Is similar to if else like
if(Expression1)
{
variable = Expression2;
}
else
{
variable = Expression3;
}
Flowchart of Conditional Ternary operator :)
Program of Conditional Ternary operator

//Program using conditional operator (specical operator ? :)

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter number to check : ");
scanf("%d",&num);
((num>0)?printf("\n positive"):printf("\n negative"));
getch();
}
Perform below list of programs using all loop
▪ Write a C program to print all natural numbers from 1 to n. - using while
loop
▪ Write a C program to print all natural numbers in reverse (from n to 1). -
using while loop
▪ Write a C program to print all alphabets from a to z. - using while loop
▪ Write a C program to print all even numbers between 1 to 100. - using while
loop
▪ Write a C program to print all odd number between 1 to 100.
▪ Write a C program to print sum of all even numbers between 1 to n.
▪ Write a C program to print sum of all odd numbers between 1 to n.
▪ Write a C program to print table of any number.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and calculate sum of all natural
numbers between 1 to n.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and find its first and last digit.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and calculate sum of its digits.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and calculate product of its
digits.
▪ Write a C program to swap first and last digits of any number.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and print its reverse.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and check whether the
number is palindrome or not.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and check whether it is
Prime number or not.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and check whether it is
Armstrong number or not.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and check whether it is
Perfect number or not.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and check whether it is
Strong number or not.
▪ Write a C program to print all Prime numbers between 1 to n.
▪ Write a C program to print all Armstrong numbers between 1 to n.
▪ Write a C program to print all Perfect numbers between 1 to n.
▪ Write a C program to print all Strong numbers between 1 to n.
▪ Write a C program to enter any number and print its prime factors.
▪ Write a C program to find sum of all prime numbers between 1 to n.
▪ Write a C program to print Fibonacci series up to n terms.