DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM — COMPLETE SEMESTER NOTES + EXPECTED
QUESTIONS
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UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
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1. Overview of DBMS
A DBMS is software used to define, store, retrieve, and manage data. Advantages include reduced
redundancy, data consistency, security, backup and recovery, and multi-user support.
2. DBMS vs File System
DBMS provides structured, relational, secure storage — unlike file systems, which lack
relationships and centralized control.
3. 3-Level Architecture
External (views), Conceptual (logical design), Internal (physical storage).
4. Schema & Instance
Schema is the design; instance is the current data.
5. Data Independence
Logical and physical independence ensure safe schema changes.
6. DB Languages
DDL, DML, DCL, TCL.
7. ER Model Concepts
Entities, attributes, relationships, keys, and mapping constraints.
8. Generalization, Specialization, Aggregation
Used for advanced modeling.
9. ER to Table Conversion
Entities → tables, M:N relations → separate table.
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UNIT II – RELATIONAL MODEL & SQL
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Relational model uses tables, attributes, tuples, and domains.
Integrity Constraints: entity, referential, domain, and key.
Relational Algebra: selection, projection, join, union, intersection, difference.
SQL Commands:
DDL — CREATE, DROP
DML — SELECT, INSERT
DCL — GRANT, REVOKE
TCL — COMMIT, ROLLBACK
Joins: inner, left, right, full.
Views, indexes, triggers.
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UNIT III – NORMALIZATION
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Functional Dependencies.
Normal Forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF.
Lossless join, dependency preservation.
MVDs and JDs for advanced normal forms.
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UNIT IV – TRANSACTION PROCESSING
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ACID Properties.
Serializability: conflict & view.
Recoverability: cascading rollback, log-based recovery.
Deadlock handling: wait-die, wound-wait.
Checkpoints for faster recovery.
Distributed databases: transparency, reliability.
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UNIT V – CONCURRENCY CONTROL
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Locking: Shared, Exclusive.
2PL (Two-Phase Locking).
Timestamp ordering.
Validation-based protocol.
Multiple granularity locking.
Multiversion concurrency control (MVCC).
Oracle uses row-level locking + MVCC.
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EXPECTED EXAM QUESTIONS (LONG + SHORT)
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UNIT I
1. Explain DBMS architecture with neat diagram.
2. Differentiate between DBMS and File System. (Short)
3. Explain ER model and mapping constraints. (Long)
4. What is data independence? Types? (Short)
UNIT II
1. Explain relational algebra operations with examples.
2. What are integrity constraints? (Short)
3. Write SQL queries for:
- Join
- Subquery
- View
4. What are triggers and indexes?
UNIT III
1. Explain normalization up to BCNF with examples. (Long)
2. Define functional dependency with examples.
3. What is lossless join decomposition? (Short)
UNIT IV
1. Explain ACID properties. (Short)
2. What is serializability? Explain types. (Long)
3. Describe recovery techniques.
4. What is checkpointing?
UNIT V
1. Explain 2PL protocol with diagram.
2. What is timestamp ordering protocol? (Short)
3. Describe MVCC with example.
4. Explain deadlock detection & prevention.
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END OF DOCUMENT
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