Introduction to Electronics & Communication
ASSIGNMENT 01
MODULE 01
1. With a neat block diagram, explain the working of a DC
power supply. Mention the principal components used in
each block
Ans:
High mains voltage is reduced using a step-down transformer.
The low-voltage AC output is converted to pulsating DC using rectifier diodes.
This DC is then smoothed and filtered.
Finally, a regulator keeps the output voltage steady despite changes in load or
mains voltage.
The iron-core step-down transformer supplies power to the
rectifier.
A large capacitor connected to the rectifier smooths the voltage
by storing charge.
A stabilizing circuit with a transistor and Zener diode keeps the
output voltage constant.
2. Mention advantages of negative feedback in amplifier
circuits. With relevant equations and diagram Explain the
concept of negative feedback.
Ans:
Advantages:
Stabilizes gain – Less sensitive to component variations.
Reduces distortion – Feedback cancels out part of the signal error.
Improves bandwidth – Extends frequency response.
Increases input & decreases output resistance – Improves impedance
matching.
Concept:
In negative feedback, a portion of the output is fed back and subtracted
from the input signal.
Formula:
Diagram:
3. A 5 V Zener diode has a maximum rated power dissipation
of 500 mW. If the diode is to be used in a simple regulator
circuit to supply a regulated 5 V to a load having a
resistance of 400 Ω, determine a suitable value of series
resistor for operation in conjunction with a supply of 9 V.
Ans:
4. With neat circuit diagram and waveforms explain the
working of bridge wave rectifier.
Ans:
Circuit Diagram:
It consists of:
Four diodes: D1, D2, D3, D4
A step-down transformer
A load resistor (RL)
Working Principle:
Positive Half Cycle:
Terminal A is positive with respect to terminal B.
Diodes D1 and D2 conduct (forward biased).
Diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and don’t conduct.
Current flows: Transformer → D1 → Load (RL) → D2 → back to
Transformer.
Output across RL is positive.
Negative Half Cycle:
Terminal B is positive with respect to terminal A.
Diodes D3 and D4 conduct (forward biased).
Diodes D1 and D2 are reverse biased and don’t conduct.
Current flows: Transformer → D3 → Load (RL) → D4 → back to
Transformer.
Again, output across RL is positive, just like in the first half.
Waveforms:
The input waveform is sinusoidal (AC).
The output waveform is pulsating DC (both halves are positive).
5. Write a note on frequency response characteristics of an
amplifier circuit, clearly mentioning the half power
frequencies.
Ans:
Frequency Response of an Amplifier:
The frequency response of an amplifier describes how the gain
(amplification) of the amplifier varies with frequency of the input signal.
It is typically shown as a graph of gain (output/input) vs. frequency on a
logarithmic scale.
Key Regions of Frequency Response:
1. Lower Cutoff Frequency (f₁):
The frequency below which the amplifier gain starts decreasing
significantly.
o Also called low-frequency 3 dB point.
2. Upper Cutoff Frequency (f₁):
The frequency above which the gain also starts falling.
o Also called high-frequency 3 dB point.
3. Mid-Band Region:
o Between f₁ and f₁, the amplifier maintains constant gain.
o This is the operating frequency range.
Graphical Representation:
These figures show:
Flat gain in the mid-frequency region.
Dropping gain before f1 and after f2
Marked points at which gain falls by 3 dB (half power).
Bandwidth (BW):
The range of frequencies over which the amplifier provides uniform gain
is called the bandwidth:
Bandwidth=f2−f1
6. What are multistage amplifiers. Name different types of
coupling.
Ans:
A multistage amplifier is formed by cascading several amplifier stages to
get higher gain.
Types of Coupling:
1. RC Coupling – Resistor & capacitor used between stages.
2. Transformer Coupling – Transformer used for impedance matching.
3. Direct Coupling – Direct electrical connection without capacitors.
7. Explain voltage doublers and triplers.
Ans:
A voltage multiplier is an electronic circuit that increases the voltage of
an AC input without using a transformer. It uses diodes and capacitors to
multiply the peak input voltage to 2× (doubler), 3× (tripler), or more.
Voltage Doubler:
A Voltage Doubler produces an output voltage that is approximately
twice the peak AC input voltage.
Voltage Tripler:
A Voltage Tripler outputs a voltage approximately three times the peak
AC input voltage.
8. An integrated circuit that produces an open loop gain of
100 is to be used as the basis of an amplifier stage having
a precise voltage gain of 20. Determine the amount of
feedback required.
Ans:
E section
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