Electricity
Electric Current and Ohm's Law:
Electric Current: It is the rate of flow of electric charge.
𝑄
𝐼
𝑡
Charge can be either negative (electron) or positive
(proton).
SI unit of charge = "Coulomb" (C).
SI unit of current "Ampere" (A).
1 Ampere: It is the defined as one coulomb of charge in
unit time.
Small quantity of current is expressed as:
1𝑚𝐴 10 𝐴 1𝜇𝐴 10 𝐴
Ammeter: It is the device used to measure electric current
in a circuit.
Ammeter has very low resistance.
Ideal Ammeter has zero resistance.
Ammeter is always connected in series in the circuit.
Electric circuit: A continuous and closed path of an electric
current.
The electrons move only if there is a potential difference
along the conductor which may be
produced by a battery that consist of one or more cells.
Potential difference: It is the work done to move a unit
charge from one place to another.
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𝑾
𝑽
𝑸
SI unit of potential difference is volt (V).
𝟏𝑱
1𝑽
𝟏𝑪
Voltmeter: It is the device used to measure potential
difference.
Voltmeter has very high resistance.
Ideal Voltmeter has infinite resistance.
Voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the
points between which potential difference must be
measured.
Ohm's law: The flow of current through the metallic
conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference across the conductor provided the physical
conditions (like; temperature, volume, density, pressure
etc.) are remain constant i.e. 𝐼 ∝ 𝑉
𝑉
∴𝑅
𝐼
here, R is the resistance.
The graph between V and I is always straight line with
slope equal to R.
Resistance: Property of a conductor that opposes the flow
of current.
It is represented by 'R'.
S.I. unit of resistance= ohm(Ω).
1 Ohm: The resistance of a conductor is said to be one
Ohm, when the potential difference across the conductor
is 1V and the current flowing through it is 1A.
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1𝑉
𝑅 1Ω
1𝐴
Current through a resistor is inversely proportional to
resistance.
If the resistance is doubled, the current gets halved.
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends:
Length of conductor:
Resistance is directly proportional to the length of
conductor.
This means resistance increases with increase in
length of the conductor.
This is why long wires create more resistance to the
electric current.
Area of cross-section:
Resistance is inversely proportional to the area of
cross-section of the conductor.
This means resistance decreases with increase in
area of cross-section of conductor and vice versa.
This is why, a thick copper wire creates less
resistance to electric current.
Temperature: Resistance is directly proportional to the
temperature.
Nature of material:
Resistance depends on nature of material.
Some materials like silver are good conductor of
electricity while some like plastic are bad
conductor.
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Resistivity: Resistance offered by a wire of unit length
and unit cross-sectional area.
Resistivity of an alloy is generally greater than the
constituent's metals, so they are used in heating devices.
Resistance of a system of resistors
Series combinations of resistors:
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
Equivalent resistance is thus greater than the largest
resistances connected in series.
This is known as maximum effective resistance.
The current through each resistor is same.
The potential difference across each resistor is different.
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Parallel combinations of resistors:
The reciprocal of equivalent resistance is equal to the sum
of the reciprocal of individual resistances.
Equivalent resistance is less than the resistance of either
resistor. This is known as minimum effective resistance.
The current from the source is greater than the current
through either resistor.
The potential difference across each resistor is same.
Joule's Law Of Heating Effect, Electric Power
Heating effect of the current or Joule's law of heating: It
states that, the heat produced in a resistor is directly
proportional to the square of the current for a given
resistance, resistance for a given current and time for
which current flows. i.e. 𝐻 𝐼 𝑅𝑡
Applications of heating effect of electric current:
It is used in electric laundry, iron, electric toaster, electric
oven and electric heater.
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It is used to produce light as in electric bulb. Tungsten
filament is used for making bulb.
The bulbs are filled with inert nitrogen and argon gas.
It is used in the fuse connected in an electric circuit.
Fuse is a safety device used to protect the circuit and the
appliances by stopping the flow of unduly high electric
current. The fuse is placed in series with the device.
Fuse Wire : The wire which melts, breaks the circuit and
prevents the damage of various appliances in the
household connections.
It is connected in series and its thickness determines the
maximum current that can be drawn.
It is made of an alloy of aluminium, copper, iron and lead.
Electric power: It is the rate at which electric energy is
consumed in an electric circuit.
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸
𝑃
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
S.I. unit of electric power: Watt (W).
1 Watt: It is defined as the power consumed by a device,
when 1 A of current passes through it at the potential
difference of 1 V.
1 watt = 1 volt x 1 ampere
Electrical energy: It is the product of power and time.
Unit of electrical energy is watt hour.
Commercial unit is kilowatt hour.
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1 KWh = 1000 watt x 3600 s = 3.6 10 watt s =
3.6 10 J.
General formula for unit calculation is given below
Unit =
Here,
N → the no. of appliances
P → It is the power in watt
t → consumed time (hours/day)
d → no. of days used
Relation between P, V, I and R
As we know, P = Vl
By the ohm’s law, V = IR
So 𝑃 𝐼 𝑅
Or 𝑃
Prepared by: Varun Kum arArya,N arayana e-Techno School(N LKR)
Prepared by: Varun Kum arArya,N arayana e-Techno School(N LKR)
