Problem: 01: Consider steady, incompressible, two dimensional flow through a converging duct
(See the figure). A simple approximate velocity field for this flow is;
⃑ = (𝑢, 𝑣) = (𝑈0 + 𝑏𝑥)𝑖 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑗
𝑉
Where 𝑈0 is the horizontal speed at x = 0. Note that this equation ignores viscous effect along the
wall but is a reasonable approximation through the majority of the flow field. Calculate the material
acceleration for fluid particles passing through this duct. Give your answer in two ways: (1) as
acceleration components ax and ay and (2) as acceleration vector 𝑎.
⃑⃑⃑
Problem: 02: A steady, incompressible, two dimensional velocity field is given by the following
component in the xy- plane:
𝑢 = 0.205 + 0.97 𝑥 + 0.851 𝑦
𝑣 = −0.509 + 0.953 𝑥 − 0.97 𝑦
Calculate the acceleration field (find expression for acceleration components a x and ay) and calculate the
acceleration at the point (x, y) = (2, 1.5).
Problem 03: A reducing elbow in a horizontal pipe is used to deflect water flow by an angle of
450 from the flow direction while accelerating it. The elbow discharge water into the atmosphere.
The cross sectional are of the elbow is 150 cm2 at the inlet and 25 cm 2 at the exist. The elevation
difference between the centers of the exit and the inlet is 40 cm. The mass of the elbow and the
water in it is 50 kg. Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the elbow in place. Take the
momentum flux correction factor to be 1.03 at both the inlet and outlet.
Problem 04: Water is flowing into and discharge from a pipe U-section as shown in the Figure. At flange
(1), the total absolute pressure is 200 kPa, and 55 kg/s flows into the pipe. At flange (2), the total pressure
is 150 kPa. At location (3), 15 kg/s of water discharges to the atmosphere, which is at 100 kPa. Determine
the total x-and z- forces at the two flanges connecting the pipe. Discuss the importance of gravity force for
this problem. Take the momentum flux correction factor to be 1.03 throughout the pipe.
Problem 05:
The velocity profile in fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe of inner radius R =2 cm, in
𝑟2
m/s, is given by 𝑢(𝑟) = 4 (1 − 𝑅2 ). Determine the average maximum velocity in the pipe and the
flow rate.
Problem 06:
Water at 15 0C is to be discharge from a reservoir at a rate of 18 L/s using two horizontal cast iron
pipes connected in series and a pump between them (see the figure). The first pipe is 20 m ling
and has a 6-cm diameter, while the second pipe is 35 m long and has 4-cm diameter. The water
level in the reservoir is 30 m above the centerline of the pipe. The pipe entrance is sharp-edged,
and losses associated with the connection of the pump are negligible. Neglecting the effect of the
kinetic energy correction factor, determine the required pumping head and the minimum pumping
power to maintain the indicated flow rate.
Problem 07
Figure Q2 shows a two dimensional ideal flow configuration proposed to model a particular flow
configuration encountered in a practical application involving flow around structures. The
proposed flow singularity model comprised a uniform flow of velocity U, a source of strength Q
= 4aU the point (-a, 0), a sink of strength –Q at the point (a, 0), and two equal and opposite
vortices of strength = 2aU at the points (3a, ±a).
(i) Identify the practical flow problem relevant to the flow singularity model proposed above
and sketch the flow pattern. [04 Marks]
(ii) Write down expressions for the stream function and potential function of the flow field.
[04 Marks]
(iii) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution on the x-axis, and sketch it highlighting
the salient features. [08 Marks]
(iii) Sketch, without any calculation, the streamline pattern of the flow field and compare it
with that presented in part (i) above. [04 Marks]
y
-
a
U
+Q -Q x
a a
3a a
+
Figure Q7
