1.
Types of Dependencies (Functional, Multivalued, Join,
etc.)
1. Define Functional Dependency (FD). Explain its role in database design.
2. What is Partial Dependency? Give an example.
3. Explain Transitive Dependency with a suitable illustration.
4. Define Multivalued Dependency (MVD) and explain when it occurs.
5. What is Join Dependency? Explain with an example.
6. Differentiate between Full Functional Dependency and Partial Dependency.
7. Explain how functional dependencies help in normalization.
8. Write short notes on:
o a) Candidate keys
o b) Determinants
o c) Closure of functional dependencies
2. Normalization (Concept & Need)
9. What is normalization? Why is it needed in DBMS?
10. Explain the objectives of normalization.
11. Describe how normalization helps reduce redundancy.
12. Explain the disadvantages of unnormalized database structures.
13. Write a note on the importance of anomaly elimination using normalization.
14. Differentiate between update, insertion, and deletion anomalies.
3. Types of Normal Forms
15. Define 1NF. What are the conditions to satisfy 1NF?
16. Explain 2NF with an example.
17. What is 3NF? How is it different from 2NF?
18. Explain Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) with a suitable case.
19. What is 4NF? Explain multivalued dependency in relation to 4NF.
20. Define 5NF and explain join dependency.
21. Compare 3NF and BCNF.
22. Why is BCNF stricter than 3NF?
23. Describe the advantages and limitations of higher normal forms (BCNF, 4NF, 5NF).
4. Normalization Process
24. Explain step-by-step how to normalize a table from 1NF → 2NF → 3NF.
25. Illustrate normalization using a student-course example.
26. What are the problems introduced by partial and transitive dependencies?
27. Describe the process of designing a normalized database schema.
28. Explain dependency preservation during normalization.
29. What is lossless join decomposition? Why is it essential?
5. States and Properties of Transaction
30. Define a transaction. Why are transactions needed?
31. Explain the ACID properties of a transaction.
32. What is Atomicity? How is it achieved?
33. Explain Consistency and its importance.
34. What is Isolation? Explain with example scenarios.
35. Define Durability in DBMS.
36. Explain the different states of a transaction:
Active
Partially committed
Failed
Aborted
Committed
37. What do you mean by schedule and serializability in transactions?
38. Write short notes on:
Cascading rollback
Concurrent execution
Dirty read
6. PL/SQL – Procedures
39. What is a PL/SQL procedure? Explain its structure.
40. Compare procedures and functions.
41. Explain how to create, execute, and drop a procedure.
42. Write short notes on:
IN parameter
OUT parameter
IN OUT parameter
43. Explain advantages of using procedures in PL/SQL.
44. Describe the importance of modular programming using procedures.
7. PL/SQL – Triggers
45. Define a trigger. What is its purpose?
46. Explain the types of triggers based on:
Timing (BEFORE, AFTER)
Events (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
47. What are row-level and statement-level triggers? Explain with examples.
48. Describe the structure of PL/SQL trigger.
49. Explain mutating table error in triggers.
50. Discuss scenarios where triggers are useful in real-time systems.
8. PL/SQL – Cursors
51. What is a cursor? Why do we use cursors in PL/SQL?
52. Differentiate between implicit and explicit cursors.
53. Explain the cursor lifecycle (OPEN–FETCH–CLOSE).
54. What is a cursor FOR loop? Explain with an example.
55. Explain cursor attributes:
%FOUND
%NOTFOUND
%ROWCOUNT
%ISOPEN
56. Describe real-time situations where explicit cursors are required.
