16

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
This design project titled “Planning, Analysis and Design of
Expressway Escape: THE HIGHWAY NEST” is a part of our academic
curriculum aimed at enhancing our practical understanding of construction and
design. The project involves the planning, analysis, and design of a modern
highway restaurant complex, developed using AutoCAD for planning and
STAAD Pro for structural analysis. The design focuses on providing a
sustainable, functional, and comfortable rest stop for travelers while efficiently
utilizing the available site capacity.
1.2 SUPER STRUCTURE

Our project, “Design of Expressway Escape: THE HIGHWAY NEST,”

consists of a G+1 building with shops on the ground floor and a restaurant on the
first floor. The design aims to create a comfortable and convenient stop for
travelers along the expressway.
The superstructure is planned using AutoCAD and analyzed in STAAD
Pro, ensuring strength, stability, and aesthetic appeal. The project focuses on
combining functionality and sustainability to enhance the travel experience.
1.3 RESTAURANT BUILDING

The proposed building, titled “Design of Expressway Escape: THE

HIGHWAY NEST,” is a G+1 structure with a total area of approximately 14868
square feet, located near Sukkaliyur.
The ground floor comprises commercial shops that cater to travelers’
basic needs, while the first floor features a spacious restaurant equipped with a
dining hall, kitchen, storage area, lobby, restrooms, and service spaces, fulfilling
the requirements of both comfort and convenience.
 17

The building is designed as an R.C.C. framed structure, ensuring

strength and durability. All reinforced concrete components are designed using
the Limit State Method, adhering to relevant IS codes and safety standards. The
design focuses on functionality, sustainability, and aesthetics to create an ideal
rest stop for expressway travelers.

1.4 SCOPE

➢ Design of slab using the Limit State Method.

➢ Design of doubly reinforced beam and plinth beam as per relevant IS codes.

➢ Design of columns in accordance with SP-16 and IS 456:2000.

➢ Design of isolated footings using the Limit State Method.

 18

CHAPTER-2

SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 GENERAL

This project is a convention centre located at Karur to Madurai bypass (NH-

44) at Sukkaliyur, with a total area of about 14868 Sq.m. and with a plinth area of
about 2016 Sq.m. The selected site condition is with red soil. We are going to
provide isolated footing because as it has a good bearing strength.

Name of the building Restaurant building

Type of soil Red soil

Location Karur

Total area 14868 Sq.m.

Build up area 2016 Sq.m.

Type of footing Isolated footing

2.2 GROUND & FIRST FLOOR PLAN

GROUND FLOOR

6 Shops 19’6”*14’8”

Rest room 10’*40’

FIRST FLOOR

Dinning hall 63’3”*14’8”

Kitchen 29’2.6”*15’7”

Service room 19’2.8”*15’7”

 19

2.3 DESCRIPTION

D Door = 0.91m×2.13m
D1 Door = 1.52m×2.13m
W Window = 1.22m×1.22m
V Ventilator = 0.76m×0.75m

2.3.1 SIZE OF COLUMN & BEAM:

C = 0.230m×0.230m

B = 0.230m×0.40m

2.4 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

The structural elements are those that make an essential part of building that
is used to transfer the loads that acts some of the structural elements are
➢ Slab
➢ Beam
➢ Column
➢ Footing
➢ Staircase

2.4.1 SLAB

Slab is a structural elements used to cover floors and roofs in which the
thickness considerably smaller than their lateral dimension. They are frequently
used in buildings, top and bottom of tanks, decks in bridge structures, raft
foundation and staircase slabs. Slabs are classified into different types depending
upon their support conditions as simply supported, continuous, cantilever. There are
different types of slab such as
 20

➢ One way slab

➢ Two way slab
➢ Flat slab
1. One way slab:
One way slab are those supported on two opposite sides so that the
load carried in one direction only.
2. Two way slab:
The two way slab is those that are supported on all four sides such that
the loads act along both the directions.
3. Flat slab:
Flat slab are multi-slab which are directly supported on columns
without beams.
2.4.2 COLUMNS

Column is a vertical structural member transiting load to the ground and is also
a compression member. Columns are classified into different types depending upon
loading, type of reinforcement and the slenderness ratio.
Classification based on loading

➢ Axial column
➢ Uniaxial column
➢ Biaxial column

Classification based on type of reinforcement

➢ Tied column
➢ Spiral column
➢ Composite column
Tied column

It is a column in which the main longitudinal reinforcement bars are confined

within closely spaced lateral ties.
 21

Spiral column

The columns having main longitudinal reinforcement enclosed within closely

spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement.

Composite column

The columns in which the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of the steel
structure section or pipes with or without longitudinal bars.

Classification based on slenderness ratio

➢ Long column (slenderness ratio > 12)
➢ Medium column (slenderness ratio = 12)
➢ Short column (slenderness ratio < 12)

2.4.3 STAIRCASE

Stairs serve as an important componenet of connection between the floors in

multi-storey building. The structural componenets of staircase are Tread, Riser,
Landing beam etc., The tread is the horizontal portion generally 250 to 300mm
wide. The riser is the bertical portion 150 to 200mm depending on the type of
building. There are different types of staircase such as
➢ Straight stair

➢ Quarter stair

➢ Dog-legged stair

➢ Open well

➢ Spiral stair
 22

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF STAIR CASES

The structural behavior of staircase depends upon the support upon the support
conditions and the direction of major bending of the slab component under the
following categories
➢ Staircase slab spanning longitudinally in the direction of the flight
➢ Stair case slab spanning transversely
➢ Staircase slab spanning out as a cantilever from a central pillar from floor
to floor

2.4.4 FOOTING

The footing is a structure that is constructed below the ground surface that is
used to withstand the load transmitted through the slab, beam, column, etc., In our
convention center project we have planned to construct with an isolated footing.
There are different types of footing that are used. They are

➢ Spread footing
➢ Strap footing
➢ Combined footing
➢ Continuous footing

2.5 EARTHWORK EXCAVATION

Before starting the earthwork, the whole site should be cleaned well. The
excavation shall be carried out by designed dimensions. Bottom portion of the
trenches are leveled with rammer by spraying water.
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2.6 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE FOR FOUNDATION

The plain cement concrete is used for laying the foundation. It is a mixture
which consists of cement sand, coarse aggregate. Its is mixed with the proportion of
([Link]) that is 1 part of cement, 4 parts of fine aggregate and 8 parts of coarse
aggregate and it is mixed by adding the required quantity is water.

2.7 REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE WORK

The reinforced concrete work is done with the proportion of ([Link]) that is it has
1 parts of cement, 1 parts of fine aggregate and 2 parts of coarse aggregate and the
required water content is also added for mixing the mixture.

2.8 BRICK WORK IN SUPER STRUCTURE

The brick work in the superstructure is done with the help of the first class
bricks and with the cement mortar with the proportion of 1:5. First the brick used for
the brickwork is well soaked in the water and it is washed well. Then it is placed in
their respective places and it is made to be bonded with the cement mortar.

2.9 PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE FOR FLOORING

The ingredients used for this is also cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate.
The proportion of this is [Link] that is 1 part of cement, 4 parts of fine aggregate, 8
parts of coarse aggregate and it is mixed with the required water content.
 24

2.10 PLASTERING

Plastering is a thin layer of matter that is laid over the masonry work and it acts
as a damp proof coarse for the brick work. Plastering work also provides a smooth
appearance and aesthetic look. The primary aim of the plastering is to protect the
surface from the atmospheric influences and to provide a smooth surface for painting.

2.11 INFERENCE

Thus the convention centre building has been planned and designed
accordingly with the above mentioned specifications in an economical and with a
better safety aspect. This chapter is followed by planning.
Specification specifies the nature and the class of work materials to be used in the
work workmanship etc. and is very important for the execution of the work. The
cost of a work depends much on specification.
 25

CHAPTER 3

PLANNING AND DRAWING

3.1 GENERAL

Everything must fall into its proper place, but also in aesthetically acceptable
place. This is the main principle to be remembered while planning a building. Either
the planning should be functioned based on requirement of an individual square or
rectangular plan makes a building compact. It makes the building cooler in summer
and warmer in winter season, since fewer walls exposed to weather.

The factors governing the shape of the plan are climatic conditions,
accommodation requirement local by –laws, site location etc. One of the most
important things is proper orientation. Good orientation means proper placement of
the plan units of the building in relation with sun, Wind, topography and outlooks.

3.2 SOFTWARE USED

Software used to draw plan is Auto CADD. Auto CADD is a software

application for Computer-Aided Design and Drafting, in both 2D and 3D formats.
The software products is developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc., the largest design
automation company in the world, the headquarters of which are located in
Californian city.

AutoCAD is first released in the year 1982 by Autodesk. Autodesk’s flagship

product and by March 1986 had become the most influenced microcomputer design
program in the world, utilizing functions such as poly lines and curve fitting.
 26

3.3 INTRODUCTION

The preliminary analysis and design includes,

➢ Plan of building

➢ Locating the positions of columns and beams

3.4 PLAN OF THE BUILDING

The project has been taken up to plan and design a hotel building. While
planning sufficient area is provided for toilet and water closet. Building should be
planned in such a way that its orientation with respect to wind direction should
ensure good ventilation and sunlight.

When the location of two columns are very near, Than one column should be
provided instead of two at such a position so as to reduce the beam moment. Avoid
larger centre to centre distance between columns.

Columns should preferably be located at or near the corners of the building

and at the intersection of beam/columns. Avoid larger spans of beams.
 27

[Link].3.1 Site Layout

[Link].3.2 Ground Floor Plan

 28

[Link].3.3 First Floor Plan

[Link].3.5 Elevation
 29

[Link].3.6 Section

[Link].3.7 Column Layout

 30

CHAPTER-4

ANALYSIS

4.1 GENERAL
The load calculation is made by specification given by IS 875 Part II- 1987 And
the combination of loads are taken as per IS 456-2000. All the analysis is made by
STADD Pro software

4.2 ANALYSIS

The software used for analysis is STAAD pro [Link] or STAAD pro is a
structural analysis and design computer program originally developed by
Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, California. In late 2005,
Bentley systems bought Research Engineers International. The commercial
version STAAD pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and
Design Software.
 31

4.3 STAAD Pro Report

32
33
34
 35

4.4 SKELETON VIEW OF THE BUILDING

[Link] 4.1 Isometric view of whole building

This is the isometric view of the building it shows the skeleton view of the building.

4.5 3D VIEW

Three dimensional models that display a picture or item in a item in a

form that appears to be physically present with a designated structure
essentially, it allows item that appeared flat to the human eye to be display in a
form that allows for various dimension to be represented.
These dimensions include width, depth and height.
 36

[Link].4.2 Rendered View

[Link].4.3 Dead load

 37

4.6 BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE IN THE BEAM

The below figure 4.4 and 4.5 shows the action of bending moment and shear force in
the beam of the structure.

[Link].4.4 Bending moment in the beam

[Link].4.5 Shear force in the beam

 38

4.7 BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE IN THE COLUMN

The below figure 4.6 and 4.7 shows the action of bending moment
and shearforce in the column of the structure.

[Link].4.6 Bending moment in the column

[Link].4.7 Shear Force in the column

 39

CHAPTER-5

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

5.1GENERAL

The next step after analysis is to design the various components by using the
limit state method. The various components designed in the present work are
listed below,
➢ Design of slab

➢ Design of beam

➢ Design of column

➢ Design of footing

➢ Design of staircase

Common materials using while designing various components are,

Fck = 20N/mm2
Fy = 415N/mm2

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

If the ratio of longer span to shorter span not exceeds 2, then the slab will be
referred as two way slab. The percentage of reinforcement in slabs is generally
low in range of 0.3 to 0.5 percent of total c/s area.

TYPES OF SLAB

➢ One way slab

➢ Two way slab

➢ Flat slab
 40

5.1.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

DATA COLLECTION
Slab size = 5943.6mmx4511.04mm
Ly = 5943.6mm
Lx = 4511.04mm
Grade of concrete = M25
Grade of steel = Fe415
Live load = 4kN/m2
Floor finishing = 0.75kN/m2
Edge condition = 4 edge discontinuous
(Ly/lx) = (5943.6/4511.04)
(Ly/lx) = 1.317< 2 (Two way slab)
Effective depth

Effective depth d = span / 25

= 4511 / 25
= 180 mm
Over all depth D = 210 mm
Effective span

i) le = clear span + c/c of support

= 4511+ 230

= 4741mm

ii)le = clear span + effective depth

= 304511 + 180

= 4691mm
 41

Load calculation

Self weight of slab =1x0.21x25

=5.25KN/m2

Live load =4KN/m

Floor finish =0.75KN/m2

Total service load =10KN

Total factored load =1.5x10

=15KN/m2

Shear force

Vu = Wle/2=15x4.69/2=35.17KN

Mx=0.076x15x4.692=25.07KN

My= 0.043x15x4.692=14.18KN.m

Area of steel

Main reinforcement in X-direction :

Mux = 0.87fyxAstxd(1-(fyxAst/fckxbxd))

25.67X106 = 0.87x500xAstx180(1-(500Ast/(25x103x180))

Ast = 332mm2

Spacing = ((π/4) x d2 x103) / Ast

= ((π/4)x8/2x103) / 332

= 340mm
 42

Provide 12mm dia bars @ 340mm c/c Spacing as main reinforcement in x-direction

Main reinforcement in Y-direction :

Muy = 0.87fyxAstxd (1-(fyxAst/fckxbxd))

14.18x106=0.87x500xAstx180(1(500Ast/(25x103x180))
Ast = 184mm2

Spacing = ((π/4) xd2x103)/ Ast

= ((π/4) x102 x103)/184

= 426mm

Provide 10mm dia bars @ 400mm c/c Spacing as main reinforcement in x-direction

Check for shear

τv = vu / bd

=35.17x103/(1000x180)

= 0.195N/mm2

τc =Pt = (Ast / bd) x 100

= 100x350 / (1000 x 180)

= 0.19

kτc = 0.37N/mm2

kτc>τv

Check for deflection

(l/d)basic = 4510/180

= 25
 43

(l/d)max = 25x1.5x1x1

= 37.5

(l/d)max > (l/d)base

Torsion reinforcement at corners

Area of torsion steel at each of corner in 4 Layer is computed by

= 0.75 x Ast

= 0.75 x 350

= 262.5mm2

Length over which torsion steel is provided

= (1/5) x shear span

= (1/5) x 4511

= 900mm

Spacing = ((π/4) x82 x103) / 350

= 143mm

Provide 8mm dia bars @ 200mm c/c for a length of 608mm as a

torsional reinforcement.

Edge strip

Area of a edge strip = 0.12%BD

=(0.12/100x1000x180)

= 216mm2

Spacing =((π/4)x82x103)/350= 617mm

Provide 8mm dia bars @ 600mm.

 44

[Link] 5.1 Reinforcement Details for Slab

 45

5.2 DESIGN OF BEAM

GENERAL

Structural concrete beam elements are designed to supported a given

system of external loads such as walls and slabs of roofs and floor systems. The
cross section dimensions are generally assumed based on serviceability
requirement. The width is fixed based on thickness of walls and housing of
reinforcement and the depth is selected to control deflection with in safe
permissible limits.

The reinforcement in beam is designed for flexural and shear force along
the length of the beam based on structural analysis.

TYPES OF BEAM

➢ Singly reinforced beam

➢ Doubly reinforced beam
➢ Tee-beam
➢ L-beam
➢ Cantilever
➢ Continuous beam

5.2.1 DESIGN OF BEAM

Effective depth

Effective depth d = span / 20

= 4511 / 20
= 225mm
Over all depth D = 275mm
b =230mm
 46

Effective span

i) le = clear span + effective depth

= 4511 + 225

= 4736mm

ii)le = clear span + c/c of support

= 3040 + 450

= 4741mm

Calculating of loading

Self weight =0.23x0.27x1x25

=1.55 KN/m

Service load =5KN/m

Total load =5+1.55

=6.55KN/m

Total factored load =9.825KN/m

Bending moment

Mu =Wl2/8

=9.82x4.72/8

=27.11KNm

Shear force

Vu =Wl/2

=23.07
 47

Mu< Mulimit(Singly reinforcement beam)

Calculation of Main reinforcement

Mu = 0.87fyxAstxd(1-(fyxAst/fckxbxd))

27.11x106 = 0.87x500xAstx225 (1-(500Ast/(25x230x225))

Ast = 315mm2

Spacing = Ast / ((π/4) xd2)

=315 / ((π/4) x122 )

= 3 No’s

Provide 3 no’s of 8mm bar as tensile reinforcement

Provide 2 no’s of 12mm bar as compression reinforcement

Check for shear

τv = vu / bd
= 23.07x103/ (230x225)

= 0.44N/mm2
τc =Pt = (100xAst / bd)

= 100x(3xπ/4) x82 ) / (230 x225)

= 0.60

τc = 0.46N/mm2
τc>τv

Hence safe

Using 8mm diameter 2 legged stirrups

Sv = (0.87 x 400x(π/4)x82 )/ 0.4x230

 48

= 238mm

Provide 8mm dia of 2 legged stirrups at 150mm spacing.

Check for deflection

(l/d)basic= 4511/225

= 20.04

(l/d)max = 20.04x1.5x1x1

=30.06

(l/d)max > (l/d)base

 49

[Link] 5.2 Reinforcement Details for Beam

 50

5.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

GENERAL

A column is generally a compression member supporting beams and slabs

in a structural system and having an effective length exceeding three times the
lateral dimensions.

If the ratio of effective length to least dimensions exceeds 12, the column
is considered as long or slender for design purpose the effective length is
according to IS 456-2000.

TYPES OF COLUMN

Based upon the column

➢ Long column
➢ Short column

Based upon loading condition

➢ Axially loaded column

➢ Eccentrically loaded column

LOADS ON COLUMNS

➢ These are three types of column, these are given below

➢ Live load on the floor supported by column
➢ Dead load of floor and beams
➢ Self load of the column. If the structural is more than two storey winds
load should be included for the Indian conditions.
 51

5.3.1 DESIGN OF COLUMN

DATA COLLECTION

Column size =600mmx600mm

Concrete grade =M25

Steel grade =Fe 500

Effective cover =40 mm

Floor height =3.3m

Load calculation

Service load

Slab+finisher =4.5KN/m2

Live load =3KN/m2

Total service load =9.5 KN/m2

Service load on one floor =37.2x9.5

=354KN

Total service load on column =740KN

Factored ultimate axial load =1110KN

Short column

Pu=0.4fck Ac+0.67fyAsc

Ag=360000mm2

Minimum steel area=0.8% of Ag=2800mm

 52

Provide 8 nos of 22mm dia bars

Pu=4588KN

Column capacity with 8 nos 22mm=4588KN

Lateral ties

8mm or 6mm

¼ longitudinal dia =1/4x25

=6.25mm

Pith distance

1)LLD=600mm

2)16Xleast dia

3)300mm

So provide 10mm diameter ties @ 300mm c/c spacing as lateral ties

[Link] 5.4 Reinforcement Details for Column

 53

5.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING

GENERAL

Reinforced concrete footings are designed to resist the design

factored moments and shear forces due to the imposed load. The area of
footing should be such that the bearing pressure developed at the base of
footing does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

In the plain concrete footing the thickness at the edges should be at least
150mm for footing soils and not less than 300mm above the top the piles for
footing on piles.

TYPES OF FOOTING

➢ Isolated footing
➢ Strap footing
➢ Combined footing
➢ Continuous footing
➢ Mat footing
 54

5.4.1 DESIGN OF FOOTING

DATA COLLECTION
Column size = 600mm x 600mm
P = 1110 KN
SBC = 200KN/m2
Use M20 grade concrete fck = 20KN/mm2

Fe415 grade steel fy = 415KN/mm2

Area of footing
Load (P) =1110KN

Self weight = 10%P

=1300 x (10/100) KN

=1221 KN

Footing area = [1221 / (1.5 x 200)]

= 4.07m2

Hence;

(2.1) x (2.1) = 4.41m2

Factored soil pressure at base

pu = [1110/(4.41)]

= 251.7KN/m2

Hence the footing area is adequate since the soil pressure developed at the base

is less than the factored bearing capacity of soil Factored bending moment
 55

Depth of footing

(a) From moment consideration,

Mu lim = 0.138fckbd2

70.78x106 = 0.138 x 25 x 1000 x d2

D = 143mm

(b) From shear stress consideration,

We have critical section one way shear is located at a distance d from the face
of the column.

Shear force per meter width (longer direction)

vuL = 250(1250-d)N

Assuming the shear strength τc = 0.36N/mm2for M20 grade concrete with nominal
percentage reinforcement Pt = 0.25%

= (ks τc)

= (1 x 0.33)

= 0.33N/mm2

Nominal shear stress τv = (vu/bd)

= (176x103) / (103x550)

= 0.32N/mm2
 56

[Link] 5.6 Reinforcement Details for Footing

 57

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
In this project, we have planned, analyzed, and designed the highway
restaurant building titled “Design of Expressway Escape: THE HIGHWAY
NEST.” During this work, we referred to various design codes, standards, and
reference books, which helped us complete the project effectively and enhanced
our understanding of structural design principles. This experience allowed us to
apply our technical knowledge and showcase our skills in the field of
construction and design.

Considering the strategic location near Sukkaliyur, close to the National

Highway, the site is highly suitable for developing a rest stop that meets the
needs of travelers. The calm and peaceful surroundings further add to the
comfort of visitors. The proposed building, consisting of shops on the ground
floor and a restaurant on the first floor, is designed to serve highway riders,
long-distance travelers, and daily commuters, providing them with a convenient
place to relax and refresh without having to move far from the highway.

The project also includes guest facilities and ample parking space,
ensuring accessibility and ease for visitors. Its location along the main route
makes it highly beneficial for travelers, friends, and families to meet, dine, and
rest comfortably. Overall, the project contributes to improving highway
infrastructure by combining functionality, accessibility, and comfort for all users.
 58

REFERENCES

1. Design Aids for Reinforced concrete IS: 456-2000SP-16 Bureau of Indian

standards, 1980.

2. Indian Standard Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete IS

456: 2000.

3. Krishna Raju N. “Design of RC structures”, CBS publishers and

Distributers, New Delhi 2012.

4. Punmia P.C., [Link] and [Link], “Reinforced Concrete Structures”

Vol II, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, 2010.

5. Shetty M.S., “Concrete Technology”, [Link] and company Ltd, New

Delhi, 2010