CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
This project is a report about the planning, analysis and design of a hotel
building structure. The construction of a hotel building represents a significant
investment in infrastructure designed to accommodate and serve the needs of
travelers and tourists. Hotels play a crucial role in the hospitality industry, providing
lodging, dining, and recreational services that contribute to the economic
development of the local area.
 This project deals with the seismic zone- III, i.e., 30% of the land area
is less in moderate zone.
 The step-by-step procedure for star hotel building design.
 Preparation of building plan.
 Analyzing of structures.
 Designing of structural members.
 Execution of project.

1.2 OBJECTIVE
Followings are the objectives of the project work.
To provide an overview of the hotel's purpose, design, and facilities while
highlighting key aspects of its construction, operational strategy, and anticipated
impact on the local economy.
Detailed design of the structural members using “limit state method of design”.

1.3 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Units of measurement used in analysis shall be of SI Units.

1
1.4 SITE INFORMATION
Location - Pollachi, Coimbatore
Wind speed - 10.9 miles/hr as per IS: 875 part III
Seismic zone - Zone III as per IS: 1893:2002

Zone factor(z) - 0.16 as per IS: 1893-2002

Response reduction factor - 4 as per IS: 1893-2002

Important factor - 1 as per IS: 1893-2002

Damping ratio - 5% as per IS: 1893-2002
Type of soil - red sand soil

1.5 GENERAL BUILDING DETAILS

Plinth area = 4,193.85 sq ft
for ground building Number of floors = G+1
Floor to floor height = 3.048m Concrete grade = M30
Steel grade = Fe550
Wall thickness = 0.230m
Column size = 0.230m x 0.300m
Beam size = 0.230m x 0.450m

1.6 METHOD OF DESIGN

Various methods are available for design of structures, such as
 Limit state method.
 Working stress method.
In our project, we adopt the above two methods, for designing the structures.

2
1.7 LIMIT STATE METHOD
The Limit State Method is a design approach used in structural engineering to
ensure that a structure or component remains safe and functional under various load
conditions. It is based on the concept of limit states, which are defined as conditions
under which the structure no longer meets its design requirements.
There are two main types of limit states:
 Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
 Serviceability Limit State (SLS)
In the Limit State Method, safety factors are applied to account for
uncertainties in material properties, load predictions, and environmental conditions.
The method is used to ensure that both ULS and SLS are satisfied under the
anticipated service conditions.
The design process involves:
 Identifying loads and forces acting on the structure (such as dead loads,
live loads, wind loads, etc.).
 Analyzing the structure’s response to these loads.
 Ensuring that the structure satisfies both ULS and SLS criteria
through appropriate design checks.

1.8 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR

The partial safety factor is a critical concept in the structural design and safety
analysis of a hotel building. It accounts for uncertainties in loads, materials, and
construction practices to ensure the building's safety and durability. The load obtained
by multiplying the characteristic load by partial safety factor is called factor load, and
is given by
Factored load = (characteristic load) x (partial safety factor for load γm).
The following value of partial safety factor is applied for limit state of collapse:
γm=1.5 for concrete and γm=1.15 for steel.

3
1.9 PLANNING ASPECTS
1.9.1 FIRE SAFETY
Fire safety refers to the practices, measures, and precautions taken to prevent
fires, protect people and property from fire-related dangers, and ensure a safe response
in the event of a fire. It includes things like maintaining smoke alarms, using fire
extinguishers, and having an escape plan.
1.9.2 WIRING
Wiring refers to the system of electrical cables and connections used to transmit
electricity or signals within a building, device, or equipment. It involves the
installation of wires that connect electrical components, ensuring the safe flow of
electrical power or communication signals.

1.9.3 SANITARY INSTALLATION

Sanitary installation refers to the system of pipes, fixtures, and equipment used
for the safe and hygienic removal of waste, as well as the supply of clean water in
buildings. This includes things like toilets, sinks, showers, drainage systems, and
water supply lines, all designed to maintain cleanliness and prevent contamination.

1.9.4 DRAINAGE
Process of removing excess water, wastewater, or waste materials from an area
or structure. It typically involves the use of pipes, channels, or ditches to direct water
away from buildings.

1.9.5 RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Proper arrangements are made so as to collect the rain water and for future
usage.
1.9.6 DESIGN
Limit state method has been adopted for designing of beam and columns of
the building. All the members have been designed using the code Is- 456:2000; SP-
16 and design aids for reinforced concrete.

4
 1.9.7 ANALYSIS
The moments for each floor are separately completed each will be taken as
connected to columns above and below with their far ends fixed. The frame taken
this way is analyzed for the moments and shears in the beams and columns.
1.10 SPECIFICATION FOR PROPOSED BUILDING
1.10.1 EARTH WORK EXCAVATION
The depth of foundation is 2m. The sides of the foundation should be truly
of vertical a dug to the exact width and foundation.
Consideration: if water is present that should be remove and removal
saturation and clay soil.
1.10.2 FOUNDATION CONCRETE AND FOOTINGS
Footings and basement consist of RCC in CC. [Link] with a square
foundation 4m*4m and 1.5 m depth.
1.10.3 SUPER STRUCTURE
All walls in super structure will be first class bricks in cement mortar 1:5 above
floor level. Height of room is 3.048m. All the load bearing walls are 230mm thick.
1.10.4 ROOFING
Roof slab consists of [Link] mix for all over the building with 150 mm thick.
Slabs are designed as per IS: 456:2000 which M20 concrete and Fe550 steel
grades are used.
1.10.5 LINTEL
The lintels over openings consist of R.C.C 1:1.5:3 mix with sufficient depth.
The bearing for lintel is 0.1143m on both sides.
1.10.6 DOORS AND WINDOWS
Panel doors are provided for the entrance door and flush door are provided for
all other rooms except bath and toilets. Single paneled are provided for toilet.
DOORS
MAIN DOOR = 0.23m x 2.13m
D1 = 0.23m x 0.9m
D2 = 0.23m x0.7m
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WINDOWS
W1 =1.8m x 1.2m
W2 =1.2m x 1.2m
W3 = 1.2m x 1.5m
1.10.7 PARAPET WALL
Parapet wall and hand rails on the edges of the roof traces. Height of the wall
is 0.9144m.
1.10.8 STAIRCASE
For the hotel building, the minimum width of stair case is 1.5m. The minimum
width of tread without nosing shall be 30 cm.
1.10.9 FLOORING
Provide P.C.C [Link] mixes for flooring to a depth of 100mm and floor tiles
in cement mortar is 1:3. 10mm tick used for floor finishing.
1.10.10 SAND
Sand should be free from clay, silt, mica and organic impurities. The moisture
content of the sand is about 5 to 8 percent.
Sand particles consist of small grain silica.
The sand to be used for mortar shall be sharp heavy & gritty. Sand should
be of graded one.
1.10.11 AGGREGATE (20MM & 40MM SIZE)
The coarse aggregate should be free from silt, mica and organic
impurities.
The specific gravity of coarse aggregate lies between 2.65 to 2.68. The
compressive strength of a coarse aggregate is 14.5N/mm2.

6
1.10.12 VENTILATION
Ventilation refers to the process of supplying fresh air and removing stale air
from an indoor space to maintain good air quality and comfort. It is essential in
buildings to provide oxygen, control temperature and humidity, remove odors, and
reduce the concentration of indoor pollutants.
There are three main types of ventilation systems:
Natural Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation
Hybrid Ventilation
The height of the ventilation used in this building is 0.0254m
1.10.13 CEMENT
Fineness of cement should not be more than 10% of its original weight
when passed through the 90micron sieve. Initial and Final setting time varies between
30 minutes to 600 minutes for OPC.
1.10.14 STONE
Crushing strength of good stone should not be less than 100N/mm2. Specific
gravity of good stone should be greater than 2.6 to 2.75.
The stone should not absorb water more than 0.4% by weight.
Percentage of wear is less than 3%.
1.10.15 BRICK
Crushing strength of brick shall not be less than 3 to 15N/mm2. Brick should
be free from organic matter, silt & chemicals.
Brick should have a uniform colour. Brick should not absorb more than 20%
of its dry weight, when submerged in water for 24 hours.
Brick should be uniform in size of 19cm x 9cm x 9cm

7
1.10.16 WATER
PH value of water should be 7 to 8.5
The permissible turbidity of water is 5 to 10ppm. The threshold number should not
more than 3.
Miscellaneous should be free from harmful disease producing bacteria it should be
clear and colorless and odourless.
The hardness should perfectly be more than 5 degrees but less than 8 degrees.
1.10.17 WHITE WASHING
All plastered area is finished with high quality lime with coats.

8
 CHAPTER 2
FLOOR PLAN

Figure no. 2.1 Ground floor plan

9
Figure no. 2.2 First floor plan

10
Figure no.2.3 Elevational view

Figure no.2.4 Sectional view

11
 Figure no. 2.5 Column Layout

Figure no. 2.6 Beam Layout

12
 CHAPTER 3
STAADPRO ANALYSIS
3.1 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS

The use of STAAD Pro for modelling and analysis provided a realistic understanding of
structural behavior based on actual site configuration. The design outputs of beams and
columns confirm that the structural system is stable, safe, and efficient for institutional
usage.

The STAAD Pro results show that the provided column sections and reinforcement
satisfy the design requirements and ensure safe load transfer within the structural system

13
3.2 STAAD PRO ANALYSIS REPORT

Figure no. 3.2.1 Model creation process

Figure no. 3.2.2 Assignment of property

14
Figure no. 3.2.3 3D view of the building

Figure no. 3.2.4 Properties dialogue box

15
Figure no.3.2.5 Plate stress distribution for x direction

Figure no.3.2.6 Plate stress distribution for y direction

16
Figure no. 3.2.7 Loading conditions

Figure no.3.2.8 Staad result

17
Figure no. 3.2.9 Shear force for structure

Figure no. 3.2.10 Bending moment for structure

18
Figure no. 3.2.11 Staad pro Result for Beam Shear bending

Figure no. 3.2.12 Staad pro Result for Beam Deflection

19
 Figure no. 3.2.13 Reinforcement detailing of beam

Figure no. 3.2.14 Staad pro Result for column Shear bending

20
Figure no. 3.2.15 Staad pro Result for column deflection

Figure no. 3.2.16 Reinforcement detailing of column

21
3.3 FOUNDATION DETAILS

Figure no. 3.3.1 Footing Plan

Figure no. 3.3.2 Footing Elevation

22
Figure no.3.3.3 Reinforcement detailing of Footing

23
 CHAPTER 4

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

4.1 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS SLAB

Lx = 2.290 m
Ly = 3.470 + 4.130 + 3.470 = 11.07 m
Ly / Lx = 11.07 / 2.290
= 4.83 > 2
Therefore, it is a One-Way Continuous Slab
from Limit State of Serviceability,
The effective depth L / d = 26 (Continuous Span)
Assume a Modification Factor of 1.8
End Span
d = 3470 / 26 x 1.8 = 74.14 mm
Intermediate Span
d = 4130 / 2 x 1.8 = 88.24 mm
Adopt d = 130 mm
D = d + ɸ /2 + c = 130 + 10/2 + 15
= 150 mm
Design constants & Limiting Depth of NA for Fe 550 Steel,
fy =550 N/mm2 for M30 Concrete,
fck = 30 N/mm2
Xumax / d (for Fe550 Steel) = 0.44
Ru = 0.36 fck Xumax /d (1 – 0.42 (0.44))
= 3.87
SW of slab = ρbD
= 25 x 1 x 0.15
= 3.75 kN /m

24
Floor Finishing = 0.8 KN /m2
Total DL = 4.55 kN /m2
LL (Ws) = 4 kN / m2
For End Span (Formula from Table 2 IS 456)
M (near center)
= Wdl2 / 12 + Wsl2/10
= 4.55 (3.47)2 / 12 + 4 (3.47)2 / 10
= 9.38 kNm
At support near to the End Support
= - (WdL2 / 10 + WsL2 / 9)
= - [-(4.55 x 3.472) / 10 + 4 (3.47)2 /9]
= 10.83 kNm
Intermediate Span
M = WdL2 / 16 + WsL2 / 12
= 4.55 (4.13)2 / 16 + 4 (4.13)2 / 12
= 4.85 + 5.68
= 10.53 kNm
Out of Three Moment values, the effective depth will be determined for the
maximum value
Design Moment = 10.53 kNm
Mu = 1.5 x 10.53 x 106
= 1579 KNm
dreq = √ Mu / Ru b
= √ (15.79 x 106) / (3.87 x 1000)
= 63.88 mm
d pro > d req
130 > 63.88
Section will be Under Reinforced Mu = 1.5 (10.53 x 106)
= 15.79 x 106

25
Mu = 0.87 Ast fy d (1 – fy Ast / fck b d)
15.79 x 106 = 0.87 x Ast x 550 x 130 (1 – 550 x Ast / 30 x 1000 x 130)
15.79 x 106 = 62205 Ast (1 – 1.41 x 10-4 Ast)
15.79 x 106 = 62205 Ast – 8.77 Ast2
Ast = 263.6 mm2
Provide 16 mm ɸ bars
ast = π / 4 x 162
= 201.06 mm2
Sv = 1000 x ast / Ast
= 1000 x 201.06 / 263.6 = 300 mm
Ast pro = 1000 x ast / Sv
= 1000 x 201.06 / 300
= 287.2 mm2
Ast pro > Ast cal
287.2 > 263.6
Provide 16 mm ɸ bar @ 300 mm c/c spacing at next to end support Maximum
Shear Force
Vu = 1.5 (0.6 WdL + 0.6 WsL)
= 1.5 x 0.6 (Wd + Ws) L
= 1.5 X 0.6 (4.55 + 4) x 3.47
= 26.70 kN
Check for Shear τv = vu / bd
= 26.70 x 103 / 1000 x 130
= 0.20 N/mm2
Pt = 100 Astp / bd
= 100 x 287.2 / 1000 x 130
= 0.22%
τc = 0.426 N/ mm2

k = 1.30 k τc = 1.30 x 0.426

26
= 0.55
τc > τv
0.55 > 0.20
Hence Safe
Check for Deflection:
Pt = 100 Ast /bd
= 100 x 287.2 / 1000 x 130
= 0.22%
fs = 0.58 fy Ast req / Ast pro
= 0.58 x 550 x 263.6 / 287.2
= 292.7 N/mm2
Kt = 1.3 Kf = 1 Kc = 1
(l/d) max = (l/d) basic x Kt
= 26 x 1.3
= 33.8
(l/d) act = 3470 / 130
= 26.6
(l/d) max > (l/d) act
Hence Satisfactory

Figure no.4.1 Reinforcement detailing for slab

27
4.2 DESIGN OF BEAM
L1 = 3.470 m L2 = 4.130 m L3 = 3.47 m
Self-Weight = ρ b D

= 25 x 0.23 x 0.45

= 2.58 kN/m

Dead load = 16kN/m

Total DL (Wd) = 16 + 2.58

= 18.28 kN/m

From slab = 5+0.8+2.58

= 8.38 kN/m

Live Load (Ws)= Wlx / 2

= 8.38 x 3.47 / 2

= 14.5 kN/m
fck = 30 N/mm2
fy = 550 N/mm2
Cross Sectional Dimension depth= 3470 / 26

= 133.46
Provide

b = 230 mm

D = 450 mm d = 450 – 12/2– 40

= 405 mm

Bending Moment and Shear Force

Max Negative BM at Support next to End Support

Mu (-ve) = 1.5 (Wdl2 / 10 + Wsl2 / 9)

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 = 1.5 [18.28 (3.47)2 / 10 + 14.5 (3.47)2 / 9]

= 1.5 (22 + 19.3) = 61.9 kNm

Bending Moment at Center of Span

Mu (+ve) = 1.5 (Wdl2 / 12 + Wdl2 /16)

= 1.5 [18.28 (4.13)2 / 12 + 14.5 (4.13)2 / 16]

= 1.5 (25.9+ 15.4)

= 61.9 kNm

Maximum Shear Force at Support

Vu = 1.5 x 0.6 (Wd + Ws) L
= 1.5 x 0.6 (18.28 + 14.5) 3.47

= 102.3 kN

Check for Depth of Slab:

Mulim = 0.138 fck bd2

= 0.133 x 30 x 230 x 4052

= 150.5 kN

Mulim > Mu

Hence design the beam as Singly Reinforced Beam

Ast Calculation:

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- Ast fy / bd fck)

58.54 x 106 = 0.87 x 550 x Ast x 405 (1- 550 Ast / 30 x 230 x 405)

58.54 x 106 = 193792.5 Ast (1 – 1.96 x 10-4 Ast)

58.54 x 106 = 193792.5 Ast – 38.14 Ast2

Ast = 322.5 mm2

29
Check for Depth
Ru = 0.36 fck Xumax / d (1 – 0.42 Xumax / d)

= 0.36 x 30 x 0.44 (1 – 0.42 x 0.44)

= 3.87

D= √Mu / Ru b
= √61.9 x 106 / 3.87 x 230
= 263.7 mm
dreq < dpro
Provide 12 mm ɸ bars
ast = π / 4 x 122
= 113.09 mm2
No. of Bars = 322.5 / 113.09
= 4 Nos
Ast pro = 113.09 x 4
= 452.36 mm2
Ast pro > Ast cal
Hence Safe
Check for Shear:
τv = Vu / bd
=102.3 x 103 / 230 x 405= 0.98 N/mm2
Pt = 100 x Ast / bd
= 100 x 339.27 / 250 x 405
= 0.36%

30
τc = 0.427N/mm2
τc < τv
Hence Shear Reinforcement Required
Vs = V – τc bd
= 102.3 x 103 – 0.427 x 230 x 405
= 62.5 kN
Using 6 mm dia two legged stirrups
Asv = π / 4 (6)2 x 2
= 56.54 mm2
Sv = 0.87 x fy x Asv / 0.4 b
= 0.87 x 550 x 56.54 / 0.4 x 230
= 294.06
≈ 280 mm
Provide 6 mm ɸ stirrups at 210 mm spacing center near supports and gradually
increases to 300mm towards center span
Check for Deflection:
(l / d) max = (l / d) basic x Kt x Kf x Kc
fs = 0.58 x 550 x 322.5 / 339.27
= 303.23
Kt = 0.9
= 26 x 0.9 x 1 x 1
= 23.4
(l/ d) act = 3470 / 405
= 8.56
(l /d) max > (l/d) act
Hence Satisfactory

31
 Figure no.4.2 Reinforcement detailing for beam

4.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN

b = 230 mm
d = 300 mm
Pu = 646.85 kN
Muz = 1.48 kNm
Muy = 1.14 kNm
fck = 30 N/mm2
fy = 550 N/mm2
d’ = 30
d’/D = 30/300 = 0.1
Reinforcement:
Adopt 0.656% of reinforcement
P =0.656%
Asc = Pbd /100

= 0.656 x 230 x 300 / 100

= 452.64 mm2
32
Assume 12 mm dia bars
asc = π/4 x 122
= 113.09 mm2
No. of Bars = 452.64/113.09
= 4 Nos.
Asc (Provided) = 452.64 x 4 = 1810.56 mm2
P / fck = 0.656/30 = 0.02
Pu /fckbD = 646.85x103 / 30 x 230 x 300

= 0.31

Refer Chart 48 of SP 16

Mu / fckbD2 = 0.07
Mux1 = 0.07 x 30 x 230 x 3002
= 43.47 kNm
For Moments about Minor Axis yy
b = 300 mm
D = 230 mm
d’ / D = 30/230
= 0.13 ≈ 0.15
Refer Chart 49
Muy / fckbD2 = 0.07
Mu1y1= 0.07 x 30 x 2302 x 300
= 33.27 kNm
Puz = (0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc )
Ac = Ag – Asc
= 230 x 300 – 452.62
Ac = 68547.36 mm2
Puz = (0.45 x 30 x 68547.36) + (0.75 x 550 x 452.64)

33
 = 1112.10 kN
Pu / Puz = 646.85 / 1112.10
= 0.58
x = 1.63N/mm2
(Mux / Mux1) αn + (Muy / Muy1) αn=
= (1.48 x 106 / 43.47 x 106)1.63 + (1.14 x 106 / 33.27 x 106)1.63
= 8.13 x 10-3 < 1
Hence Safe

Lateral Ties:
1 / 4 x 12 = 3mm
6 mm
Provide 8 mm Lateral Ties Pitch:
Least Lateral Dimension = 230 mm
16 x ɸ = 16 x 12 = 192 mm
300 mm
Provide 8 mm of Lateral Ties at 300 mm Spacing

34
 Figure no.4.3 Reinforcement detailing for column

4.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING

Size = 230 mm x 300 mm
P = 555.29 + 31.39 + 89.79
= (555.29 x 1.5 + 31.39 x 1.5 + 89.79 x 1.5)
= 832.93 + 47.08 + 134.68
= 10104.69 kN
SBC = 200 kPa
fck = 25 N/mm2 fy = 550 N/mm2
Area of Footing,
A = 1014.69/200
= 5 m2
Assume, y = 2x Area = x x 2x
5 = 2x2

35
x = 1.58 m
y = 2 x 1.58
= 3.16 m
Soil Pressure due to Column
P = 1014.69 / (1.58 x 3.16)
= 203.23 kN / m2
Calculation of depth of footing (one way shear)
Shear Force in Longer Direction
= Pu x D (B – b / 2 – d)
= 203.23 x 3.16 (1.58 – 0.23 / 2 – d)
= 642.2 (0.675 - d)
= 433.4 – 642.2 d
Shear Force in Shorter Direction
= Pu x D (B-b/2-d)
= 203.23 x 1.58 (3.16-0.23 / 2 – d)
= 321.10 (1.46 – d)
= 470 – 321.10 d
Assuming 0.2% Steel
x= 0.32 N / mm2
Shear Force resisted by the Section
= τc x A = τc x b x d
= (0.32 x 106) / 103 x 1.58
= 505.6 d
In longer direction:
433.4 - 642.2 d = 505.6 d
433.4 = 505.6 d + 642.2 d
433.4 = 1147.8 d d = 0.37 m
In shorter direction:
470 – 321.10 d = 505.6 d
470 = 505.6 d + 321.10 d
36
 470 = 826.7 d
d = 0.56 m
Two Way Shear:
= Pu [xy – (a+d) (b+d)]
= 203.23 [1.58 x 3.16 – (0.23 + d) (0.3 + d)]
= 1014.69 – 203.23 (0.069 + 0.53 d + d2)
= 1014.69 – 14.02 – 107.7 d – 203.23 d2
= 1000.67 – 107.7 d – 203.23 d2
Punching Shear resisted by Section = τc A
τc = 0.25 √fck
= 0.25 √30
= 1.36 N / mm2
A = Perimeter x d
= [(0.23 + d) + (0.3 + d)] d
= 0.53 d + 2d2
Shear force resisted = 1.36 x 106 / 103 (0.53 d + 2 d2)
= 1360 (0.53 d + 2 d2)
= 720.8 d + 2720 d2
1000.67 – 107.7 d – 203.23 d2 = 720.8 d + 2720 d2
1000.67 = 827.9 d + 2923.23 d2
2923.23 d2 + 827.9 d – 1000.67
d = 0.46 m = 460 mm
Depth of Footing by Bending Moment
BM in Longer Direction = Pu x (y-b / 2) x (y-b / 4)
= 203.23 x 1.58 x (3.16 – 0.45 / 2) x (3.16 – 0.45 / 4)
= 294.7 kNm
BM in Shorter Direction = Pu x y x (x – a / 2) (x – a / 4)
= 203.23 x 3.16 (1.58 – 0.23 / 2) (1.58 – 0.23 /4)
= 146.3 kNm
Hence BM in Longer Direction is taken
37
Mu = 0.36 Xumax / d (1- 0.42 Xumax / d) bd2fck
Ru = 0.36 x 0.44 (1- 0.42 x 0.44) x 30
= 3.87
d = √Mu / Ru b
= √294.7 x 106 / (3.87 x 1000)
d = 275.9 mm
Take d = 0.56 ≈ 0.6 m or 600 mm
Provide effective depth d = 600 mm
Assume ɸ = 12 mm & c = 50 mm
D= d + ɸ / 2 + c
= 600 + (12/2) + 50
= 656 mm ≈ 660 mm
Ast Calculation:
Mu = 0.87 Ast fy d (1- 550 Ast / fck b d)
294.7 x 106 = 0.87 x 550 x Ast x 600 (1 – 550 x Ast / 30 x 1000 x 600)
294.7 x 106 = 287100 x Ast (1 – 3.05 x 10-5 Ast)
294.7 x 106 = 287100 Ast – 8.77 Ast2
Ast = 1060 mm2
146.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 550 x 600 d (1 – 550 Ast / 30 x 1000 x 600)
146.3 x 106 = 287100 Ast – 8.77 Ast2
Ast = 517 mm2
Assume 12 mm ɸ bar in Longer Direction
Sv = 1000 x π / 4 x 122 / 1060
= 106.6 mm
Provide 12 mm ɸ bar @ 145 mm c/c spacing both in longer & shorter direction
Min ast = 0.12% bD
= 0.12 / 100 x 1000 x 600
= 720 mm2 < 1060 mm2
Hence Safe
As per IS code provisions
38
Reft in Central Band / Total Reft in Shorter Direction = 2 / β + 1 β
=y/x
= 3.16 / 1.58
=2
Reft in Central Band = 2 /2 + 1
= 2 / 3 x Reft in Shorter Direction
Check for Min Ast in Shorter Direction
= 0.12 / 100 x 3160 x 450
= 1706.4 > 600
Reft in Central Band = 2 / 3 x 1706.4
= 1137.6 mm2
This Reinforcement shall be distributed in central 1 m Band Width,
Balance area of Steel to be distributed in outer bands.
= 1706.4 - 1137.6
= 568.8 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm ɸ bars for Ast = 288 mm2
= π /4 x 122 / 568.8 x 1000
= 198.8 mm
Therefore, provide 190 mm c/c spacing

39
 Figure no.4.4 Reinforcement detailing for footing

4.5 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Landing on each flight:
Effective Span =
(Number of Tread x Width of Landing Beam) +width of tread
= (11 x 300) + 300
= 3.6 m
Thickness of Waist Slab = Span / 20
= 3600 / 20
= 180 mm
Adopt Overall Depth D = 180 mm
Effective Depth d = D – d’= 180 – 25
= 155 mm
Load Calculation:
Ws = 0.180 x 1 x 25
= 4.5 kN / m
40
Dead Load of Slab on horizontal span
W = Ws √Q2 +T2 / T
= 4.5 √1502 + 3002 / 300
= 5 kN /m
Dead Load on One Step
= (0.5 x 0.15 x 0.3 x 25)
= 0.56 kN / m
Load of Steps per meter length
= 0.56 x 1000 / 300
= 1.86 kN / m
Finishes = 0.53 kN /m
Total Dead Load = 4.61 + 1.86 + 0.53
= 7 kN / m
Service Live Load = 5 kN /m2
Total Load = 12 kN / m
Factored Load = 1.5 x 12
= 18 kN / m
Bending moment:
Maximum bending moment at center of span
M= 0.125wl2 = 0.125 x 18 x 3.62 = 29.16 x 106
Check for depth of Waist Slab:
d = √Mu / 0.138 fck b
= √29.16 x 106 / 0.138 x 30 x 1000
= 83.92mm
d pro > d cal
Ast Calculation
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x d [1 – Ast fy / fck b d]
29.16 x 106 = 0.87 x 550 x Ast x 140 [1 – Ast (550) / 30 x 150 x 1000]
29.16 x 106 = 66990 Ast (1 – 1.22 x 10-4 Ast)

41
29.16 x 106 = 66990 Ast – 8.187 Ast2
Ast = 461.29 mm2
Use 12 mm ɸ bars
ast = π / 4 x 122
= 113 mm2
Sv = 1000 x 113 / 461
= 245.11 mm ≈ 240 mm
Ast min= 0.12% b D
= 0.12 / 100 x 1000 x 165
= 198mm2
Ast cal > Ast min
Use distribution steel
Use 8 mm ɸ bars
ast = π / 4 x 82
= 50.26 mm2

Sv = 1000 x 50.26 / 198

= 253.83 mm ≈ 230 mm

Figure no.4.5 Reinforcement detailing for staircase

42
 4.6 DESIGN OF SUN SHADE

Grade of concrete =M30

Grade of steel =Fe550

Load calculation
Self-weight of sunshade =1*0.11*1.21*25

=3.02KN/m

live load on sunshade =area of triangle + area of Rectangle

= 1.37 + 0.121 = 1.49 m2

Total load =3.02 + 1.49 = 4.51 kN/ m

Factored load =1.5*4.51 =6.75 kN/ m
Moment calculation
Max BM @support =(WL/2) =6.75*1.212/2 =4.94KN/ m
Ast calculation
fy×Ast
Mu = 0.87×fy ×Ast ×d [1- ]
fck×b×d
Ast×550
(4.94×10 )= 0.87×550×Ast ×100 [1-
6 ]
40×1000×100

Ast=105 mm2

minimum Ast=0.15% b×D

0.15
= ×1000×100
100
=150 mm2
use 8 mm ϕ bars
π 2 2
ast= ×8 =50.26 mm
4
1000× Mst 1000×50.26
spacing= = =335.06 mm≃300 mm
Ast 150
43
 adopt spacing = 300 mm

check for spacing

i) 3×d=3×100=300 mm
ii) 500 mm
Provide 8 mm dia bars at 300 mm c/c spacing.

4.7 DESIGN OF LINTEL BEAM

Self-weight of sunshade =3.02 kN/m
Area of sunshade = Area of triangle + area of rectangle

= 1.37 + 0.121

= 1.49kN/m

Live load on sunshade = 1×1.49

= 1.49 kN/m
Self weight of lintel =0.23×1.21×25

=6.95 kN/m
Live load = σ‾ ×b × D

=18.85×3×0.23

=13kN

Factored load =19.5kN/m

Depth
Span
=20
depth
1⋅51
=20
d

d =75 mm

44
 dadopt =100 mm

D=100+65 = 650 mm

Span
c/c span + effective depth =1.3 m
c/c distance b/w support =1.36 m
Span =1.36 m
ultimate moment and shear force

wu L2 19.5×1.362
Mu= = =4.5kNm
8 8

wuL 19.5×1.36
Vu = = =13.26 kN
2 2

mulim=0.133×fck×b×d2

=0.133×30×230×4502

mu lim=185.83kNm

mu lim>mu

It is under reinforced beam

fy×Ast
M =0.87×f ×A ×d [1- ]
u y st
fck×b×d

Ast=1062 mm2

0.85×b×d
Minimum Ast =
fy
0.85×230×450
minimum Ast =
550
Astmin = 159.9 mm2
Provide 20 mm dia bars

45
 π 2 2
ast = ×20 =314.15 mm
4
1062
No. of bars= = 4 NOS
303.65
π 2
Ast Provided = ×20 ×4
4
=314.25×4=1257.7 mm2
Ast calc <Ast provided
hence safe
provide 2# 20mm dia bars at Tension side
provide 2# 20mm dia bars at compression side.
Check for shear
τv = [vu/bd]
= [(13.29×103) / (230×450)]
τv = 0.128 N/mm^2
Pt = [(100×Ast provided) / (b×d)]
= [(100×1256) / (230×450)]
Pt = 1.21%
τc = 0.70N/mm2
τc > τv
Using 6 mm ϕ 2 legged stirrups
Asv = [(2*π/4*62)
= 56.54mm2
Sv = [(0.87*fy*Asv)/(0.4*b)]
= [(0.87*550*56.64)/(0.4*230)]
= 250 mm
Spacing condition
i) [0.75*d] = [0.75*450]
= 337.5 mm
ii) 500 mm
iii) 250 mm
Adopt 250 mm for spacing.
46
 Check for deflection

(L/d)max =(L/d)basic ×kt×kc×kf

fs=0.58×fy

=0.58×550

fs= 319

kt=0.7

L
( ) =20×0.7×1×1=14
d max

L 1510
( ) = =3.5
d act 450

(L/d)max>(L/d) act

Hence safe

4.8 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK

Data
Waste water flow at 80% of water consumption
Detention period =24 hrs
Free board =0.5m Rate
of water supply =150LPCD
Rate of sludge deposit =30liter/cap/year
Depth of liquid =1.2to1.8M
L to B ratio =3:1
Quantity of waste

47
 Quantity of waste water =population*rate of water supply

=100*150*80/100

=12000 L/D

Detention =24hrs

Capacity of waste water =quantity*detention

= (12000*10-3/24) *24

Vw =12m3
Quantity of sludge
VS = rate of sludge dep*population*cleaning

=30*100*1

=3000liter

=3m3
Total Volume
V = Vw + VS
= 12+ 3
=15 m3

Design of septic tank

L/B = 3
depth=1.5m
Area=V/depth
=15/1.5=10m2
A=10m2

L*B=10m2

3B2=10
B=1.8m

48
 L=8.2m
Free board 0.5mOver all depth =1.5+0.5=2m

Size of septic tank =17*6*2m

Design of soak pit

Assume percolating capacity =1250L/m3

Volume of soak pit = (volume of tank/percolating capacity)
=1.50/1250*10-3
=120m2
Depth =4m
Area =V/D

=12/4

=3m2

49
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION

The analysis and design of three storey hotel building has been completed.
Analysis of framed structure is done using STADD PRO.
IS 456:2000 plain and reinforced concrete code of practice and reinforced
concrete code book is used for analysis and design of slabs, beams, column and
footing.
Limit state method has been used to design all the structural components.
Slabs are designed as one way slab. The footings are designed has rectangular
footing. Columns are designed as short column.
Thus, this project we gain knowledge which a student required to become
an engineer it will be useful to become a good entrepreneur in future.

63
 REFERENCES

1. Dr. B.C. PUNMIA “Reinforced concrete structure (R.C.C Designs)” Laxmi

Publications private limited.
2. IS:875-part-I, II&III Code of practice for design loads.
3. IS-456:2000 – plain Reinforced concrete.
4. N. Krishna Raju “structural design and drawing for reinforced concrete”
universities press (India) private limited.
5. National Building Code of India (NBC)
6. P.C. VARGHESE ‘‘Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design” Prentice Hall of
India Private Limited.
7. S. RAMAMRUTHAM “Reinforced concrete structure” Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company private limited.
8. SP-16 –design of column

64
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