03

MATRICES

21
 MATRIX

DEFINITION
A matrix is a rectangular array of mn elements in m rows and n columns enclosed within brackets.

 a11 a12 ... a1j ... a1n 

a ... a 2n 
 21 a 22 ... a 2 j
     
A  [a ij ]   
 a i1 a i2 ... a ij ... a in 
     
 
a
 m1 a m2 ... a mj ... a mn 

is a matrix of order (dimension or size) m × n, to be read as m cross n or m by n. aij is the element present in the ith
row and jth column of the matrix. i represents the row rank and j represents the column rank. Matrices are usually
denoted by upper case letters A, B, C, etc., where as its elements are denoted by lower case letters a, b, c, etc.,

(i) The elements a11, a22, a33,...are called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as trace of A denoted as tr(A)
(ii) Capital letters of English alphabets are used to denote matrices.
(iii) Order of a matrix : If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then we say that its order is "m by n", written as "m × n".

Example 1 Construct a matrix A = [aij]2×2 whose elements aij are given by aij = e2ix sin jx .
Solution For i = 1, j = 1, a 11 = e2x sin x
For i = 1, j = 2, a 12 = e2x sin 2x
For i = 2, j = 1, a 21 = e4x sin x
For i = 2, j = 2, a 22 = e4x sin 2x

e 2x sin x e  x sin 2x 
Thus A   4x 4x 
e sin x e sin 2x 

TYPES OF MATRICES
In this section, we shall discuss different types of matrices.
(i) Column Matrix
A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column.
0 
 
3
For example, A    is a column matrix of order 4 × 1.
1 
 
 1 / 2 
(ii) Row Matrix
A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it has only one row.
 1 
For example, B =   5 2 3 is a row matrix.
 2 14
In general, B = [bij]1 × n is a row matrix of order 1 × n.
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

(iii) Square Matrix

A matrix in which the number of rows are equal to the number of columns, is said to be a square matrix. Thus an
m × n matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n and is known as a square matrix of order ‘n’.
3 1 0
3 
For example A   3 2 1  is a square matrix of order 3.
2 
4 3  1


In general, A = [aij]m × m is a square matrix of order m.

(iv) Diagonal Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij]n × n is called a diagonal matrix of all the elements, except those in the leading diagonal, are
zero i.e., aij = 0 for all i  j.
A diagonal matrix of order n × n having d1, d2, ..., dn as diagonal elements is denoted by diag[d1, d2,...., dn].
1 0 0 
 
For example, the matrix A = 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix, to be denoted by A = diag[1, 2, 3].
 0 0 3

(v) Scalar Matrix

A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements are equal, that is, a square matrix B = [bij]n × n
is said to be a scalar matrix if
bij = 0, when i  j.
bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k.
For example
 3 0 0 
 1 0   
A = [3], B , C 0 3 0 
 0 1  
 0 0 3 

are scalar matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

(vi) Identity Matrix

A square matrix in which elements in the diagonal are all 1 and rest are all zero is called an identity matrix. In other
0 if i  j
words, the square matrix A = [aij]n × n is an identity matrix, if a ij  
1 if i  j
We denote the identity matrix of order n by In. When order is clear from the context, we simply write it as I.
1 0 0 
1 0 0 1 0
For example [1], 0 1  ,  
are identity matrices of order 1, 2 and 3, respectively..
 
 0 0 1 

Observe that a scalar matrix is an identity matrix when k = 1. But every identity matrix is clearly a scalar matrix.

(vii) Zero Matrix

A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
0 0  0 0 0
For example, [0],  ,   , [0, 0] are all zero matrices. We denote zero matrix by O. Its order will be clear
0 0  0 0 0
from the context.
 MATRIX

(viii) Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j.
Thus, in an upper triangular matrix, all elements below the main diagonal are zero.

1 2 4 3
0 5 1 3
For example, A   is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 2 9
 
0 0 0 5

(ix) Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix A = [aij] is called a lower triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i < j.
Thus, in a lower triangular matrix, all elements above the main diagonal are zero.

 2 0 0
For example, A   3 2 0 is a lower triangular matrix of order 3. A triangular matrix A = [aij] n × n is called a
 
 4 5 3

strictly triangular if aii = 0 for all i = 1, 2, ..., n.

EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Definition 2 Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if
(i) They are of the same order
(ii) Each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for all i and j.
 2 3  2 3 3 2   2 3
For example,   and   are equal matrices but  0 1  and   are not equal matrices. Symbolically,,
 0 1  0 1   0 1
if two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B.

Ex. Find the values of a, b, c, and d from the following equation.

 2a  b a  2b   4 3
 5c  d 4c  3d   11 24 
   
Sol. By equality of two matrices, equating the corresponding elements, we get
2a + b = 4 5c – d = 11
a – 2b = – 3 4c + 3d = 24
Solving these equations, we get a = 1, b = 2, c = 3 and d = 4

 sin  1 / 2  1/ 2 sin  

   
Ex. Let A =  1 / 2 cos   & B =  cos  cos   . Find  so that A = B.
   cos 
 cos  tan  
 1 

Sol. By definition A & B are equal if they have the same order and all the corresponding elements are equal.
1 1
Thus we have sin  = , cos = – & tan  = – 1
2 2

  = (2n + 1)  – .
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
Addition : A + B = [aij + bij] where A & B are of the same order.
(A) Addition of matrices is commutative
i.e. A + B = B + A
(B) Matrix addition is associative
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(C) Additive inverse
If A + B = O = B + A, then B is called additive inverse of A.
(D) Existence of additive identity
Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n zero matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other words,
O is the additive identity for matrix addition.
(E) Cancellation laws hold good in case of addition of matrices. If A,B,C are matrices of the same order, then
A + B = A + C  B = C (left cancellation law) and B + A = C + A  B = C (right-cancellation law)

 The zero matrix plays the same role in matrix addition as the number zero does in addition of numbers.

1 3   1 2 
  0
Ex. If A = 3 2  and B =  5  and A + B – D = O (zero matrix), then D matrix will be-
2 5   3 1 

a b 
c d 
Sol. Let D =  
 e f 

1 3   1 2  a b 1  1  a 3  2  b  0 0 
 A + B – D = 3 2    0 5    c d   3  0  c 2  5  d  
 0 0 
    
2 5   3 1   e f  2  3  e 5  1  f  0 0 
 –a = 0  a = 0, 1 – b = 0  b = 1,
3–c=0  c = 3, 7 – d = 0  d = 7,
5–e=0  e = 5, 6 – f = 0  f = 6

0 1 
 
 D = 3 7 
5 6 

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRIX BY SCALAR

Let  be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [aij]m × n be a matrix. Thus the product A is
defined as A = [bij]m × n where bij = aij  i & j.

 2 1 3 5   6 3 9 15 
   
e.g. : A =  0 2 1 3  & – 3A  (–3) A =  0 6 3 9 
 0 0 1 2   0 0 3 6 

 If A is a scalar matrix, then A = , where  is a diagonal entry of A

 MATRIX

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES
Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of A is same as number of rows of B.
i.e., A = [aij]m × p & B = [bij]p × n.
p
Then AB = [c ij ] m × n where c ij =  a ik bkj ,
k 1
which is the dot product of i th row vector of A and j th

column vector of B.

0 1 1 1
1 2 3   3 4 9 1
e.g. : A =   , B =  0 0 1 0  , AB =  
2 3 1  1 1 2 0  1 3 7 2

(i) The product AB is defined if the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A is c a l l e d
/ BA is defined.
as premultiplier & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined 
(ii) In general AB  BA, even when both the products are defined.
(iii) A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.

PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

Consider all square matrices of order 'n'. Let M n (F) denote the set of all square matrices of order n. (where F
is Q, R or C). Then

(A) A, B  Mn (F)  AB  Mn (F)

(B) In general AB  BA
(C) (AB) C = A(BC)
(D) n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.
An = A = n A  A  Mn (F)
(E) For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A|  0) of Mn (F) there exist a unique (particular)
matrix B  Mn (F) so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that A & B are multiplicative
inverse of one another. In notations, we write B = A–1 or A = B –1.
(F) If  is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(G) A(B + C) = AB + AC  A, B, C  Mn (F)
(H) (A + B) C = AC + BC  A, B, C  Mn (F).

(i) Let A = [aij]m × n. Then An = A & m A = A, where n & m are identity matrices of order n & m
respectively.
(ii) For a square matrix A, A2 denotes AA, A3 denotes AAA etc.
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

 1 3 2  1 
Ex. Find the value of x, if [1 x 1]  2 5 1   2   O
  
15 3 2   x 

 1 3 2 1 
Sol. We have [1 x 1]1×3  2 5 1 2  = O
   
15 3 2  33  x  31

1 
 [1 + 2x + 15 3 + 5x + 3 2 + x + 2]  2  = O
 x 

1 
 
 [16 + 2x 6 + 5x 4 + x]  2  = O
 x 

 [(16 + 2x) . 1 + (6 + 5x) . 2 + (4 + x) . x] = O

 (16 + 2x) + (12 + 10x) + (4x + x2) = 0
 x2 + 16x + 28 = 0
 (x + 14)(x + 2) = 0
 x + 14 = 0 or x+2=0
 x = –14 or x = –2
Hence, x = –14 or x = –2

POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX

A n = 
A.A.A .................A
u pto n t im e s
For a square matrix A, where n  N

(i) [Link] = Am+n

(ii) (Am)n = Amn, where m,n  N
(ii) If A and B are square matrices of same order and AB = BA then
(A + B)n = nC0An + nC1An–1B + nC2An–2B2 +
+ nCnBnNote that for a unit matrix I of any order , Im = I for all m
 N.

SPECIAL SQUARE MATRICES

Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
(A)
For idempotent matrix note the following :
(i) An = A  n  2, n  N .
(ii) determinant value of idempotent matrix is either 0 or 1
 MATRIX

(B) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix which satisfies the relation Ak+1 = A, for some positive integer K, is a periodic
matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(C) Nilpotent Matrix : A square matrix of the order 'n' is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m  N ,
if Am = O & Am–1  O.
(D) Involutary Matrix : If A2 = I, the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix. i.e. square roots of identity matrix is
involutary matrix.

 The determinant value of involutary matrix is 1 or –1.

 1 1 3
Ex. Show that  5 2 6  is nilpotent matrix of order 3.

 2 1 3 

 1 1 3
 5 2 6 
Sol. Let A= 
 2 1 3 

 1 1 3  1 1 3  1  5  6 1 2 3 3 6 9
2    5 2 
6  = 5  10  12 5  4  6 15  12  18 

A = A.A = 5 2 6 × 
  
 2 1 3   2 1 3   2  5  6 2  2  3 6  6  9 

 0 0 0
 3 3 9 
= 
 1 1 3 

 0 0 0  1 1 3  0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0  0
   5 
6  = 3  15  18 3  6  9 9  18  37 
3 2
A = A .A = 3 3 9 ×  2
 
 1 1 3   2 1 3   1  5  6 1  2  3 3  6  9 

0 0 0 
= 0 0 0  = O
 
0 0 0 

 A3 = O i.e., Ak = O
Here k=3
Hence A is nilpotent of order 3.

Ex. Show that a square matrix A is involutory, if (I – A) (I + A) = O

Sol. Let A be involutory

Then A2 = I
(I – A) (I + A) = I2 + IA – AI – A2 = I + A – A – A2 = I – A2 = O
Conversly, let (I – A) (I + A) = O
 I2 + IA – AI – A2 = O  I + A – A – A2 = O
 I – A2 = O  A is involutory
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED
TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
Definition If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A is
called the transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A' or (AT). In other words, if A = [aij]m × n, then
A' = [aji]n × m. For example,

 
3 5 3 3 0
   
If  3 1  , then A' =
5 1 
 1
1   5  23
0 
 5  32

PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX

(i) For any matrix A = [a ij ] m × n, (A) = A

(ii) Let  be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (A) = A
(iii) (A + B) = A + B & (A – B) = A – B for two comparable matrices A and
B.
(iv) (A 1 ± A 2 ± ..... ± A n) = A 1  ± A 2  ± ..... ± A n, where A i are comparable.
Let A = [a ij ] m × p & B = [b ij ] p × n , then (AB) = BA
(v)
(vi) (A 1 A 2 .......A n)= A n. A n – 1  .............A 2  . A 1 , provided the product is defined.

SYMMETRIC & SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX

A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if A = A

i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji  i & j.
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if A = – A
i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is skew-symmetric iff aij = – aji  i & j.

a h g
e.g. A =  h b f  is a symmetric matrix.
 g f c 

o x y
 x o z 
B=   is a skew-symmetric matrix.
  y z 0 

(i) In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are zero.

( aii = – aii  aii = 0)
(ii) For any square matrix A, A + A is symmetric & A – A is skew-symmetric.
(iii) Every square matrix can be uniqualy expressed as a sum of two square matrices of which one is
symmetric and the other is skew-symmetric.
1 1
A = B + C, where B = (A + A ) & C = (A – A ).
2 2
 MATRIX

Ex. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then A is -

Sol. Let A = [aij] Since A is skew symmetric aij = –aji
for i = j, aii = –aii  aii = 0
for i  j, aij = –aji [ A is skew symmetric ], & aij = aji [ A is symmetric]
 aij = 0 for all i  j
so, aij = 0 for all 'i' and 'j' i.e. A is null matrix.

cos   sin   T
Ex. If A =   , then find the values of  satisfying the euqation A + A = I2.
 sin  cos  
Sol. We have,
cos   sin    cos  sin  
A=    AT =  
 sin  cos     sin  cos  
Now, AT + A = I2
 cos  sin   cos   sin   1 0 
   sin  cos     sin  cos    0 1 
     

 2 cos  0  1 0 
  0 
 2cos   0 1 

1  
 2 cos = 1  cos =  cos = cos   = 2n  ± ,nZ
2 3 3

 2 –2 –4 
 
Ex. Express the matrix B =  –1 3 4  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.
 1 –2 –3

 2 –1 1
 
Sol. Here B' =  –2 3 –2 
 –4 4 –3

 3 3
 2 –
2
– 
2
 4 –3 –3   
1 1  3
Let P = (B + B') =  –3 6 2  =  – 3 1 
2 2  2 
 –3 2 –6   
– 3 1 –3 
 2 

 –3 –3 
2 2 2
 
 –3 3 1  =P
Now P' =  
2
 
 –3 1 –3 
 
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1
Thus P= (B + B') is a symmetric matrix.
2
 –1 –5 
0 2 2
0 –1 –5  
1 1 1 0 6   1 0 3
Also, Let Q = (B – B') =   =  
2 2 5 –6 0   2 
 
5 –3 0
 2 
 1 5 
 0 2 3 
 
1
Now Q' =  – 0 –3  = – Q

2
 
– 5
3 0 
 2 

1
Thus Q= (B – B') is a skew symmetric matrix.
2

 –3 –3   –1 –5 
2 0
2 2  2 2   2 –2 –4 
   
 –3 1
Now P+Q=  3 1 +  0 3  =  –1 3 4  = B
2  2 
  5   1 –2 –3
–3
 1 –3   –3 0
 2   2 

Thus, B is reresented as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix.

ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if A AT = I

Note
(i) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix is either 1 or –1.

a1 a2 a3   a1 b1 c1 
(ii) Let A  b b2 b 3   A   a 2
T
b2 c 2 
 1
 c1 c2 c 3  a 3 b3 c 3 

 a 12  a 22  a 23 a 1 b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b 3 a 1 c1  a 2 c 2  a 3 c 3 
 
AA T   b1 a 1  b 2 a 2  b 3 a 3 2
b b b
1
2
2
2
3 b1 c 1  b 2 c 2  b 3 c 3 
 c1 a 1  c 2 a 2  c 3 a 3 c 1 b1  c 2 b 2  c 3 b 3 c 12  c 22  c 23 
 

If AA T = I, then
3 3 3 3 3 3

 a i2   bi2   ci2 = 1 and a b  b c  c a

i i i i i i 0
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
 MATRIX

 0 2 
Ex. Determine the values of , ,  when     is orthogonal.
   

 0 2 
   
Sol. Let A=  
   

 0  
   
 A' = 2 
    

But given A is orthogonal.

 AAT = I

 0 2    0   1 0 0 
   
   2     = 0 1 0 
  
         0 0 1 

 4 2   2 2 2   2 22   2  1 0 0 
 2 2  0 1 0 
  2    2  2   2  2  2   2  =  
 2    2
2
 2  2   2  2  2   2  0 0 1 

Equating the corresponding elements, we have

42 + 2 = 1 .......(i)
2 2
2 –  = 0 .......(ii)
2 + 2 + 2 = 1
(iii)
1 1
2 = and 2 =
2 6 3
From i) and ii) 6 =1 
1 1 1
From (iii) 2 = 1 – 2 – 2 = 1 – – =
6 3 2

1 1 1
Hence,  =  ,= and  = 
2 6 3

ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be cofactor of aij in A then the adjoint of A, denoted by adj A, is
defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix.
T
 C 11 C 12 C 13 
Then, adjA = [Cij] T  adjA = C 23 C 22 C 23 


C 31 C 32 C 33 
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Theorem A (adj. A) = (adj. A) .A = |A| I n.

 a 11 a 12 a 13   C 11 C 21 C 31 
   
Proof A.(adj A )   a 21 a 22 a 23   C 12 C 22 C 32 
a  C C 23 C 33 
 31 a 32 a 33   13

| A | 0 0  1 0 0 
   
 0 | A| 0   | A |  0 1 0   A. (Adj. A) = | A | I
 0 
0 | A| 0 0 1 
  

(whatever may be the value only |A| will come out as a common element)
A. (adj. A)
If | A |  0 then = I = unit matrix of the same order as that of A
|A|

Properties of adjoint matrix

If A be a square matrix of order n, then
(i) |adj A| = |A|n–1 (ii) adj(adj A) = |A|n–2 A, where |A| 0
2
(iii) | adj(adj A )| | A |( n 1 ) , where |A| 0 (iv) adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)

(v) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A) , K is a scalar (vi) adj AT = (adj A)T

Method to find Adjoint of a 2 × 2 Square Matrix, Directly

Let A be a 2 × 2 square matrix. In order to find the adjoint simply interchange the diagonal elements and reverse the
sign of off diagonal elements (rest of the elements).

p q  s q 
e.g. If A =    adjA  
r s   r p 

2 0 0 
Ex. If A = 2 2 0  , then adj (adj A) is equal to -
2 2 2 

2 0 0
Sol. |A| = 2 2 0 = 8
2 2 2

Now adj (adj A) = |A|3–2 A

2 0 0 1 0 0 
1 1 0 
= 8 2 2 0 = 16  
2 2 2 1 1 1 
 MATRIX

Inverse of a Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix)

A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that,

AB = I = BA

B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A 1 .

Thus A 1 = B  A B = I = B A .

We have , A . (adj A) = A In

A 1 A (adj A) = A 1 In 

In (adj A) = A 1 A In
(adj A)
 A 1 =
|A|
 The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that A  0.

Imp. Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order , then (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1. This is reversal law for inverse.

(i) If A be an invertible matrix , then AT is also invertible & (AT) 1 = (A 1)T.

(ii) If A is invertible, (A) (A 1) 1 = A ; (B) (Ak) 1 = (A 1)k = A–k, k  N

(iii)If A is an Orthogonal Matrix. AAT = I = ATA

(iv) A square matrix is said to be orthogonal if , A 1 = AT .

1
(v) | A–1 | =
|A|

Ex. Prove that if A is non-singular matrix such that A is symmetric then A–1 is also symmetric.
Sol. AT = A [ A is a symmetric matrix]
(AT)–1 = A–1 [since A is non-singular matrix]
 (A–1)T = A–1 Hence proved
0 1 
0 1 2  1 0  –1
Ex. If A =  , B=   and M = AB, then M is equal to-
2  2 0  1 1 

0 1 
0 1 2  1 0   1 2 
Sol. M=   =
2 2 0  1 1   2 2 
 
2 2 
|M| = 6 , adj M = 
2 1 

1 2  2  1 / 3 1 / 3 
 M–1 = 6   1 / 3 1 / 6 
2 1  
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

2 3
Ex. Show that the matrix A =   satisfies the equation A 2 – 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix and O
1 2
is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using the equation, find A–1 .
2 3 2 3  7 12 
Sol. We have A2 = A.A =   1 2 =  4 7 
 1 2     

 7 12   8 12  1 0  0 0
Hence A2 – 4A + I =  4 7  –  4 8  +  0 1  =  0 0  = 0
       
Now A2 – 4A + I = 0
Therefore
A A – 4A = – I
or AA(A–1) – 4 A A–1 = – I A–1 (Post multiplying by A–1 because |A|  0)
or A (A A–1) – 4I = – A–1
or AI – 4I = – A–1

 4 0  2 3 2 –3 
or A–1 = 4I – A =  0 4  –  1 2  =  –1 2 
    

2 –3 
Hence A–1 =  –1 2 


Matrix Polynomial
If ƒ (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ........ + anx0, then we define a matrix polynomial
ƒ (a) = a0An + a1An – 1 + a2An–2 + ....... + anIn.
where A is the given square matrix. If ƒ (a) is the null matrix, thenA is called the zero or root of the polynomial ƒ (x).

System of Equation & Criterian For Consistency Gauss - Jordan Method

x+y+z = 6 xy+z=2 2x + y  z = 1

 xyz  6
   
2
or  xyz  =  
 2x  y  z 1
   

1 1 1  x 6
     
 1 1 1   y = 2
 2 1 1  z 1
     

AX = B  A 1 A X = A 1 B

(adj. A).B
X = A 1 B = .
|A|
 MATRIX

(i) If A  0, system is consistent having unique solution

(ii) If A  0 & (adj A) . B  O (Null matrix) ,

system is consistent having unique non  trivial solution .

(iii) If A  0 & (adj A) . B = O (Null matrix) ,

system is consistent having trivial solution .

(iv) If A = 0 , matrix method fails

If (adj A) . B = null matrix = O If (adj A) . B  O

Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution)

 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

TIPS & FORMULAS

1. Introduction
A rectangular array mn numbers in the form of m horizontal lines (called rows) and n vertical lines (called columns),
is called a matrix of order m by n, written as m × n matrix.
In comopact form, the matrix is represented by A = [aij ]mxn

2. Special type of Matrices

(A) Row Matrix (Row vector) : A = [a11 , a12 , .............. a1n] i.e. row matrix has exactly one row.

 a11 
a 
(B) Column Matrix (Column vector) : A =  21  i.e. column matrix has exactly one column.
 .. 
 
 a m1 
(C) Zero or Null Matrix : (A = Omxn ), An m × n matrix whose all entries are zero.
(D) Horizontal Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m.
(E) Vertical Matrix : A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n.
(F) Square Matrix : (Order n) If number of rows = number of column, then matrix is a square matrix.
Note
(i) The pair of elements aij and aji are called Conjugate Elements.
(ii) The elements a11, a22, a33, ...... anm are called Diagonal Elements. The line along which the diagonal elements
lie is called “Principal or leading diagonal.” The quantity aij = trace of the matrix written as, tr (A)
3. Square Matrices

Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denoted as

A = diag (a11 , a22 , ........, anm)
where aij= 0 for i j
1 3 -2 1 0 0
A= 0 2 4 B= 2 - 3 0
0 0 5 4 3 3

Scalar Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix

a 0 0 1 0 0 1 if i = j
aij= 0 if i  j
0 a 0 0 1 0
0 0 a 0 0 1 if a11 = a22 = a33 = 1
if a11 = a22 = a33 = a
Note
(i) Minimum number of zeros in triangular matrix of order n = n(n–1)/2
(ii) Minimum number of zeros in a diagonal matrix of order n = n( n – 1)
 MATRIX

4. Equality of Matrices
Let A = [aij] & B = [bij] are equal if,
(A) both have the same order. (B) aij = bij for each pair of i & j.

5. Algebra of Matrices
Addition : A + B = [aij + bij] where A & B are of the same order.
(A) Addition of matrices is commutative : A + B = B + A
(B) Matrix addition is associative : (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

6. Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar

a b c   ka kb kc 
If  
A =  b c a  , then kA = kb kc ka 
 
 c a b   kc ka kb

7. Multiplication of Matrices (Row by Column)

Let A be a matrix of order m × n and B be a matrix of order p × q then the matrix multiplication AB is possible if and
only if n = p.
Let A m × n = [aij] and B n × p = [bij], then order of AB is m × p &
n
(AB)ij =  a ir brj
r=1

8. Characteristic Equation
Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial |A – xI| is called as characteristic polynomial of A & the equation
|A –xI| = 0 is called characteristic equation of A.

9. Cayley - Hamilton Theorem

Every square matrix A satisfy its characteristic equation i.e. a0xn + a1xn + ....... + a1An–1 + ....... + an–1 A + anI = 0

10. Properties of Matrix Multiplication

(A) AB = 0  A = 0 or B = 0 (in general)
Note
If A and B are two non-zero matrices such that AB = O, then A and B are called the divisors of zero. If A and B are two
matrices such that
(i) AB = BA then A and B are said to commute
(ii) AB = –BA then A and B are said to anticommute
(B) Matrix Multiplication is Associative :
If A, B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then (AB)C = A(BC)
(C) Distributivity
A(B+C) = AB + AC Provided A, B & C are conformable for respective products.
(A+B)C =AC + BC
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

11. Positive Integral Powers of a Square Matrix

(A) AmAn = Am+n (B) (Am)n = Amn = (An)m
(C) Im = I m,n  N

12. Orthogonal Matrix

A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if A AT = I
Note
(i) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix is either 1 or –1.
Hence orthogonal matrix is always invertible
(ii) AAT = I = AT A Hence A–1 = AT.

13. Some Square Matrices

(A) Idempotent Matrix : A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
For idempotent matrix note the following :
(i) A n  A  n  2, n  N
(ii) Determinant value of idempotent matrix is either 0 or 1.
(iii) If idempotent matrix is invertible then its inverse will be identity matrix i.e. I.
(B) Periodic Matrix : A square matrix which satisfies the relation Ak+1 = A, for some positive integer K, is a
periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(C) Nilpotent Matrix : A square matrix is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m  N, if Am = O, Am-1  O.
Note that a nilpotent matrix will not be invertible.
(D) Involuntary Matrix : If A2 = I, the matrix is said to be an involuntary matrix.
Note that A = A–1 for an involuntary matrix.
(E) If A and B are square matrices of same order and AB = BA then
(A + B)n = nC0An + nC1An–1B + nC2An–2B2 + ...................... + nCn Bn

14. Transpose of a Matrix : (Changing rows & columns)

Let A be any matrix of order m × n. Then AT or A’ = [aij] for 1  i  n & 1  j  m of order n × m
Properties of Transpose :
If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B
(A) (A + B)T = AT + BT ; note that A & B have the same order.
(B) (AB)T = BT AT (Reversal law) A & B are conformable for matrix product AB
(C) (AT)T = A
(D) (kA)T = kAT, where k is a scalar.
General : (A1.A2, ............. An)T = AnT. .............. A2T . A1T (reversal law for transpose)
 MATRIX

15. Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix

(A) Symmetric matrix :
For symmetric matrix A = AT
n(n +1)
Note : Maximum number of distinct entries in any symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
(B) Skew symmetric matrix :
Square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric if
a ij = –a ji ; i  j . Hence if A is skew symmetric, then
a i i = a–a
i i i=
i . –a 
ia
i i
i =a
0i i =i 0  i .
Thus the diagonal elements of a skew square matrix are all zero.
but not the converse.
For a skew symmetric matrix A = –AT.
(C) Properties of Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrix :
(i) Let A be any square matrix then, A + AT is a symmetric matrix & A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
(ii) The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and the sum of two skew symmetric matrix
is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iii) If A & B are symmetric matricews then,
(1) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix
(2) AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iv) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum or difference of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.
1 1
A = (A + AT ) + (A – AT ) (symmetric matrix)
2 2

1 T 1 T
and A = (A + A) – (A – A) (skew symmetric matrix)
2 2

16. Adjoint of a Square Matrix

 a11 a12 a13 

Let A = [a ij ] =  a 21 a 22 a 23  be a square matrix and let the matrix formed by the cofactors of [aij] in determinant |A|
a 
 31 a 32 a 33 

 C11 C12 C13   C11 C21 C31 

   
is  C21 C22 C23  . Then (adj A) =
 C12 C22 C32 
C C33  C
 31 C32  13 C23 C33 

Note
If A be a square matrix of order n, then
(i) A(adj A) = |A| In = (adj A). A (ii) A|adj A| = |A| n–1
2
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A (iv) |adj(adj A)| = |A|(n 1)
(v) adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (vi) adj (KA) = Kn–1 (adj A), where K is a scalar
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

17. Inverse of a Matrix (Reciprocal Matrix)

A square matrix A said to be invertible (non singular) if there exists a matrix B such that, AB = 1 = BA
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A–1. Thus
A–1 = B  AB = 1 = BA
We have, A–1 A.(adj A) = A–1 In |A|
In (adj A ) = A–1 |A| In

(adj A)
 A 1 

|A|
Note : The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that |A|  0
Theorem : If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order,
then (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
Note :
(i) If A be an invertible matrix, then AT is also invertible & (AT)–1 = (A–1)T.
(ii) If A is invertible, (A) (A–1)–1 = A (B) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k = A–k ; k  N

18. System of Equation & Criteria for Consistency

Gauss – Jordan Method :
Example :
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3

a1 x + b1 y + c1z   d1  a1 + b1 + c1   x   d1 

 a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z   
  d 2 

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 
 y   d 
   2
a3 x + b3 y + c3 z   d 3  a3 + b3 + c3   z   d3 
 AX =B  A–1 AX = A–1 B
Adj A
 X=A 1B = .B
|A|
Note
(i) If |A|  = 0, system is consistent having unique solution.
(ii) If |A|  0 & (adj A) . B  0 (Null matrix), system is consistent having unique non-trival solution.
(iii) If |A|  0 & (adj A) . B = 0 (Null matrix), system is consistent having trival solution.
(iv) If |A| = 0, then matrix methods fails.

If (adj A) . B = 0 (null matrix) If (adj A) . B  0

Consistent Inconsistent
(infinite solutions) (no solution)
 MATRIX

SOLVED EXAMPLES
1
Ex. 1 Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = | i –3j |.
2

 a11 a12 
 
Sol. In general a 3 × 2 matrix is given by A =  a 21 a 22  .
 a 31 a 32 
1
aij = | i – 3j |, i = 1, 2, 3 and j = 1, 2
2
1 1 5
Therefore a11 = | 1 – 3 × 1 | = 1 a12 = | 1 – 3 × 2 | =
2 2 2
1 1 1
a21 = |2–3×1|= a = |2–3×2|=2
2 2 22 2
1 1 3
a31 = |3–3×1|=0 a32 = |3–3×2|=
2 2 2

 5
1 2
 
1 2
Hence the required matrix is given hy A =  
2
 
0 3
 2 

2 3 1   x 
   
Ex. 2 If [1 x 2] 0 4 2   1 = O, then the value of x is :-
0 3 2   1
Sol. The LHS of the equation
 x
 
= [2 4x + 9 2x + 5]  1 = [2x + 4x + 9 – 2x – 5] = 4x + 4
 1
Thus 4x + 4 = 0  x = –1

Ex. 3 Find the value of x, y, z and w which satisfy the matrix equation
 x  3 2y  x    x  1 0 
 z  1 4w  8  =  3 2w 
  
Sol. As the given matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal.
x+3=–x–1  2x = – 4
 x=–2 .....(i)
2y + x = 0  2y – 2 = 0 [from (i)]
 y=1 .....(ii)
z–1=3  z=4 .....(iii)
4w – 8 = 2w  2w = 8
 w=4 .....(iv)
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Ex. 4 Prove that if A is non-singular matrix such that A is symmetric then A–1 is also symmetric.
Sol. AT = A [ A is a symmetric matrix]
(AT)–1 = A–1 [since A is non-singular matrix]
 (A–1)T = A–1 Hence proved

 x  3 z  4 2y – 7   0 6 3y – 2 
 –6 a –1   –6 –3 2c  2  , then find the values of a, b, c, x, y and z.
Ex. 5 If  0  = 
 b – 3 –21 0   2b  4 –21 0 

Sol. As the given matrices are equal, therefore, their corresponding elements must be equal. Comparing the
corresponding elements, we get
x+3=0 z+4=6 2y – 7 = 3y – 2
a–1=–3 0 = 2c + 2 b – 3 = 2b + 4
 a = – 2, b = – 7, c = – 1, x = – 3, y = – 5, z = 2

1 3 2  1 4 1 0  1 1 1 2
Ex. 6 Let A  2 1 3 ,B  2 1 1 1  & C  3 2 1 1 be the matrices then, prove that in matrix
   
4 3 1 1 2 1 2  2 5 1 0 

multiplication cancellation law does not hold.

Sol. We have to show that AB = AC; though B is not equal to C.

1 3 2  1 4 1 0  3 3 0 1 
    
We have AB  2 1 3 2 1 1 1    1 15 0 5 
4 3 1 1 2 1 2   3 15 0 5 
3 4

1 3 2  2 1 1 2   3 3 0 1 
    
Now, AC  2 1 3  3 2 1 1   1 15 0 5 
4 3 1 2 5 1 0   3 15 0 5 
3 4

Here, AB = AC though B is not equal to C. Thus cancellation law does not hold in general.

0 1 
0 1 2  1 0 –1
Ex. 7 If A =  , B=   and M = AB, then M is equal to-
2  2 0  1 1 

0 1 
0 1 2  1 0  1 2
Sol. M=    =  
2 2 0  1 1   2 2 
 

2 2
|M| = 6 , adj M =  
2 1 
1 2 2  1 / 3 1 / 3 
 M–1 = 6   
2 1  1 / 3 1 / 6 
 MATRIX

1 2   3 2
Ex. 8 If A, B are two matrices such that A + B = 2 4  , A – B =  2 0  then find AB.
   

 3 2
Sol. Given A + B = 1 2  ........(i) & A – B =  2 0  ......(ii)
2 4   
Adding (i) & (ii)

4 4  2 2 
2A = 0 4   A = 0 2 
   
Subtracting (ii) from (i)

 2 0   1 0 
2B =  4 4   B =  2 2
   

2 2   1 0  2 4 
Now AB = 0 2   2 2  = 4 4 
     

Ex. 9 If A and B are matrices of order m × n and n × m respectively, then order of matrix BT(AT)T is -
Sol. Order of B is n × m so order of BT will be m × n
Now (AT)T = A & its order is m × n. For the multiplication BT(AT)T
Number of columns in prefactor  Number of rows in post factor.
Hence this multiplication is not defined.
Hence the given matrix A is involutory.

 2 1
Ex. 10 If ƒ (x) = x2 – 3x + 3 and A   4
 be a square matrix then prove that ƒ (a) = O. Hence find A .
  1 1
 2 1  2 1  3 3 
Sol. A 2  A.A     
 1 1  1 1  3 0

 3 3  2 1 1 0   0 0 
Hence A2 – 3A + 3I =    3   3  O
 3 0    1 1 0 1  0 0 

1 2 0
Ex. 11 If A = 2 1 0  , show that 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5I
 
0 0 1

Sol. We have the characteristic equation of A.

|A – xI| = 0
1 x 2 0
2 1  x 0
i.e. =0
0 0 1  x

i.e. x3 + x2 – 5x – 5 = 0

Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem

A3 + A2 – 5A – 5I = O  5I = A3 + A2 – 5A
Multiplying by A–1, we get 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5I
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

 2 2 4 
 
Ex. 12 Show that the matrix A =  1 3 4  is idempotent.
 1 2 3 

 2 2 4   2 2 4 
 1 3   
Sol. 2
A = A.A =  4  ×  1 3 4 
 1 2 3   1 2 3 

2.2  ( 2).( 1)  ( 4).1 2( 2)  ( 2).3  ( 4).( 2) 2.( 4)  ( 2).4  ( 4).( 3) 
 ( 1).( 4)  3.4  4.( 3) 
=  ( 1).2  3.( 1)  4.1 ( 1).( 2)  3.3  4.( 2)
1.2  ( 2).( 1)  ( 3).1 1.( 2)  ( 2).3  ( 3).( 2) 1.( 4)  ( 2).4  ( 3).( 3) 

 2 2 4 
=  1 3 4  = A
 
 1 2 3 

Hence the matrix A is idempotent.

 5 8 0 
Ex. 13 Show that the matrix A =  3 5 0  is involutory..
 1 2 1

 5 8 0   5 8 0   25  24  0 40  40  0 0  0  0
2  3 5 0  3 5 0  15  15  0 24  25  0 0  0  0
Sol. A = A.A =   ×   =  
 1 2 1  1 2 1  5  6  1 8  10  2 0  0  1

 1 0 0
= 0 1 0  = I
 
0 0 1

1 3 5
 
Ex. 14 If A = 3 5 1 , then adj A is equal to -
5 1 3
T
 14 4 22  14 4 22 
 4 22 14   4 22 14 
Sol. adj. A =   =  
 22 14 4   22 14 4 
 MATRIX

1
 1  tan  / 2   1 tan  / 2 
Ex. 15   tan  / 2 is equal to -
 tan  / 2
 1 
  1 

1
 1 tan  / 2 1  1  tan  / 2 
Sol.  tan  / 2 =  tan  / 2 
 1  2
sec  / 2  1 

1  1  tan  / 2   1  tan  / 2 
 Product = 2  tan  / 2   tan  / 2 
sec  / 2  1   1 

1 1  tan2  / 2 2 tan  / 2 
=  
sec2  / 2  2 tan  / 2 1  tan2  / 2 

cos2  / 2 sin2  / 2 2 sin  / 2 cos  / 2  cos   sin  

=  2 2  =  
 2sin  / 2 cos  / 2 cos  / 2  sin  / 2  sin  cos  

x  y  z  16
Ex. 16 Solve the system x  y  z  2 using matrix method.
2x  y  z  1

 1 1 1 x 6 
 1  1 1    
Sol. Let A =   , X = y  & B = 2 
2 1 1  z  1 

Then the system is AX = B.

A = 6, hence A is non singular,,

0 3 3 
 1
Cofactor A = 2 3
2 0 2 

0 2 2 
adj A = 3 3 0 
3 1 2 

0 2 2   0 1/ 3 1/ 3 
1 1   
–1
A = adj A = 3 3 0  = 1 / 2 1 / 2 0 
A 6 
3 1 2  1 / 2 1 / 6 1/ 3

 0 1/ 3 1/ 3  6  x 1 
1 / 2 1 / 2 0  2   
–1
X=A B=    i.e.  y  = 2 
 
1 / 2 1 / 6 1/ 3 1   z  3

 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

 8 0  2 –2
   4 2
Ex. 17 IF A =  4 –2  and B =   , then find the matrix X, such that 2A + 3X = 5B
 3 6   –5 1
Sol. We have 2A + 3X = 5B.
 3X = 5B – 2A
1
 X= (5B – 2A)
3

  2 –2  8 0     10 –10   –16 0  
1      1   
 X =  5  4 2  – 2  4 –2   =   20 10    –8 4  
3 3
  –5 1  3 6   
  –25 5   –6 –12  

 –10 
 –2 3 
 10 –16 –10  0   –6 –10   
1 1   4 14 
 12 14
 X =  20 – 8 10  4  = 3   =  3 
3  –13 –7   
 –25 – 6 5 –12   –31 –7 
 3 3 
 1 2 3 
 3 –2 1 3
Ex. 18 If A =   , then show that A – 23A – 40 I = O
 4 2 1

 1 2 3  1 2 3 19 4 8 
   3 –2 1  
Sol. We have A = A.A =  3 –2 1
2
  =  1 12 8 
 4 2 1  4 2 1 14 6 15

 1 2 3 19 4 8   63 46 69 
 1 12 8 
So A3 = AA2 =  3 –2 1 

 = 69 –6 23

 
 4 2 1 14 6 15 92 46 63

 63 46 69   1 2 3 1 0 0 
69 –6 23  3 –2 1  
Now A3 – 23A – 40I =   – 23   – 40 0 1 0 
92 46 63  4 2 1 0 0 1 

 63 46 69   –23 –46 –69   –40 0 0 

69 –6 23  –69 46 –23  0 –40 0 
=   +   +  
92 46 63 
 –92 –46 –23  0 0 –40 

63 – 23 – 40 46 – 46  0 69 – 69  0 
 
=  69 – 69  0 –6  46 – 40 23 – 23  0 
 90 – 92  0 46 – 46  0 63 – 23 – 40 

0 0 0 
 
= 0 0 0  = O
 MATRIX

 –2 
 
Ex. 19 If A =  4  , B = [1 3 – 6], verify that (AB)' = B'A'.
 5

Sol. We have

 –2 
 4
A =   , B = [1 3 –6]
 5

 –2   –2 –6 12 
   4 12 –24 
Then AB =  4  [1 3 –6] =  
 5  5 15 –30 

 1
 
Now A' = [–2 4 5], B' =  3
 –6 

 1  –2 4 5
   –6 12 15
B'A' =  3 [–2 4 5] =   = (AB)'
 –6   12 –24 –30 

Clearly (AB)' = B'A'

 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 1 [Single Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. If number of elements in a matrix is 60 then how many different order of matrix are possible -
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 24 (D) none of these

2. If AB = O for the matrices

 cos2  cos  sin   cos 2  cos  sin 
A=   and B =   then  –  is
cos  sin  sin 2   cos  sin  sin 2  


(A) an odd multiple of (B) an odd multiple of 
2

(C) an even multiple of (D) 0
2

 cos  sin  
3. If A =   , then AA is equal to -
  sin  cos  
(A) A+ (B) A (C) A (D) none of these

4. A is a (3×3) diagonal matrix having integral entries such that det (A) = 120, number of such matrices is
(A) 360 (B) 390 (C) 240 (D) 270

1 1 1 2  1 3 1 n  1 378 
5. If the product of n matrices       .....   is equal to the matrix   then the value
 0 1  0 1   0 1  0 1  0 1 
of n is equal to -
(A) 26 (B) 27 (C) 377 (D) 378

6. Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11 – y columns. Both AB and BA exist, then -
(A) x = 3, y = 4 (B) x = 4, y = 3 (C) x = 3, y = 8 (D) x = 8, y = 3

7. If A = diag (2, 1, 3), B = diag (1, 3, 2), then A2B =

(A) diag (5, 4, 11) (B) diag ( 4, 3, 18) (C) diag (3, 1, 8) (D) B

1 5   2 5 
8. If A – 2B =   and 2A – 3B =   , then matrix B is equal to -
3 7   0 7

 4 5   0 6 2  1  6 1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 6 7   3 7  3 2  0 1 

9. Matrix A is such that A2 = 2A – , where  is the identity matrix. The for n  2, An =

(A) nA – (n – 1) (B) nA –  (C) 2n – 1 A – (n – 1) (D) 2n – 1 A – 

 0 1 2
10. If A =   and (aI2 +bA) = A , then -
  1 0 
(A) a = b = 2 (B) a = b = 1/ 2 (C) a = b = 3 (D) a = b = 1/ 3
 MATRIX

11. If A is a skew symmetric matrix such that ATA = I, then A4n–1 (n  N) is equal to -
(A) – AT (B) I (C) – I (D) AT

12. Suppose A is a matrix such that A2 = A and ( + A)10 =  + kA, then k is

(A) 127 (B) 511 (C) 1023 (D) 1024

13. Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix -

 6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7  6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 
   
(A) 2 / 7 3 / 7 6 / 7  (B) 2 / 7 3 / 7 6 / 7 
3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7  3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7

 6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7  6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 
 
(C)  2 / 7 3 / 7 6 / 7  (D)  2 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7
 
 3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7   6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 

1 3 1 0
14. Given A =   ,  =  0 1  . If A –   is a singular matrix then
2 2  
(A)    (B) 2 – 3 – 4 = 0 (C) 2 + 3 + 4 = 0 (D) 2 – 3 – 6 = 0

15. If A is an orthogonal matrix & | A | = –1, then AT is equal to -

(A) –A (B) A (C) –(adj A) (D) (adj A)

1 2   1 4  4 8 
16. If A =  ,B=   and ABC = 3 7  , then C equals -
3 0
   2 3  

1 72 32  1  54 110  1  54 110  1  72 32 

(A) (B) (C) (D)
66 57 29  66  3 11  66  3 11 66  57 29 

 0 1 1
  A
17. A is an involutary matrix given by A =  4 3 4  then the inverse of will be
2
 3 3 4 
A 1 A
(A) 2A (B) (C) (D) A2
2 2

18. A and B are two given matrices such that the order of A is 3×4 , if A B and BA are both defined then
(A) order of B is 3 × 4 (B) order of BA is 4 × 4
(C) order of BA is 3 × 3 (D) BA is undefined

0 5  2 16
19. If A =   and (x) = 1 + x + x + ...... + x , then (A) =
 0 0 
1 5  1 5  0 5 
(A) 0 (B)   (C) 0 0  (D)  
0 1    1 1 
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

2 1   3 2  1 0 
20. If  A   , then matrix A equals -
7 4   5 3  0 1 
 7 5 2 1   7 1  5 3
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 11 8  5 3  34 5  13 8 

cos   sin  0   cos  0 sin  

 sin  cos  0  
21. If F () =   and G () =  0 1 0  , then [F () G ()]1=
 0 0 1    sin  0 cos  

(A) F ()  G() (B)  F ()  G () (C) [F()]1 [G()]1 (D) [G()]1 [F()]1

 cos 2  sin  cos    cos2  sin  cos  

22. If A =   ; B =   are such that, AB is a null matrix, then which
 sin  cos  sin 2    sin  cos  sin 2  

of the following should necessarily be an odd integral multiple of .
2
(A)  (B)  (C)  –  (D)  + 

 1 2 0 2 1 5
 3  and 2A – B = 2 6 
23. Let A + 2B =  6 3  1
  5 3 1   0 1 2 

then Tr (A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) none

 cos   sin  
24. For a given matrix A =  which of the following statement holds good?
 sin  cos  

(A) A = A–1   R (B) A is symmetric, for  = (2n + 1) , n I
2
(C) A is an orthogonal matrix for   R (D) A is a skew symmetric, for  = n ; n  I

x 3 2
 4  , if x y z = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z = 20 , then A (adj A) is equal to
25. Matrix A =  1 y
 2 2 z 

 64 0 0   88 0 0   68 0 0   34 0 0 
     
(A)  0 64 0  (B)  0 88 0  (C)  0 68 0  (D)  0 34 0 
 
 0 0 64   0 0 88   0 0 68   0 0 34 

 1 tan x 
A =   tan x T –1
26.
 1  then let us define a function f (x) = det. (A A ) then which of the following can not be the


  

value of f f  f  f ..........f (x)   is (n  2)
n times

(A) f n(x) (B) 1 (C) f n – 1(x) (D) n f (x)

 MATRIX

 sin  cos  
27. Consider a matrix A () =   then
  cos  sin  
(A) A() is symmetric (B) A() is skew symmetric
 
(C) A–1() = A( – ) (D) A2() = A   2 
 2 

1 2 2   x  0 
28. The equation 1 3 4   y   0  has a solution for (x, y, z) besides (0, 0, 0). The value of k equals
     
3 4 k   z  0 

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

1  1 1  1 
29. A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that A   =   and A2   =   . The sum of the elements of A, is

 1 2
  
 1 0
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) 5

30. If A is an idempotent matrix satisfying,

(I – 0.4A)–1 = I – A
where I is the unit matrix of the same order as that of A then the value of  is equal to
(A) 2/5 (B) 2/3 (C) – 2/3 (D) 1/2
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 2 Part # I [Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions]

1. If A is a invertible idempotent matrix of order n, then adj A is equal to -

(A) (adj A)2 (B)  (C) A–1 (D) none of these

2. A square matrix can always be expressed as a

(A) sum of a symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix of the same order
(B) difference of a symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix of the same order
(C) skew symmetric matrix
(D) symmetric matrix

3. Choose the correct answer :

(A) every scalar matrix is an identity matrix.
(B) every identity matrix is a scalar matrix
(C) transpose of transpose of a matrix gives the matrix itself.
(D) for every square matrix A there exists another matrix B such that AB = I = BA.

4. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily square) real matrices such that AT = BCD ; BT = CDA; CT = DAB and
DT = ABC for the matrix S = ABCD, then which of the following is/are true
(A) S3 = S (B) S2 = S4 (C) S = S2 (D) none of these

5. Let A be an invertible matrix then which of the following is/are true :

(A) |A–1| = |A|–1 (B) (A2)–1 = (A–1)2 (C) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (D) none of these

6. Let aij denote the element of the ith row and jthcolumn in a 3 × 3 matrix and let aij = –aji for every i and j then this matrix
is an -
(A) orthogonal matrix (B) singular matrix
(C) matrix whose principal diagonal elements are all zero (D) skew symmetric matrix

7. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) is equal to -
(A) adj (B) adj (A) (B) |B||A| B–1 A–1 (C) |B||A| A–1 B–1 (D) |A||B|(AB)–1

0 0 1 
8. If A  0 1 0 , then-
1 0 0

 0 0 1
(A) AdjA is zero matrix (B) Adj A   0 1 0 
 1 0 0 
(C) A–1 = A (D) A2 = I
 MATRIX

1 9 7 
 n 
9. If A  i  8  , where i  1 and  is complex cube root of unity, then tr(a) will be-
1 6 2n 

(A) 1, if n = 3k, k  N (B) 3, if n = 3k, k  N (C) 0, if n  3k, k  N (D) –1, if n  3k, n  N

1 1 0 
0 2 1 
10. If A–1 =  , then
 0 0  1 

(A) | A | = 2 (B) A is non-singular

 1 / 2 1 / 2 0 
 0 1 1/ 2 
(C) Adj. A =   (D) A is skew symmetric matrix
 0 0 1 / 2 

 1 1
11. Which of the following is true for matrix A =  
2 3 
(A) A + 4I is a symmetric matrix
(B) A2  4A + 5I2 = 0
 1
(C) A  B is a diagonal matrix for any value of  if B = 
2 5 
(D) A  4I is a skew symmetric matrix

a b 
12. If A =   satisfies the equation x2 + k = 0, then -
c d 
(A) a + d = 0 (B) k = –|A| (C) k = a2+ b2+ c2+ d2 (D) k = |A|

 a b  a  b 
 
13. Matrix  b c  b  c   is non invertible if -
2 1 0 

(A)  = 1/2 (B) a, b, c are in A.P.

(C) a, b, c are in G.P. (D) a, b, c are in H.P.

14. If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices and | A |  0, then which of the following are true?
(A) | AB | = 0  | B | = 0 (B) | AB | = 0  B = 0
(C) | A–1 | = | A |–1 (D) | A + A | = 2 | A |

15. If AB = A and BA = B, then

(A) A2B = A2 (B) B2A = B2 (C) ABA = A (D) BAB = B
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

1 1 1 1
16. Given the matrices A and B as A =   and B =  2 2  .
 4 1  
The two matrices X and Y are such that XA = B and AY = B then which of the following hold(s) true?

1  1 1 1 3 0  4 1
(A) X = (B) Y = (C) det. X = det. Y (D) 3(X + Y) = 
3  2 2  3  4 0  4 2 


17. If A and B are two 3 × 3 matrices such that their product AB is a null matrix then
(A) det. A  0  B must be a null matrix.
(B) det. B  0  A must be a null matrix.
(C) If none of A and B are null matrices then atleast one of the two matrices must be singular.
(D) If neither det. A nor det. B is zero then the given statement is not possible.

 3 5  12 5  –1
18. Let P =   and Q =  7 3 then the matrix (PQ) is
 7 12   
(A) nilpotent (B) idempotent (C) involutory (D) symmetric

 x if i  j, x  R

19. Let A = aij be a matrix of order 3 where aij = 1 if | i  j | 1 then which of the following hold(s) good ?
0 otherwise

(A) for x = 2, A is a diagonal matrix.

(B) A is a symmetric matrix
(C) for x = 2, det A has the value equal to 6
(D) Let f (x) = det A, then the function f (x) has both the maxima and minima.

 1 tan x 
20. If A =   tan x 1 
then let us define a function f(x) = det (ATA–1) then which of the following can be the value


of f(f(f(f
  (n  2)
..........f(x))))

n times

(A) fn(x) (B) 1 (C) fn–1(x) (D) nf(x)

Part # II [Assertion & Reason Type Questions]

These questions contains, Statement I (assertion) and Statement II (reason).

(A) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true ; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for statement-I.
(C) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(D) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.

1. Statement - I : If A is skew symmetric matrix of order 3 then its determinant should be zero
Statement - II : If A is square matrix, then det A = det A' = det(–A')
 MATRIX

2. Statement-I : If A is a non-singular symmetric matrix, then its inverse is also symmetric.

Statement-II : (A–1)T = (AT)–1, where A is a non-singular symmetric matrix.

3. A and B be 3 × 3 matrices such that AB + A + B = 0

Statement-I : AB = BA
Statement-II : PP–1 = I = P–1 P for every matrix P which is invertible.

4. Let A be any 3 × 2 matrix.

Statement-I : Inverse of AAT does not exist.
Statement-II : AAT is a singular matrix.

 cos   sin  
5. Let A =   sin   cos  
 
Statement-I: A–1 exists for every   R.
Statement-II: A is orthogonal.
1 2
6. Statement - I : There are only finitely many 2 × 2 matrices which commute with the matrix  .
 1 1 
Statement - II : If A is non-singular, then it commutes with I, adj A and A–1.
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Exercise # 3 Part # I [Matrix Match Type Questions]

Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with one or more statement(s) in Column-II.

1. Column-I Column-II
Matrix Type of matrix

 2 2 4 
(A)  1 3 4  (p) Idempotent

 1 2 3 

 5 8 0 
3 5 0
(B)   (q) Involutary
 1 2 1

 1 2 2 
1
(C) 2 1 2  (r) Nilpotent
3
 2 2 1

1 1 3
5 2 6
(D)   (s) Orthogonal
 2 1 3

2. Column-I Column-II
(A) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and (p) 6

det A = 162 then det  A  =

 3
(B) If A is a matrix such that A2 = A and (q) 5
2  1
(I + A)5 = I + A then
7
4 3
(C) If A =  and A2 – xA + yI = 0 (r) 0
2 5 
then y – x =

 9 10 11 12 
(D) If A = 13 14 15 16  and (s) 9
 
17 18 19 20 

1 3 5 7 
 3 3 10 10 
B=   then (AB)
23
 5 10 5 0 
 
 7 10 0 7 
 MATRIX

Part # II [Comprehension Type Questions]

Comprehension # 1

Consider some special type of matrices.

A square matrix A is said to be an Idempotent Matrix if A2 = A.
A matrix A is said to be a Nilpotent Matrix if Ak = 0, for k  N.
A square matrix is said to be an Involutary Matrix, if A2 = I.
Consider the following matrices
 2 3 5  1 3 4   0 1 1
     
A =  1 4 5  ; B =  1 3 4  ; C =  4 3 4 
 1 3 4   1 3 4   3 3 4 

1. Which one of the following is a Nilpotent Matrix?

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) AC2

2. Which one of the following is not an Idempotent Matrix?

(A) A3C2 (B) A2C2 (C) BC2 (D) C2A

3. Which one of the following matrices posses an inverse?

(A) BC2 (B) A3C2 (C) A2B (D) C3

Comprehension # 2

If A is a symmetric and B skew symmetric matrix and A + B is non singular and C = (A + B)–1(A – B) then

1. CT(A + B)C =
(A) A + B (B) A – B (C) A (D) B

2. CT(A – B)C =
(A) A + B (B*) A – B (C) A (D) B

3. CTAC
(A) A + B (B) A – B (C*) A (D) B

Comprehension # 3

 a1 a 2 a 3 
 
Matrix A is called orthogonal matrix if AA = I = A A. Let A =  b1 b2 b3  be an orthogonal matrix. Let
T T

 c1 c2 c 3 
           
a  a1ˆi  a2ˆj  a3 kˆ , b  b1ˆi  b2ˆj  b3 kˆ , c  c1ˆi  c2ˆj  c 3 kˆ . Then |a||b||c| 1 & a.b  b.c  c.a  0
  
i.e. a, b & c forms mutually perpendicular triad of unit vectors.

a b c 
If abc = p and Q =  c a b  , where Q is an orthogonal matrix. Then.
 
 b c a 
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions :

1. The values of a + b + c is -
(A) 2 (B) p (C) 2p (D) ±1
2. The values of ab + bc + ca is -
(A) 0 (B) p (C) 2p (D) 3p
3 3 3
3. The value of a + b + c is -
(A) p (B) 2p (C) 3p (D) None of these
4. The equation whose roots are a, b, c is -
(A) x3 – 2x2 + p = 0 (B) x3 – px2 + px + p = 0
(C) x3 – 2x2 + 2px + p = 0 (D) x3 ± x2 – p = 0
 MATRIX

Exercise # 4 [Subjective Type Questions]

1 2 
  4 5 6
1. If A =  3 4  and B =   , will AB be equal to BA. Also find AB & BA.
 5 6   7 8 2 

  
 0  tan
2  show that ( + A) = ( – A)  cos   sin  
2. If A =    sin  cos  
 tan  0   
 2 

 0 1  1
3. Let X be the solution set of the equation Ax = I, where A = 4 3 4  and I is the corresponding unit matrix and
 
3 3 4 

x
x  N then find the minimum value of  (cos   sin x  ),   R.

1 1 2
 
4. If A =  0 2 1  , show that A3 = (5A – ) (A – )
 1 0 2 

5. If and B are square matrices of order n, then prove that A and B will commute iff A –  I and B –  I commute
for every scalar .

6. If AB = A and BA = B, then show that A2 = A, B 2 = B.

1  2 3 4 
1   
7. Find  (A  A  )  for A =  5 4 3 using elementary transformation.
 2 
 7 2 9 

a 2  (b 2  c2 ) cos  ab (1  cos ) ac (1  cos )

2 2 2
8. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1, then prove that ba (1  cos ) b  (c  a ) cos  bc (1  cos )
ca (1  cos ) cb (1  cos ) c  (a 2  b 2 ) cos 
2

is independent of a, b, c

9. Investigate for what values of ,  the simultaneous equations

x + y + z = 6; x + 2 y + 3 z = 10 & x + 2 y +  z =  have;
(A) A unique solution (B) An infinite number of solutions.
(C) No solution.
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

10. An amount of Rs 5000 is put into three investments at the rate of interest of 6%, 7%, 8% per annum respectively.
The total annual income is Rs 358. If the combined income from the first two investments is Rs 70 more than
the income from the third, find the amount of each investment by matrix method.

11. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z:

(sin 3) x  y + z = 0
(cos 2) x + 4y + 3z = 0
2x + 7y + 7z = 0
Find the values of  for which this system has non  trivial solution.

 3 1
12. If f(x) = x2 – 5x + 7, find f(a) where A =  
 –1 2 

1 0 2
 
13. If A =  0 2 1  , then show that matrix A is a root of polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 7x + 2 = 0.
 2 0 3 

 2 0  
 
14. Given A =  5  0  For what values of  does A –1 exists. Find A1 & prove that
 0  3 

A1 = A2  6A + 11I, when  = 1.

 MATRIX

Exercise # 5 Part # I [Previous Year Questions] [AIEEE/JEE-MAIN]

a b   
1. If A =   and A2 =   then [AIEEE 2003]
b a   
(1)  = a2 + b2,  = a2 – b2 (2)  = a2 + b2,  = ab
(3)  = a2 + b2,  = 2ab (4)  = 2ab,  = a2 + b2

 0 0 1
 
2. If A =  0 1 0  then- [AIEEE 2004]
 1 0 0 

(1) A–1 does not exist (2) A2 =  (3) A = 0 (4) A = (–1) 

1 1 1   4 2 2
3. If A = 2 1 3  and 10B =   –1
 5 0   where B = A , then  is equal to- [AIEEE 2004]
1 1 1   1 2 3 

(1) 2 (2) –1 (3) –2 (4) 5

4. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A [AIEEE 2005]

(1) I – A (2) A – I (3) A (4) A + I

5. If A =
LM1 0OP LM1 0OP , then which one of the following holds for all n1, (by the principal of
and I =
N1 1Q N0 1Q
mathematical induction) [AIEEE-2005]
(1) An = nA – (n–1) I (2) An = 2n-1A+ (n–1) I
(3) An = nA + (n–1) I (4) An = 2n-1A– (n–1) I

6. If A and B are square matrices of size n × n such that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the following will be
always true- [AIEEE- 2006]
(1) AB = BA (2) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
(3) Either of A or B is an identity matrix (4) A = B
1 2  a 0
7. Let A =   and B =  , a, b  N. Then- [AIEEE- 2006]
3 4  0 b
(1) there exist more than one but finite number of B's such that AB = BA
(2) there exist exactly one B such that AB = BA
(3) there exist infinitely many B's such that AB=BA
(4) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA

5 5  
 
8. Let A = 0  5  If |A2| = 25, then || equals- [AIEEE- 2006]
0 0 5 
(1) 52 (2) 1 (3) 1/5 (4) 5
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

9. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denoted by tr(A), the sum of diagonal entries
of A. Assume that A2= I.
Statement –1: If A  I and A   I , then det A = –1 [AIEEE- 2008]
Statement –2 : If A  I and A   I , then tr(A)  0.
(1) Statement –1 is false, Statement –2 is true.
(2) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false

10. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers. Then which one of the following is true ? [AIEEE- 2008]
(1) If det A = ± 1, then A–1 exists but all its entries are not necessarily integers
(2) If det A  ±1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are non–integers
(3) If det A = ±1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are integers
(4) If det A = ±1, then A–1 need not exist

11. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix [AIEEE- 2009]

Statement–1 : adj (adj A) = A
Statement–2 : |adj A| = |A|
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
(2) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(4) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for statement–1.

12. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is :- [AIEEE-2010]
(1) Less than 4 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) At least 7

13. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix. Define
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. [AIEEE-2010]
Statement–1 : Tr(A) = 0.
Statement–2 : |A| = 1.
(1) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(2) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is true; Statement–2 is not a correct explanation for statement–1.
(3) Statement–1 is true, Statement–2 is false.
(4) Statement–1 is false, Statement–2 is true.

14. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.

Statement-1 : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
Statement-2 : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative. [AIEEE-2011]
(1) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(2) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(3) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
 MATRIX

15. Statement-1 : Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of order 3 is zero.

Statement-2 : For any matrix A, det(AT) = det(A) and det(–A) = –det(A).
Where det(B) denotes the determinant of matrix B. Then : [AIEEE-2011]
(1) Statement-1 is true and statement-2 is false (2) Both statements are true
(3) Both statements are false (4) Statement-1 is false and statement-2 is true.

 0  70
16. If   1 is the complex cube root of unity and matrix H =   , then H is equal to: [AIEEE-2011]
 0 
(1) H (2) 0 (3) –H (4) H2

17. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices with P  Q. If P 3 = Q 3 and P 2 Q = Q 2 P, then determinant of

(P2 + Q2) is equal to : [AIEEE-2012]
(1) –1 (2) –2 (3) 1 (4) 0

1 0 0 1 0
   
18. Let A   2 1 0  . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1   0  and Au2   1  , then u1 + u2 is equal
3 2 1 0 0
     
to : [AIEEE-2012]

1  1   1   1 
       
(1)  1  (2)  1  (3)  1  (4)  1 
 1  0  1  0
       

19. If A is an 3 × 3 non - singular matrix such that AA' = A'A and B = A–1 A', then BB' equals: [Main 2014]
(1) I + B (2) I (3) B–1 (4) (B–1)

1 2 2 
 
20. If A =  2 1 2 is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9I, where I is 3 × 3 identify matrix, then the ordered pair
 a 2 b 
(a, b) is equal to [Main 2015]
(1) (2, 1) (2) (–2, –1) (3) (2, – 1) (4) (–2, 1)

21. The system of linear equations [Main 2016]

x + y – z = 0
x – y – z = 0
x + y – z = 0
has a non-trivial solution for :
(1) exactly one value of   exactly two values of 
(3) exactly three values of  (4) infinitely many values of 

5a b  T
22. If A =   and A adj A = A A , then 5a + b is equal to : [Main 2016]
3 2
(1) 5 (2) 4 (3) 13 (4) – 1
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

Part # II [Previous Year Questions][IIT-JEE ADVANCED]

a b c 
 
1. If matrix A =  b c a  where a,b,c are real positive numbers, abc = 1 and AT A = I, then find the value of
 c a b 

a3 + b3 + c3.

 2 3
2. If A    and |A | = 125, then  is equal to -
2  

(A) ±3 (B) ±2 (C) ±5 (D) 0

3. If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MTM = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det (M–I) = 0.

 a 1 0   a 1 1   f   a2  x

A1 b d
  ,   , V   0  , X = y 
4. , B   0 d c  U g     
 1 b c   f g h   h   0   z 
 

If AX = U has infinitely many solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If
further afd  0, then prove that BX = V has no solution

1 0 0 1 0 0
  ,   0  1
5. A  0 1 1  1 0 and A 1  (A 2  cA  d ) , then the value of c and d are -
6
0 2 4  0 0 1

(A) –6, –11 (B) 6, 11 (C) –6, 11 (D) 6, –11

 3 1 
 
6. If P   2 2  , A  1 1
and Q = PAPT and x = PT Q2005 P, then x is equal to -
0 1 
 1 3 
 
 2 2 

1 2005  4  2005 3 6015 

(A)  (B)  
0 1   2005 4  2005 3 

1 2  3 1  1 2005 2  3
(C)   (D)  
4  1 2  3  4 2  3 2005 
 MATRIX

Comprehension (3 questions)

1 0 0 1  2  2 
7.   , if U , U and U are columns matrices satisfying. AU  0  , AU2  3  , AU  3  and U
A  2 1 0 1 2 3 1     3  
3 2 1  0  0  1 

is 3×3 matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 then answer the following questions -

(A) The value of |U| is -

(A) 3 (B) –3 (C) 3/2 (D) 2

(B) The sum of the elements of U–1 is -
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3

3 
(C) The value of 3 2 0 U 2  is -
0 

(A) [5] (B) [5/2] (C) [4] (D) [3/2]

8. Match the Statement / Expressions in Column I with the Statements / Expressions in Column II and indicate your
answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS.
Column I Column II

x 2  2x  4
(A) The minimum value of is (p) 0
x 2
(B) Let A and B be 3 × 3 matrices of real numbers, (q) 1
where A is symmetric, B is skew-symmetric, and
t k t
(A+B)(A–B) = (A – B) (A + B). If (AB) = (–1) AB, where (AB)
is the transpose of the matrix AB, then the possible values of k are
a
(C) Let a = log3 log3 2. An integer k satisfying 1  2(  k  3 )
2, (r) 2
must be less than

1 
(D) If sin = cos, then the possible values of       are (s) 3
 2

9. Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these entries are 1 and four
of them are 0.
(A) The number of matrices in A is -
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 3
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

x 1 
(B) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A  y   
 0  has a unique solution, is -
 z   0 

(A) less than 4 (B) at least 4 but less than 7

(C) at least 7 but less than 10 (D) at least 10

x 1 
   
(C) The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A    0 
y  is inconsistent, is -
 z   0 

(A) 0 (B) more than 2 (C) 2 (D) 1

x 1 
10. (A) The number of 3  3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system A  y    0  has
 z   0 

exactly two distinct solutions, is

9
(A) 0 (B) 2 – 1 (C) 168 (D) 2

(B) Let k be a positive real number and let

2k  1 2 k 2 k  0 2k  1 k 
   
A2 k 1 2k  and B  1  2k 0 2 k .
   
  2 k 2k 1 
   k 2 k 0 


6
If det (adj A) + det(adj B) = 10 , then [k] is equal to

[Note : adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k].

(C) Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2  2 matrices :

 a b  
Tp   A    : a,b,c  0,1,2, ....,p  1
 c a 

(i) The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det(A) divisible by p is
2 2
(A) (p – 1) (B) 2 (p – 1) (C) (p – 1) + 1 (D) 2p –1

(ii) The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is -

[Note : The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.]

2 3 2 2 2
(A) (p – 1) (p – p + 1) (B) p – (p – 1) (C) (p – 1) (D) (p – 1) (p – 2)

(iii) The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is -

2 3 3 3 2
(A) 2p (B) p – 5p (C) p – 3p (D) p – p 11. Let
T
M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If P denotes the transpose
 MATRIX

2 2 T –1 –1 T
of P, then M N (M N) (MN ) is equal to -
2 2 2
(A) M (B) –N (C) –M (D) MN

1 a b
 
12. Let 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form   1 c  , where
2  1
2
each of a,b and c is either  or  . Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is-

(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 4 (D) 8

13. Let M be 3 × 3 matrix satisfying

0  1 1 1 1  0 

           
M 1    2  , M  1   1  and M 1   0 
0  3   0   1 1 12 

Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is

i+j
14. Let P =[aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2 aij for 1 < i, j < 3. If the determinant of P is 2,
then the determinant of the matrix Q is -
10 11 12 13
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 2

15. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then there

 x  0 
exists a column matrix X   y   0 such that
 z  0
0 
(A) PX   0  (B) PX = X (C) PX = 2X (D) PX = –X
 0 

1 4 4 
 
16. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7  , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is (are) -
2 1 3 

(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2

17. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if

(A) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(B) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of M
(C) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
(D) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer
18. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3 non-zero, skew-symmetric matrics and z be an arbitrary 3 × 3, non-zero, symmetric

47
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

matrix. Then which of the following matrices is (are) skew symmetric ?

(A) Y3Z4 – Z4Y3 (B) X44 + Y44
(C) X4Z3 – Z3X4 (D) X23 + Y23

 3 1 2 
19. Let P   2 0 a  , where   R . Suppose Q = [qij] is a matric such that PQ = kI, where k  R , k  0 and I is
 
 3 5 0 

k k2
the identify matrix of order 3. If q23 =  and det (Q) = , then
8 2
(A) a = 0, k = 8 (B) 4a – k + 8 = 0
(C) det (P adj(Q)) = 29 (D) det (Q adj (P)) = 213

 1 0 0
 
20. Let P =  4 1 0  and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q = [qi j] is a matrix such that P50 – Q = I, then
16 4 1 

q31  q32
equal
q 21

(A) 52 (B) 103 (C) 201 (D) 205

 MATRIX

MOCK TEST
SECTION - I : STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE

1 2 a b a d
1. Let A =   and B =   are two matrices such that AB = BA and c  0, then value of 3b  c is :
 3 4   c d 
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) –1

3 1 1
2. If A = 0 1 2  , then AA is
 
(A) symmetric matrix (B) skew - symmetric matrix
(C) orthogonal matrix (D) none of these

3. Let A and B are two non-singular square matrices, AT and B T are the transpose matrices of A and B
respectively, then which of the following is correct
(A) B T AB is symmetric matrix if and only if A is symmetric
(B) B T AB is symmetric matrix if and only if B is symmetric
(C) B T AB is skew symmetric matrix for every matrix A
(D) B T AB is skew symmetric matrix if B is skew symmetric

4. If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 × 3 which satisfy AB = A and BA = B then (A + B)7 is
(A) 7 (A + B) (B) 7.3 × 3 (C) 64 (A + B) (D) 128 3 × 3

5. If A3 = O, then  + A + A2 equals
(A)  – A (B) ( – A)–1 (C) ( + A)–1 (D) none of these

 x x x 
 x x x  –1
6. Let A =   , then A exists if
 x x x 

(A) x  0 (B)   0 (C) 3x +   0,   0 (D) x  0,   0

1 a  1 n
7. If A    then lim A is
0 1  n  n

0 a  0 0 0 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) Does not exist
0 0 0 0 0 0

2 1   3 2 1 0 
8. If   A   =   , then A =
3 2 5 3  0 1 

1 1  1 1 1 0  1 1 
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D) –  
1 0  0 1 1 1  1 0 
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

9. If A and B are two matrices, then

(A) AB = BA (B) AB = O
(C)AB =  (D) AB cannot necessarily be defined

10. S1 : Square matrix A is non-singular and symmetric then ((A–1)–1)–1 is skew symmetric
S2 : Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix
S3 : Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is diagonal matrix
S4 : Product of two invertible square matrices of same order is also invertible.
(A) FTFT (B) FTTF (C) FTTT (D) TFFT

SECTION - II : MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWER TYPE

11. If A is a square matrix, then

(A) AA is symmetric (B) AA is skew - symmetric
(C) AA is symmetric (D) AA is skew - symmetric
1 2 2 
 
12. Let A =  2 1 2  , then
 2 2 1 
1
(A) A2 – 4A – 53 = 0 (B) A–1 = (A – 43) (C) A3 is not invertible (D) A2 is invertible
5

 a b (a  b) 
13. Matrix  b c (b  c)  is non invertible if
 
 2 1 0 

(A)  = 1/2 (B) a, b, c are in A.P. (C) a, b, c are in G.P. (D) a, b, c are in H.P.

 3 –3 4
14. If A =  2 –3 4 , then
 
 0 –1 1 

(A) adj(adjA) = A (B) |adj(adjA)| = 1 (C) |adjA| = 1 (D) None of these

1 1 1
 
15. If A =  1 1 1  , then
 1 1 1 

(A) A3 = 9A (B) A3 = 27A (C) A + A = A2 (D) A–1 does not exist

 MATRIX

SECTION - III : ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE

16. Statement -I : The inverse of the matrix A = [aij]n × n where aij = 0, i  j is B = [aij–1]n × n
Statement -II : The inverse of singular matrix does not exist.
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True

 3 3 4 
 
17. Statement-I : If A =  2 3 4  , then adj (adj A) = A
 0 1 1 
 
2
Statement-II : |adj(adj A)| = |A|(n–1) , A be n rowed non singular matrix.
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True

18. St atement- I : If f 1 (x) , f 2 (x) ..........., f 9 (x) are polyno mials who se degree  1 , wher e

 f1 (x) f 2 (x) f 3 (x) 

  A(x)
f1() = f2 () = f2() .......... = f9() = 0 and A(x) = f 4 (x) f 5 (x) f 6 (x)  and is also
x
f 7 (x) f 8 (x) f 9 (x) 

a matrix of 3 × 3 whose entries are also polynomials

Statement -II : x –  is a factor of polynomial f(x) if f() = 0
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True

19. Statement-I : The rank of a unit matrix of order n × n is n.

Statement-II : The rank of a non singular matrix of order n × n is not n.
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True

20. Statement-I : If A is a skew symmetric matric of order 3 × 3, then det(A) = 0 or |A| = 0.

Statement-II : If A is square matrix, then det(A) = det(A') = det(–A').
(A) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(B) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is True; Statement-II is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-I
(C) Statement-I is True, Statement-II is False
(D) Statement-I is False, Statement-II is True

51
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

SECTION - IV : MATRIX - MATCH TYPE

21. Match the following

Column -  Column - 
2
(A) A is a real skew symmetric matrix such that A +  = 0. (p) BA – AB
Then
(B) A is a matrix such that A2 = A. If (I + A)n =  + A, (q) A is of even order
then  equals (n  N)
(C) If for a matrix A, A2 = A, and B =  – A, then (r) A
2
AB + BA +  – ( – A) equals
(D) A is a matrix with complex entries and A* stands for (s) 2n – 1
transpose of complex conjugate of A. If A* = A & B* = B,
then (AB – BA)* equals
n
(t) C1 + nC2 .... + nCn
22. Match the following
Column -  Column - 
(A) If A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entires from the (p) A* B = B *A
set of real numbers. Define * as follows :
1
A * B = (AB + BA), then
2
(B) If A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entires from the (q) A*(B + C) =A * B +A*C
set of real numbers. Define * as follows :
1
A * B = (AB' + A'B), then
2
(C) If A, B and C be 2 × 2 matrices with entires from the (r) A * A = A2
set of real number. Define * as follows :
1
A * B = (AB – BA), then (s) A* I =A
2
(t) A*I=O

SECTION - V : COMPREHENSION TYPE

23. Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the questions.

1 3   2  3 2 4
   
Let A and B are two matrices of same order 3 × 3, where A =  2 4 8  , B = 3 2 5
 3 5 10   2 1 4
   
1. If A is singular matrix, then tr(A + B) is equal to
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) 17

2. If matrix 2A + 2B is singular, then the value of 2 is

(A) 11 (B) 13 (C) 15 (D) 17
1
3. If  = 3, then (tr(AB) + tr(BA)) is equal to
7
(A) 34 (B) 42 (C) 84 (D) 63
 MATRIX

24. Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the questions.

1 2 3  3 2 5
   
A and B are two matrices of same order 3 × 3, where A =  2 3 4  and B =  2 3 8
5 6 8 7 2 9
   
1. The value of adj(adj A) is equal to
(A) 2A (B) 4A (C) 8A (D) 16A
2. The value of |adj (adj A)| is equal to
(A) 9 (B) 16 (C) 25 (D) 81
3. The value of |adj B| is equal to
(A) 24 (B) 242 (C) 243 (D) 82

25. Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the questions.
Let A = [aij]3 be a square matrix of order 3 whose elements are distinct integers from 1, 2,......9 the matrix is
formed so that the sum of numbers in every row, column & diagonal is a multiple of 9.
1. The number of possible combinations of three distinct numbers from 1 to 9 that have a sum of 9 or 18 is
(A) 10 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9
2. The element a22 must be a multiple of
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 9
3. The maximum value of trace of the matrix A is :
(A) 18 (B) 19 (C) 12 (D) None

SECTION - VI : INTEGER TYPE

a b c
 
26. If A =  b c a  , abc = 1, AA =  , then find maximum value of a3 + b3 + c3
c a b
 

1 2 
27. If A =   and (x) = (1 + x) (1 – x)–1 and (A) = – A, then find the value of .
1 1 
 1 –1 1 
  | adjB |
28. If A =  0 2 3  and B = (adj A) and C = 5A, then find the value of .
|C|
 2 1 0 

  
 cos 9 sin 9 
29. Let P =   and  be non-zero real numbers such that
 – sin  cos  
 9 9 
p + p3 + 
is the zero matrix. Then find value of ( 2   2   2 ) (  – )( –  )(  –  ) .

30. Let 'A' is (4×4) matrix such that sum of elements in each row is 1. Find out sum of all the elements in A10.

53
 MATHS FOR JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

ANSWER KEY

EXERCISE - 1

1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. B 11. D 12. C 13. A

14. B 15. C 16. B 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. A 21. D 22. C 23. C 24. C 25. C 26. D
27. C 28. C 29. D 30. C
EXERCISE - 2 : PART # I

1. ABC 2. AB 3. BC 4. AB 5. ABC 6. BCD 7. ABD 8. BCD 9. BC

10. BC 11. BC 12. AD 13. AC 14. AC 15. ABCD 16. CD 17. ABCD 18. BCD
19. BD 20. ABC

PART - II

1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 6. D

EXERCISE - 3 : PART # I
1. A  p B  q C  s D r 2. Ap Bs Cq Dr

PART - II
Comprehension # 1 : 1. B 2. C 3. D Comprehension # 2 : 1. A 2. B 3. C
Comprehension # 3 : 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. D

EXERCISE - 5 : PART # I

1. 3 2. 2 3. 4 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 10. 3 11. 4 12. 4 13. 3

14. 4 15. 1 16. 1 17. 4 18. 1 19. 2 20. 2 21. 3 22. 1

PART - II

1. 4 2. A 5. C 6. A 7. A. A B. B C. A 8. A  R B  q,s C  r,s D  p,r

9. A. A B. B C. B 10. A. A B. 4 C. (i) D (ii) C (iii) D 11. Bonus 12. A 13. 9
14. D 15. D 16. AD 17. CD 18. CD 19. BC 20. B

MOCK TEST

1. D 2. A 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. A 9. D
10. C 11. AC 12. ABD 13. AC 14. ABC 15. AD 16. D 17. B 18. A
19. C 20. C 21. A  q B  s,t C  r D  p 22. A  p,q,r,s B  p, q C  q,t
23. 1. C 2. D 3. A 24. 1. A 2. B 3. B 25. 1. A 2. B 3. A
26. 4 27. 1 28. 1 29. 1 30. 4