Pharos University in Alexandria

Faculty of Engineering
Computer Department

EE291:Electric Circuits
Fall 2021-2022
Electric Networks:
An electrical network is a circuit containing more than one source, and
more than one resistor. In network analysis, there exists several
theorems. The most useful ones are:

–Thevenin
–Norton
–Superposition
Thévenin’s Theorem
Thevenin Theorem: States that any complicated circuit can be reduced into
one voltage source in series with one resistance
 Steps of Analysis
Finding RTh :
1- Cut the two terminals at which Thevenin theorem is to be studied.

2- Calculate Rth:
• Short circuit all voltage sources
• Open circuit all current sources
• Find Requivelant = Rth between the two terminals A B
 Finding VTh

3-Calculate the open circuit

voltage between the two
terminals A B in the original
network, Voc

4-Draw Thevenin Theorem Circuit.

Note:
Thevenin outputs (Eth and Rth) give exact equivalents to the
whole network BUT at the two selected terminals… i.e. changing
terminals … changes Eth and Rth values

Objectives:
– Thevenin’s theorem permits finding any current or voltage in
a specific load connected to a complicated network
– Permits to concentrate on a specific portion of the network by
replacing the rest by its equivalents
Example Use Thevenin Theorem to find the voltage VX.

12 Ω 4Ω A
•
+

30 V +
_ 6Ω 2Ω VX
_
•
B
 Solution
12 Ω 4Ω A
•
+

1. Finding VTH 30 V +_ 6Ω 2Ω VX
12 Ω 4Ω A
_
•
•
B
30 V +_ 6Ω 2. Finding RTh
12 Ω 4Ω A
• •
B
6Ω

(30)(6) •
VAB = 10V B

6 + 12 RTH = 12||6 + 4 = 8 Ω
The Thevenin Circuit, Becomes RTH A
•
8Ω +
(10)( 2)
VX = 2V +
2Ω
2+8 VTH _ 10 V VX
_
B
•
Example Use Thevenin Theorem to find the voltage VX.
Example Use Thevenin Theorem to find the voltage VX.

Solution

1. Finding VTH

1.5 A

5Ω
• A
10 Ω

20 V _+ 20 Ω

B
•
2. Finding RTh

5(20)
RTH =
10 + =
14 Ω
(5 + 20)

The Thevenin Circuit, Becomes

RTH A
•
14 Ω +
VTH +
_ 31 V 17 Ω VAB VAB = 17 V
_
B
Example
Find the thevenin equivalent at a&b
Find the current passing through 7 ohm resistor
2
a

12 A I1 4 7
b
Example Find the current passing through R4 using thevenin throrem
4

I
6 8V 2
R4=2.4
Example
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the
circuit shown in Figure, to the left of the
terminals a-b.
Then find the current through RL = 6, 16, and 36 ohms
Solution

RTH = 4 12 +1 = 4*12
16
+1 = 4Ω
loop2
Example Find thevenin equivalents across a,b
SOLUTION
Network Theorems

NORTON Theorem
Norton Theorem

Norton Theorem Method

Norton theorem states that any complicated circuit can be reduced into one current
source in parallel with one resistance
Finding RN : Steps of Analysis
1- Cut the two terminals at which Norton theorem is to be studied.

RN = RTh

2- Calculate RN:
• Short circuit all voltage sources
• Open circuit all current sources
• Find R equivelant = RN between the two terminals A B
3. Finding IN
Calculate the short circuit current between the two terminals ,

IN = VTh / RTh

4. Draw Norton theorem Circuit.

Comparison Between Thevenin and Norton

Thévenin’s theorem

Norton Theorem
•A voltage source in series with a resistor is externally
equivalent to a current source in parallel with the same resistor, provided that :
In = Vt/Rt
•Norton has similar idea as Thevenin, moreover RN= RTh
Maximum Power Transfer
It is desired to find the value of RL between a-b which gives maximum power
transfer. i.e,

• What’s the value of RL that maximizes the power?

• What’s the maximum power delivered to a load?
Results of Maximum Power Transfer
• The maximum power transfer takes place when the load
resistance

• The maximum power transferred to the load is

Example
Find the value of RL that produces Pmax and then calculate Pmax.
Solution
The maximum power transfer takes place at

RTh =((20//5)+8)//12
=(4+8)//12
=12//12=6