THEVENIN’S
THEOREM
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
■ Thevenin's Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several voltages and
resistances can be replaced by just one single voltage in series with a single
resistance connected across the load
■ STEP 1: Find the value of RTH by removing the load (Resistor through which we have
to calculate current) by open circuiting any current source present and short circuit
any voltage source present
■ STEP 2: Find the value of V TH by removing the load and finding the voltage across
the open circuited terminals
■ STEP 3: Draw its equivalent circuit
■ STEP 4: Use ohms law to find the current through Load
𝑉𝑇𝐻
■ (i.e) 𝐼𝑇𝐻 =
𝑅𝑇𝐻 +𝑅𝐿
Using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
calculate the current Io, through 2Ω resistor
I0
Using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
calculate the current Io, through 2Ω resistor
■ STEP 1: Determine Rth by removing
load, short circuiting voltage source
and open circuiting current source
■ Redraw the Circuit 1𝑋3
𝑅𝑇𝐻 =
1+3
= 3Τ4
= 0.75Ω
■ STEP 2: Find Vth by removing the load ■ By using both directions also the
magnitude has to be the same
a) Choose the left path first
𝑉𝑡ℎ = −𝐼1 + 2
𝑉𝑡ℎ = − −0.25 + 2
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 2.25𝑉
■ By KVL a) Choose the right path
𝐼1 + 3𝐼1 + 3 − 2 = 0 𝑉𝑡ℎ = 3𝐼1 + 3
4𝐼1 + 1 = 0 𝑉𝑡ℎ = 3 −0.25 + 3
4𝐼1 = −1 𝑉𝑡ℎ = −0.75 + 3
𝐼1 = −0.25𝐴 𝑉𝑡ℎ = 2.25𝑉
■ Assume a terminal a and b at the STEP 3: Draw the equivalent Circuit
opened load. 𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝐼2Ω =
■ Assume an imaginary current which 𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑅𝐿
starts from a and end at b. 2.25
𝐼2Ω =
■ it can take any direction to reach b 2 + 0.75
𝐼2Ω = 0.818𝐴
Using Thevnin’s Theorem Find The
Current Through 2Ω Resistor
■ STEP 1: Determine Rth by removing
load, short circuiting voltage source
and open circuiting current source
■ 𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟔𝛀
■ STEP 2: Find Vth by removing the ■ STEP 3: Draw the equivalent Circuit
load
𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝐼5Ω =
■ By using voltage division rule 𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑅𝐿
100 ∗ 10 2.71
𝑉𝑎 = = 62.5𝑉 𝐼5Ω =
10 + 6 8.96 + 5
100 ∗ 15
𝑉𝑏 = = 65.21𝑉
15 + 8 𝑰𝟓𝜴 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝑨
𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑏 = 62.5 − 65.21
𝑽𝒕𝒉 = −𝟐. 𝟕𝟏𝑽
Using thevenin’s theorem find the
current I0 in the circuit shown below
■ STEP 1: Determine Rth by removing ■ STEP 2: Find Vth by removing the load
load, short circuiting voltage source
and open circuiting current source
Assume all currents are leaving node C and Applying KCL
𝑽𝒄 − 𝟐𝟎 𝑽𝒄 − 𝟎
+ =𝟎
𝟓 𝟐
→ 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑽𝒄 − 𝟒 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽𝒄 = 0
→ 𝟎. 𝟕 𝑽𝒄 = 4
𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑 + 𝟖 = 𝟗. 𝟒𝟑𝛀 𝑽𝒄 = 5.71 V = Va = VTH
■ STEP 3: Draw the equivalent Circuit
𝑉𝑡ℎ
𝐼10Ω =
𝑅𝑡ℎ + 𝑅𝐿
6.28
𝐼10Ω =
9.43 + 10
𝑰𝟏𝟎𝜴 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝑨
Using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
calculate the current through 6Ω resistor
Assume all currents are leaving node C and Applying KCL,
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
𝑽𝒄 − 𝟓𝟎 𝑽𝒄 − 𝟎
−𝟑+ =𝟎
𝟒 𝟓
→ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝑽𝒄 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝟑+ 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑽𝒄 = 0
→ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝑽𝒄 = 15.5
𝑽𝒄 = 34.4 V = Va = VTH
Draw Thevenin’s circuit,
using VTH = 34.4 V as
voltage source and
RTH=11.2 Ω
NORTON’S
THEOREM
NORTON’S THEOREM
■ Nortons Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several energy sources
and resistances can be replaced by a single Constant Current source in parallel with
a Single Resistor
■ STEP 1: Find the value of RTH by removing the load (Resistor through which we have
to calculate current) by open circuiting any current source present and short circuit
any voltage source present
■ STEP 2: Find the value of IN by Shorting the load and finding the current through the
short circuited branch.
■ STEP 3: Draw its equivalent circuit
■ STEP 4: Use current division rule to find the current through Load
′ 𝐼𝑁 × 𝑅𝑁
■ (i.e)𝑰𝑳 =
𝑅𝑁 +𝑅𝐿
Using Norton’s Theorem Find The
Current Through 5Ω Resistor
■ STEP 1: Determine Rth by removing
load, short circuiting voltage source
and open circuiting current source
■ 𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟓. 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟖. 𝟗𝟔𝛀
■ Find the value of IN by Shorting the ■ 𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼2 − 𝐼3
load and finding the current through
the short circuited branch. ■ 𝐼𝑁 = 4.24 − 4.54
■ 𝐼𝑁 = −0.3𝐴
■ Step 33: Draw Norton’s Equivalent
Circuit
■ Loop 1
16𝐼1 − 10𝐼2 − 6𝐼3 = 100
Loop 2
−10𝐼1 + 25𝐼2 = 0 ■ 𝐼𝐿 =
𝐼𝑁 𝑋 𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝑇𝐻 +𝑅𝐿
Loop 3 0.3 𝑋 8.96
−6𝐼1 + 14𝐼3 = 0 𝐼5Ω =
8.96 + 5
𝐼2 = 4.24𝐴 𝐼5Ω = 0.19𝐴
𝐼3 = 4.54 𝐴
Applying Norton’s Theorem, Determine the
current IX Marked in the circuit shown Below
■ Step 1: Find RTH
■ 𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟑 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟓 𝛀
■ Find the value of IN by Shorting the ■ Step 3: Draw Norton’s Equivalent
load and finding the current through Circuit
the short circuited branch.
■ Loop 1 𝐼𝑁 𝑋 𝑅𝑇𝐻
■ 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝑇𝐻 +𝑅𝐿
■ 16𝐼1 − 6𝐼2 = 40
3.7 𝑋 6.75
■ Loop 2 ■ 𝐼3.25Ω =
6.75 +3.25
■ −6𝐼1 + 9𝐼2 = 10
■ 𝑰𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟕 𝑨 ■ 𝑰𝟑.𝟐𝟓𝜴 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟗 𝑨
Determine the current flowing through
5Ω resistor
■ Step 1: Find RTH
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 1.66Ω
■ Find the value of IN by Shorting the ■ Step 3: Draw Norton’s Equivalent
load and finding the current through Circuit
the short circuited branch.
■ 𝑰𝑵 = 𝟑𝟎 𝑨 𝐼𝑁 𝑋 𝑅𝑇𝐻
■ 𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝑇𝐻 +𝑅𝐿
30 𝑋 1.66
■ 𝐼5Ω =
5 +1.66
■ 𝐼5Ω = 7.48 𝐴
MAXIMUM POWER
TRANSFER THEOREM
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
THEOREM
■ Maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power
from a source with a finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must equal
the resistance of the source as viewed from its output terminals.
■ STEP 1: Find the value of RTH by removing the load (Resistor through which we have
to calculate current) by open circuiting any current source present and short circuit
any voltage source present
■ STEP 2: Find the value of V TH by removing the load and finding the voltage across
the open circuited terminals
■ STEP 3: Draw its equivalent circuit with Rth equal to Load Resistance 𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑥𝐼 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑇𝐻
2
𝑉𝑇𝐻
■ STEP 4: Use ohms law to find the current through Load =
2𝑅𝑇𝐻
𝑅𝑇𝐻
■ (i.e) 𝐼𝑇𝐻 =
𝑉𝑇𝐻
=
𝑉𝑇𝐻 𝑉𝑡ℎ 2
𝑅𝑇𝐻 +𝑅𝑇𝐻 2𝑅𝑇𝐻 𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑥 =
4𝑅𝑡ℎ
Determine the Maximum Power
Delivered to the Load
■ Step 1: Find RTH
5.33𝑥3
𝑅𝑇𝐻 =
5.33 + 3
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 1.92Ω
■ STEP 2: Find Vth by removing the ■ 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 3𝐼2
load
■ 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 3 ∗ 2
■ 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 6
■ Step 3: Draw Equivalent Circuit
■ Loop 1
■ 15𝐼1 − 5𝐼2 = 50 𝑉𝑡ℎ 2
■ 𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑥 =
■ Loop 2 4𝑅𝑡ℎ
62
■ −5𝐼1 + 10𝐼2 = 0 ■ 𝑃𝑀𝑎𝑥 =
4∗1.92
■ 𝐼2 = 2𝐴 ■ 𝑷𝑴𝒂𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
Q. Using star/delta
EXERCISE
transformation, determine the value of R for the
network shown such that 4Ω resistor consumes the maximum power.
Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem:
The power consumed by a resistor is
maximized when the resistance of the
load equals the Thevenin resistance
(Rth) of the circuit seen from the load's
terminals. For the 4Ω resistor to
consume maximum power, the
combined resistance of the rest of the
circuit (Rth) should also be 4Ω.
2
9
If a star network has all resistances equal to R, its
equivalent delta has all resistances equal to 3R, i.e. 3x3= 9Ω
When a resistor is in parallel with a short circuit (i.e., a wire
with zero resistance), the resistor can be effectively ignored
because all the current will flow through the short circuit
path. The resistor will not contribute to the total resistance in
that branch. So it can be considered as 0 Ω
1 1
𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 4 = 1 1 1= 9+𝑅+𝑅
+ +
𝑅 9 9 9𝑅
9𝑅 9𝑅
4= =
(or) 9+𝑅+𝑅 9+2𝑅
4 9 + 2𝑅 = 9𝑅
36+8R=9R → R=36Ω
MILLMAN’S THEOREM
MILLMAN’S THEOREM
■ Millman’s theorem states that “The circuit having a number of voltage sources
are connected in parallel with internal resistance can be replaced by a single
equivalent voltage source in series with an equivalent resistance”
Resistances in parallel
𝟏
𝑹𝒆𝒒 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ + ⋯ +
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏
Eeq = [Link] = (I1+I2+…+In).Req
𝑬𝟏 𝑬𝟐 𝑬𝒏
± ± ±⋯±
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏
Eeq = 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ +⋯+
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝒏
Resultant source
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟔
𝑹𝒆𝒒 = 𝟏 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝟏= 𝟔+𝟏 = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 Ω
+ + 𝟕
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝟏 𝟔 𝟔
𝑬 𝑬
± 𝟏± 𝟐 𝟓 𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟎+𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟎
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
Eeq = 𝟏 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝟏 = 𝟏 𝟏
+ + + +
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
Substituting Req value:
Eeq = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕 x 40/6 = 5.71 V
𝑬𝒆𝒒 𝟓.𝟕𝟏 𝟓.𝟕𝟏
0.857Ω 𝑰𝑳 = = = = 𝟐𝑨
𝑹𝒆𝒒+𝑹𝑳 𝟎.𝟖𝟓𝟕+𝟐 𝟐.𝟖𝟓𝟕
VL=IL x RL= 2A x 2Ω = 4 V
5.71 V
VL=IL x RL= 1A x 9Ω = 9 V
Q. Using Millman's theorem, find the current through and the
voltage across the load resistor; RL is shown in the figure.
DUALITY THEOREM
The duality theorem states that every electrical network or circuit has a dual, and if one network
satisfies certain properties or laws, its dual will satisfy corresponding dual properties or laws. The dual
circuit can be obtained by replacing each element in the original circuit with its corresponding dual.
