BAEEE101 BASIC ENGINEERING
1
Module
Principles of Electrical Engineering: Circuits and Power conversion
1
equipment
Electric circuit components
Mesh current analysis
Node voltage analysis
Thevenin's theorem
Superposition theorem
Single phase AC circuits- RL, RC, RLC
Power and Energy Calculations, Power Factor
Basics of Electrical Safety and Earthing
Introduction to electro mechanical energy conversion
Principle of operationof Electrical Machines: DC Motor,
Induction motors, BLDC Motor and single-phase Transformer
Concepts of Power Electronics and Industrial Applications of
Electrical
Drives (Qualitative Analysis)
2
1.4 Thevenin’s
Theorem
Usually the load in a circuit is variable while
other elements are fixed
Example: In a household outlet terminal may be
connected to different appliances constituting a
variable load
Each time the variable element is changed, the
entire circuit has to be analyzed all over again
To avoid this problem, Thevenin’s theorem
provides a technique by which the fixed part of the
circuit is replaced by an equivalent circuit
3
Stateme
nt
A linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source VTh in series with a resistor RTh
VTh is the open-circuit voltage at the terminals
RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent sources are turned
off
4
To find VTh and
RTh
If the terminals (a-b) are made open-circuited by
removing the load No current flows
So, the open-circuit voltage across the terminals (a-
b) must be equal to the voltage source VTh since
the two circuits are equivalent*
With the load disconnected and terminals
open (a-b) circuited, we turn off all independent
sources
The input resistance (or equivalent resistance) of
the dead circuit at the terminals must be equal to
RTh
*Equivalent- have the same voltage-current relation at their
terminals.
5
Advantages of the
theorem
Very important in circuit analysis
It helps to simplify a circuit
A large circuitmay be replacedby a single
independent
voltage source and a single resistor
This replacement technique is a
powerful tool in circuit design
6
Analysi
s
Consider a linear circuit terminated by a
load RL
The current IL through the load and the voltage VL
across the load are easily determined once
the Thevenin’s equivalent of the circuit at the
load’s terminals is obtained
IL VTh
RTh L
R RL
VL RL I L VTh
RTh L
R
7
Exercise-1
DetermineVTh and RTh. Also determine the
current through the load 5.
SOLUTION:
(i) To find
VTh
10 2I 3I
0 5I 10
10
I 5 2A
VTh
=VAB=3I=6V
8
Exercise-1
(Contd.)
(ii) To find
RTh
RTh = 1 22 3
2.2 3
(iii)Current through 5
is,
6
VTh
RTh RL 5 0.8333A
2.2
9
Exercise-2
DetermineVTh and RTh. Also determine the
current through RL.
SOLUTION:
(i) To find
VTh
-32+4i1+12(i1-i2)=0
i2=-2A (as given in
circuit) i1=0.5A
10
Exercise-2
(Contd..)
(ii) To find
RTh
RTh = 1+(4║12)
=4
(iii) Current through is given
V Th
R by,
L R
LI
Th
= +RL
11
Exercise-3
Determine VTh and RTh. Also determine the
current, if RL of 100 is connected across AB.
SOLUTION:
(i) To find VTh
VTh =VAB=VA-
VB
VA and VB are
the voltage
drops across
2500 and
1050
- 12
Exercise-3
(Contd..)
3000 and 1250 are in
parallel 3000×125
0
3000+125
R =
= V 0 1 882.35
eq
I = =0.01133
Req 0
= A
882.35
Using the current division rule for the circuit
shown.
R2 125
I1
R1
= 0
3000+125
=0.003333
=I× +R
2 0.01133× 0 A
R1 300
I2
R1
= 0
3000+125
=0.008
=I× +R
2 0.01133× 0 A
13
Exercise-3
V(Contd.)
and V : Voltage drops across 2500
A B and
1050
V = V
Th AB = VA-VB
VA=2500 x I1= 2500 x 0.003333 = 8.325V
VB=1050 x I2= 1050 x 0.008 = 8.4V
VTh =VAB = 8.4 - 8.325 = 0.075 V
(ii) To find RTh
RTh
=416.667+168=584.67
14
Exercise-3
(Contd.)
(iii) To find
V Th
IL
R Th +R
IL
=
L
0.075
584.67+100
IL
=109.54
=
A
15
TU
