SEXUAL RISK ATTITUDES AND
BEHAVIOURS AMONG YOUNG
ADULT INDONESIANS
Created by:
Group 1
Page 1
Background
The epidemic of HIV is growing
significantly in South-east Asia (UNAIDS,
1998)
It is estimated that 52.000 people in
Indonesia were living with HIV/AIDS at the
end of 1999 (UNAIDS, 2000)
The total number of confirmed cases of
HIV/AIDS in Indonesia was 3924 in
September 2003 (Dicectorate General
CDC & EH, 2003)
Page 2
Background
It is reported that there were
approximately 120.000 Indonesian living
with HIV/AIDS (Indonesian National AIDS
Commission, 2001 and MoH, 2002)
In 1994, study of housewives attending 5
clinics in Jakarta resulted that 29% of the
6666 patients were reported to be infected
bu STIs (Kompas, 2000)
Page 3
Background
In 1998, in a sexual health check up for 404
pregnant woman in Jakarta and Riau, it was
found that 16,1% had candidosis vaginalis;
12,6% bacterial vaginosis; 4,2% chlamydia;
and 1,2% trichomoniasis (Kompas, 2000)
It found 14,4% of 486 housewives were
infected by STIs (Iskandar et al, 1998)
HIV has been detected sporadically among
sex workers in Indonesia (World Bank, 1997)
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Background
Many unmarried young men may have
contact with sex workers, older women who
are already sexually experienced, or with a
same sex partner (Carael, 1995; Utomo et al,
1998)
Many unmarried young women have become
sex workers for econimic reason during
monetary crisis period choose to work at
the street rather than in a lokalisasi dont
have regular access to sexual health checkup (Utomo et al, 1998)
Page 5
Background
A surveillance of STD/HIV Risk Behavioral
Surveillance Survey conducted in 3 major
Indonesian cities (1996-1998), surveyed
sailors and seaport labourers, male factory
workers, truck drivers and sex workers
the increasing knowledge of
STIs/HIV/AIDS is not in a row with the
condom use (only 9% of participants
always used condom when having sex)
reduction of pleasure (Utomo et al, 1998)
Page 6
Background
A survey in Manado found that 20% of
unmarried young men and 6% of
unmarried young women reported having
had sexual intercourse (Utomo et al, 1998)
A survey by Biomed Lab of Unair found
that 40% of unmarried male students and
7% unmarried female students reported
having had sexual experienced (Winarso,
2002)
Page 7
Background
The extent of condom use in young adults
is not well known but its generally
assumed to be low (Utomo et al, 1998)
Psychosocial theories and actual
preventions are need to consider the
broader cultural and social context of
sexuality which influence the decisions of
individuals related to the practise of safe
sex (Amaro, 1995; Diaz, 2000)
Page 8
Background
Condom use need agreement and
communication (Boldero et al, 1992;
Kashima et al, 1993), acceptable
communication practices are culturally
determined and may involve gender and
power relationship and even religious
influences
Page 9
Problem Statement
Are there any perception unmarried young
people knowledge beliefs and attitude in
relation to sexual relationship and condom
use among differing groups of young
people Indonesian chinese and javanese?
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Objective
To explore perceptions unmarried young
people of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs,
and practices in relation to sexual
relationship and condom use among
differing groups of young people
Indonesian chinese and javanese
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N
o.
Variable
Operational Definition
1.
Knowledege
Understanding of activity
between two individuals
related to sexuality
2.
Belief
Strong value felt by
respondent
3.
Attitude
Perception response to
sexual risk
4.
Behaviour
Kind of activity related to
sexual risk
5.
Ethnicity
Different origin or heredity
6.
Gender
Different sex characteristic
as male or female
7.
Young adult
Indivual s age between 18
24 years old
No.
Variable
Operational Definition
8.
The meaning of a
sexual relationship
Understanding of activity between two
individuals related to sexuality
9.
Sex Before Marriage
Response of young adult about sexual
intercourse without binding a relationship
in law and religious
10.
Reasons for engaging Response of young adult about kind of
in sex before marriage experience behind young adult did a
sexual intercourse without binding a
relationship in law and religious
11
Reasons for
abstinence
Response of young adult about something
prohibit them for doing sex before
marriage
12
Type of first sexual
partner
Response of young adult about someone
with whom they did sex for the first time
13
Meaning of safe sex
Response of young adult about sexual
intercourse they think far from risk
14
Percieved risk of
STI/HIV
Response of young adult about chance of
getting STI/HIV because they did sex
No.
Variable
Operational Definition
15
Safe sex
strategies
Non intercourse activity before
marriage and using barrier with
condom
16
Factors that
encourage or
discourage
condom use
type of partner played a part
influenced to condom use
17
Suggesters of
condom use and
condom provider
The one that giving direction in
using and purchasing condom
RESEARCH DESIGN
Types of Research : Phenomenology
Methods of collecting data :
Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Sampling technique :
Non probability sampling strategys based on
Ethnic groups, age, education and gender
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
176 students, From 10 universities in Surabaya (3
public, 1 Christian private, 1 Catholic private, 5
general private), humanities and economic faculties.
Inclussion:
[Link] 18-24 yo
[Link] the middle class
[Link] or Chinese Indonesian background
Focus group:
Varied by gender and ethnic group
25 groups (with 6-8 people in each):
8 male Javanese groups
7 male Indonesian Chinese groups
5 female Javanese groups
5 female Indonesian Chinese groups
TECHNIQUE
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION (FGD)
Focus group questions & response coding :
16 questions to guide FGD
Responses were analyzes using thematic content
analysis (classfied against ethnicity and gender)
Every response was coded according to topic:
o The meaning of sexual relationship
o Opinion of sex before marriage
o Reasons for engaging in sex before marriage
o Reasons for abstinence
o Type of first sexual partner
o Meanings of safe sex
o Perceived risk of STI/HIV
o Safe sex strategies
o Factors that encourage or discourage condom use
o Suggesters of condom use and condom provider
PROCEDURE
Ethical approval was gained from University of Melbourne
Human Ethics Committee
Participants recruitment process:
1. Lecturers in 10 Surabaya universities mainly from Humanities
and Economics faculties were contacted
2. The lecturers provided information about the focus group to
their students, this included information that participation was
entirely voluntarily
3. Willing students were contacted by researcher and attendance
at a group organized.
Focus groups were conducted in Bahasa indonesia
Each group was audio-taped and took 90 minutes
All data was transcribed and coded in Indonesian and then
translated into English
Data Analysis
Transcribing
Making transcript right after done FGD
and replay the recording. Researcher
write and describe and intrepete all
from transcript, situation, respondent
and other as whole
Data reduction
Simplify all data from FGD and note
Cont
Tabulation
Make table for each point of instrument.
Grouping the answer then put in certain
category. Based on table, information is
intrepeted naratively
Comparation
Identify categories based instrument. Intrepete
the ralation among tables (different / similiar
answer). Then relate each category untill
researcher get comprehensive explaination
about the phenomenon.
CONCLUSION
The need for STI/HIV prevention interventions in
young adult Indonesians the changing social
attitudes and behaviours regarding sex an
increase in sexual activity before marriage:
Condoms are not reported to widely used for
disease prevention and erroneous beliefs for STIs,
their prevention and cure appear widespread
Changing attitudes and behaviours are likely to
increase the risk over coming years if effective
campaigns are not put in place
There would be no better time than now to
introduce intervention that take into account the
reality of the changing social environment of young
adult Indonesia
