COCOMO Models

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 Cost of a project
• The cost in a project is due to:
– the requirements for software, hardware and human
resources
– the cost of software development is due to the human
resources needed
– most cost estimates are measured in person-months
(PM)

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 Cost of a project (.)
• the cost of the project depends on the nature and
characteristics of the project, at any point, the
accuracy of the estimate will depend on the
amount of reliable information we have about the
final product.

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Software Cost Estimation

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 Introduction to COCOMO
models
• The COstructive COst Model (COCOMO) is the
most widely used software estimation model in the
world.
• The COCOMO model predicts the effort and
duration of a project based on inputs relating to
the size of the resulting systems and a number of
"cost drives" that affect productivity.

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 Effort
• Effort Equation
– PM = C * (KDSI)n (person-months)
• where PM = number of person-month
(=152 working hours),
• C = a constant,
• KDSI = thousands of "delivered source instructions"
(DSI) and
• n = a constant.

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 Productivity
• Productivity equation
– (DSI) / (PM)
• where PM = number of person-month (=152
working hours),

• DSI = "delivered source instructions"

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 Schedule
• Schedule equation
– TDEV = C * (PM)n (months)
• where TDEV = number of months estimated for
software development.

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 Average Staffing
• Average Staffing Equation
– ((PM) / (TDEV))* (FSP)
• where FSP means Full-time-equivalent Software
Personnel.

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 COCOMO Models
• COCOMO is defined in terms of three different
models:
– the Basic model,
– the Intermediate model, and
– the Detailed model.
• The more complex models account for more
factors that influence software projects, and make
more accurate estimates.

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 The Development mode
• the most important factors contributing to a
project's duration and cost is the Development
Mode
• Organic Mode: The project is developed in a
familiar, stable environment, and the product is
similar to previously developed products.
• The product is relatively small, and requires little
innovation.
• Semidetached Mode: The project's characteristics
are intermediate between Organic and Embedded.
R.L. Probert 11
 The Development mode
• the most important factors contributing to a
project's duration and cost is the Development
Mode:
• Embedded Mode: The project is characterized by
tight, inflexible constraints and interface
requirements.
• An embedded mode project will require a great deal
of innovation.

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 Cost Estimation Process
Cost =Size of The Project x Productivity

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 Cost Estimation Process

Effort
Size Table
Development Time
Lines of Code
Estimation Process
Number of Use Case Number of Personnel

Function Point Errors

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 Project Size - Metrics
1. Number of functional requirements
2. Cumulative number of functional and non-functional requirements
3. Number of Customer Test Cases
4. Number of ‘typical sized’ use cases
5. Number of inquiries
6. Number of files accessed (external, internal, master)
7. Total number of components (subsystems, modules, procedures, routines, classes,
methods)
8. Total number of interfaces
9. Number of System Integration Test Cases
10. Number of input and output parameters (summed over each interface)
11. Number of Designer Unit Test Cases
12. Number of decisions (if, case statements) summed over each routine or method
13. Lines of Code, summed over each routine or method

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 Function Points

SEG3300 A&B W2004 R.L. Probert 16

 Function Points
• It is a methodology used to estimate the amount of
"functionality" software performs in terms of data input,
generated output, file maintenance and utilization
(Albrecht 83).

• Function points are derived from a measurement of the

software's information domain and its processing
complexity.

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• STEP 1: measure size in terms of the amount of
functionality in a system.

• Function points are computed by first calculating an

unadjusted function point count (UFC).

• Counts are made for the following categories

– External inputs – these items provided by the user that

describe distinct application-oriented data (such as file
names and menu selections)

– External outputs – these items provided to the user that

generate distinct application-oriented data (such as
reports and messages, rather than the individual
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components of these)
 Function Points(.)
– External inquiries – interactive inputs requiring a
response

- External files – machine-readable interfaces to other

systems

- Internal files – logical master files in the system

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 Function Points(..)
• STEP 2: Multiply each number by a weight factor,
according to complexity (simple, average or complex) of
the parameter, associated with that number.
• The value is given by a table:

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 Function Points(...)
• STEP 3: Calculate the total UFP (Unadjusted Function
Points)

• STEP 4: Calculate the total TCF (Technical Complexity

Factor) by giving a value between 0 and 5 according to the
importance of the following points:

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 Function Points(....)
Technical Complexity Factors:

1. Data Communication
2. Distributed Data Processing
3. Performance Criteria
4. Heavily Utilized Hardware
5. High Transaction Rates
6. Online Data Entry
7. Online Updating
8. End-user Efficiency
9. Complex Computations
10. Reusability
11. Ease of Installation
12. Ease of Operation
13. Portability
14. Maintainability

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 Function Points(.....)
• STEP 5: Sum the resulting numbers too obtain DI (degree
of influence)

• STEP 6: TCF (Technical Complexity Factor) by given by

the formula
– TCF=0.65+0.01*DI

• STEP 7: Function Points are by given by the formula

– FP=UFP*TCF

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24
Example (.)

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 Example (..)
• Technical Complexity Factors:
1. Data Communication 3
2. Distributed Data Processing 0
3. Performance Criteria 4
4. Heavily Utilized Hardware 0
5. High Transaction Rates 3
6. Online Data Entry 3
7. Online Updating 3
8. End-user Efficiency 3
9. Complex Computations 0
10. Reusability 3
11. Ease of Installation 3
12. Ease of Operation 5
13. Portability 3
14. Maintainability 3

» DI =30(Degree of Influence)

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 Example (…)
• Function Points

– FP=UFP*(0.65+0.01*DI)= 55*(0.65+0.01*30)=52.25

– That means the is FP=52.25

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 Relation between LOC and FP
• Relationship:

– LOC = Language Factor * FP

– where
• LOC (Lines of Code)
• FP (Function Points)

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 Relation between LOC and
FP(.)
Assuming LOC’s per FP for:
Java = 53,
C++ = 64

aKLOC = FP * LOC_per_FP / 1000

It means for the SpellChekcer Example: (Java)

LOC=52.25*53=2769.25 LOC or 2.76 KLOC

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 Effort Computation
• The Basic COCOMO model computes effort as a
function of program size.
• The Basic COCOMO equation is:
E = aKLOC ^ b
• Effort for three modes of Basic COCOMO.
Mode a b

Organic 2.4 1.05

Semi- 3.0 1.12
detached
Embedded 3.6 1.20
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Example

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 Effort Computation
• The intermediate COCOMO model computes effort as a
function of program size and a set of cost drivers. The
Intermediate COCOMO equation is:
– E = aKLOC^b*EAF
• Effort for three modes of intermediate COCOMO.
Mode a b

Organic 3.2 1.05

Semi- 3.0 1.12
detached
Embedded 2.8 1.20
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 •
Effort computation(.)
Effort Adjustment Factor
Cost Driver Very Low Nominal High Very Extra
Low High High
Required Reliability .75 .88 1.00 1.15 1.40 1.40
Database Size .94 .94 1.00 1.08 1.16 1.16
Product Complexity .70 .85 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.65
Execution Time Constraint 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.11 1.30 1.66
Main Storage Constraint 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.21 1.56
Virtual Machine Volatility .87 .87 1.00 1.15 1.30 1.30
Comp Turn Around Time .87 .87 1.00 1.07 1.15 1.15
Analyst Capability 1.46 1.19 1.00 .86 .71 .71
Application Experience 1.29 1.13 1.00 .91 .82 .82
Programmers Capability 1.42 1.17 1.00 .86 .70 .70
Virtual machine Experience 1.21 1.10 1.00 .90 .90 .90
Language Experience 1.14 1.07 1.00 .95 .95 .95
Modern Prog Practices 1.24 1.10 1.00 .91 .82 .82
SW Tools 1.24 1.10 1.00 .91 .83 .83
Required Dev Schedule 1.23 1.08 1.00 1.04 1.10 1,10
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 Effort Computation (..)
Total EAF = Product of the selected factors

Adjusted value of Effort: Adjusted Person Months:

APM = (Total EAF) * PM

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Example

R.L. Probert 35
 Software Development Time
• Development Time Equation Parameter Table:
Parameter Organic Semi- Embedded
detached
C 2.5 2.5 2.5
D 0.38 0.35 0.32

Development Time, TDEV = C * (APM **D)

Number of Personnel, NP = APM / TDEV

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 Distribution of Effort
• A development process typically consists of
the following stages:
• - Requirements Analysis
• - Design (High Level + Detailed)
• - Implementation & Coding
• - Testing (Unit + Integration)

SEG3300 A&B W2004 R.L. Probert 37

 Distribution of Effort (.)
The following table gives the recommended percentage
distribution of Effort (APM) and TDEV for these stages:

Percentage Distribution of Effort and Time Table:

Req Design, Implementation Testing

Analysis HLD + DD

Effort 23% 29% 22% 21% 100%

TDEV 39% 25% 15% 21% 100%

SEG3300 A&B W2004 R.L. Probert 38

 All Together Design

Classes*(2Function Points)

DI=∑ratings of selected factors Unadjusted Function Point (UFP table)

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TCF=0.65+0.01*∑(DI)j
1 LOC=13.20*Num of Method
TCF Modify LOC=18.25*Num of Method
Min[TCF]=0.65; Max[TCF]=1.35 FP=UFP*TCF

bKLOC=∑ (LOCs for all Classes)/1000

AFP=FP*1.25
aKLOC=FP*LOC_per_FP/1000

Compute Errors = AFP*Y Java=53; C++=64

KLOC=Max[aKLOC, bKLOC]

Compute Effort: Person Month, PM=A*(KLOC**B)

Result

EAF=Product of selected factor Adjusted PM: APM=(total EAF)*PM NP Effort time

Req APM TDEV

Factor:1-15 Development Time: TDEV=C*(APM**D)

SEG3300 A&B W2004 R.L. Probert 39

Number of personnel: NP=APM/TDEV