“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY

ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

 Perception

Presented
By:

Moazzam
 Perception
“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying
the process
through which we interpret and organize sensory
information to
produce our conscious experience of objects and
object relationship.”

“ Perception is the process of receiving information

about and making sense of the world around us. It
involves deciding which information to notice, how
to categorize this information and how to interpret
it within the framework of existing knowledge.

“ A process by which individuals organize and

interpret their sensory impressions in order to give
meaning to their environment.

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The Perceptual Process

[Link] [Link]
– An individual’s ability to – The process of placing
detect stimuli in the selected perceptual
immediate stimuli into a framework
environment. for “storage.”
[Link] [Link]
– The process a person – The stage of the
uses to eliminate some perceptual process at
of the stimuli that have which stimuli are
been sensed and to interpreted and given
retain others for further meaning.
processing.
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• Perceptual Process Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Receiving Stimuli Location,Size,contrast,
(External & Internal) Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,

Organizing
Interpreting Figure Background ,
Attribution ,Stereotyping, Perceptual Grouping
Halo Effect, Projection ( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)

Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
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Factors influencing perception

A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes

distort perception. These factors can reside in the

perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in

the context of the situation in which the perception is

made.

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• Factors influencing Perception
Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations

Factors in the situation

Perception
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
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• Similarity perception
 Person Perception:

Making Judgments
About Others

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Three Factors of the
Attribution Theory:
1.) Distinctiveness

2.) Consensus

3.) Consistency

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 Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is

internally or externally caused.

observation Interpretation Attribution of cause
H
External
Distictinctiveness
L Internal

H
External
Individual behavior Consensus
L Internal

H
Internal
Consistency
L
External
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H –high L- Low
 Consistency
Distictiveness Consensus Does this person
Does this person Do other person behave
behave in Behave in the in this same
this manner Same manner? manner at other
in other situation times ?

No Yes
YES Low High Internal
Low Consensus Consistency Attribution
Distinctiveness
NO No
Yes Low External
High High Attributio
Distinctiveness Consistency n
Consensus
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Shortcuts in judging others
• Selective Perception :

People selectively interpret what they

see on the basis of their interests,

background, experience and attitudes.

• Halo Effect :

Drawing a general impressions about an

individual on the basis of a single

charecteristics.

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• Contrast Effect :

Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are

effected by comparisons with other people

recently encountered who rank higher or lower on

the same characteristics.

• Projection :

Attributing one's own characteristics to other

people.

• Stereotyping :

Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception

of the group
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 Let’s examine your Perception…

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 THANKS

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