Determinants of a
matrix
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➜
MATRIX
DETERMINANTS A Matrix is an
array of
Every square numbers.
matrix can be
associated with
a real number. 2x2 matrix
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DETERMINANTS OF THE MATRIX
The determinant of a matrix is
a special number that can be calculated
from a square of matrix.
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PURPOSE
The use of determinants arose from
the recognition of special patterns
that occur in the solutions of systems
of linear equations.
The determinant helps us find the
inverse of a matrix, tells us things
about the matrix that are useful in
systems of linear equations, calculus
and more.
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can be shown to be
For instance, the general 𝑏1 𝑎22 − 𝑏2 𝑎12
solution of the system 𝑋 1=
𝑎 11 𝑎22 − 𝑎21 𝑎12
and
𝑎
11 𝑥 1 +𝑎12 𝑥 2 = 𝑏1
𝑏 2 𝑎11 − 𝑏 1 𝑎 21
𝑎 21 𝑋 1 +𝑎22 𝑋 2=𝑏 2 𝑥2 =
𝑎11 𝑎 12 − 𝑎 21 𝑎 12
Note that both fractions have the same
denominator, This quantity is called the
determinant of the coefficient matrix A
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DETERMINANTS OF MATRIX
The determinant of a matrix can be positive, zero,
or negative.
The determinant of a matrix of order 1 is defined
simply as the entry of the matrix.
For instance, if A= [-2], then det(A)= -2
To define the determinant of a matrix of order higher
than 2, it is convenient to use the NOTIONS OF
MINORS AND COFACTORS.
2 x 2 matrix
Determinants of the Matrix
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➜ and and are used interchangeably to represent the
det(A)
determinant of a matrix. Vertical bars are also used to
denote the absolute value of a real number; the context will
show which use is intended. common practice to delete the
matrix brackets and write.
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2x2 determinants of a matrix
The determinant is the difference of the
products of the two diagonals of the matrix.
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EXAMPLE NUMBER 1
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Definition of minors and
cofactors of a matrix
➜
If A is a square matrix, then the minor of the
element is the determinant of the matrix
obtained by deleting the ith row and jth
column of A.
The cofactor is given by
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If
is a matrix, then the minors and cofactors of and
are as shown in the diagram below.
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2x2 determinants of a matrix
The determinant is the difference of the
products of the two diagonals of the matrix.
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Note that odd positions (where i+j is odd) have negativesigns,
and even positions (where i+j is even)have positive signs.
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Example 2
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solution
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Now, to find the cofactors, combine the checkerboard pattern
of signs with these minors to obtain
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If is a square matrix (of order 2 or greater), then the
determinant of is the sum of the entries in the first row of
multiplied by their cofactors.
Trychecking that, for matrices, this definition yields
as previously defined.
When you use this definition to evaluate a determinant,
you are expanding by cofactors in the first row.
3 x 3 matrix
Determinants of the Matrix
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EXAMPLE 3
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SOLUTION
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Laplace’s Expansion of a Determinant,
Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749–1827).
When expanding by cofactors, you do not need to evaluate the
cofactors of zero entries, because a zero entry times its cofactor is
zero.
The row (or column) containing the most zeros is usually the best
choice for expansion by cofactors. This is demonstrated in the next
example.
4 x 4 matrix
Determinants of the Matrix
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EXAMPLE 4
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SOLUTION
By inspecting this matrix, you can see that three of the
entries in the third column are zeros. You can eliminate
some of the work in the expansion by using the third
column.
Because and have zero coefficients, you need only find
the cofactor .To do this, delete the first row and third
column of and evaluate the determinant of the resulting
matrix
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There is an alternative method commonly used for evaluating the
determinant 3 x 3 of a matrix To apply this method, copy the first
and second columns of to form fourth and fifth columns. The
determinant of is then obtained by adding (or subtracting) the
products of the six diagonals, as shown in the following diagram.
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EXAMPLE 5
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SOLUTION
Begin by recopying the first two columns and then
computing the six diagonal products as follows.
Triangular matrix
Determinants of the Matrix
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TRIANGULAR MATRIX
Evaluating determinants of matrices of order 4 or higher can be
tedious. There is, however, an important exception: the
determinant of a triangular matrix. Recall from Section 2.4 that
a square matrix is called upper triangular if it has all zero
entries below its main diagonal, and lower triangular if it has
all zero entries above its main diagonal. A matrix that is both
upper and lower triangular is called diagonal. That is, a
diagonal matrix is one in which all entries above and below the
main diagonal are zero.
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To find the determinant of a triangular matrix, simply
form the product of the entries on the main diagonal. It is
easy to see that this procedure is valid for triangular
matrices of order 2 or 3.
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can be found by expanding by the third row to obtain
which is the product of the entries on the main diagonal
Triangular matrix
Determinants of the Matrix
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TRIANGULAR THEOREM 3.2
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proof
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EXAMPLE 6
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SOLUTION
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Try me!
Find the determinant of the matrix. Find (a) the minors and (b) the cofactors
of the matrix.
Use expansion by cofactors to Find the determinant of the
find the determinant of the triangular matrix
matrix.
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“
THANK YOU
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Hello!
ANN CLAUDETH MABOLO
PRE-TEACHER
