Lecture
Matrices and Determinants
1
1.1 Matrices
1.2 Operations of matrices
1.3 Types of matrices
1.4 Properties of matrices
1.5 Determinants
1.6 Inverse of a 33 matrix
2
1.1 Matrices
1 3 1
2 3 7
A B 2 1 4
1 1 5 4 7 6
Both A and B are examples of matrix. A matrix
is a rectangular array of numbers enclosed by a
pair of bracket.
Why matrix?
3
1.1 Matrices
Consider the following set of equations:
x y 7, It is easy to show that x = 3 and
y = 4.
3x y 5.
x y 2 z 7,
2 x y 4 z 2,
How about solving
5 x 4 y 10 z 1,
3 x y 6 z 5.
Matrices can help…
4
1.1 Matrices
a11 a12 a1n
In the matrix a a22 a2 n
A 21
am1 am 2 amn
numbers aij are called elements. First subscript
indicates the row; second subscript indicates
the column. The matrix consists of mn elements
It is called “the m n matrix A = [aij]” or simply
“the matrix A ” if number of rows and columns
are understood.
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1.1 Matrices
Square matrices
a11 a12 a1n
When m = n, i.e., a a22 a2 n
A 21
an1 an 2 ann
A is called a “square matrix of order n” or
“n-square matrix”
elements a11, a22, a33,…, ann called diagonal
elements.
n
i 1
aii a11 a22 ... ann
is called the trace of A. 6
1.1 Matrices
Equal matrices
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to
be equal (A = B) iff each element of A is equal
to the corresponding element of B, i.e., aij = bij
for 1 i m, 1 j n.
iff pronouns “if and only if”
if A = B, it implies aij = bij for 1 i m, 1 j n;
if aij = bij for 1 i m, 1 j n, it implies A = B.
7
1.1 Matrices
Equal matrices
1 0 a b
Example: A and B
4 2 c d
Given that A = B, find a, b, c and d.
if A = B, then a = 1, b = 0, c = -4 and d = 2.
8
1.1 Matrices
Zero matrices
Every element of a matrix is zero, it is called
a zero matrix, i.e.,
0 0 0
0 0 0
A
0 0 0
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1.2 Operations of matrices
Sums of matrices
If A = [aij] and B = [bij] are m n matrices,
then A + B is defined as a matrix C = A + B,
where C= [cij], cij = aij + bij for 1 i m, 1 j n.
1 2 3 2 3 0
Example: if A
0 1 4 and B
1 2 5
Evaluate A + B and A – B.
1 2 2 3 3 0 3 5 3
A B
0 ( 1) 1 2 4 5 1 3 9
1 2 2 3 3 0 1 1 3
A B
0 ( 1) 1 2 4 5 1 1 1 10
1.2 Operations of matrices
Sums of matrices
Two matrices of the same order are said to
be conformable for addition or subtraction.
Two matrices of different orders cannot be
added or subtracted, e.g.,
1 3 1
2 3 7 2 1 4
1 1 5
4 7 6
are NOT conformable for addition or
subtraction. 11
1.2 Operations of matrices
Scalar multiplication
Let be any scalar and A = [aij] is an m n
matrix. Then A = [aij] for 1 i m, 1 j n,
i.e., each element in A is multiplied by .
1 2 3
Example: A 0 1 4 . Evaluate 3A.
3 1 3 2 3 3 3 6 9
3A
3 0 3 1 3 4 0 3 12
In particular, , i.e., A = [aij]. It’s called
the negative of A. Note: A = 0 is a zero matrix
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1.2 Operations of matrices
Properties
Matrices A, B and C are conformable,
A + B = B + A (commutative law)
A + (B +C) = (A + B) +C (associative law)
(A + B) = A + B, where is a scalar
(distributive law)
Can you prove them?
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1.2 Operations of matrices
Properties
Example: Prove (A + B) = A + B.
Let C = A + B, so cij = aij + bij.
Consider cij = (aij + bij ) = aij + bij, we have,
C = A + B.
Since C = (A + B), so (A + B) = A + B
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1.2 Operations of matrices
Matrix multiplication
If A = [aij] is a m p matrix and B = [bij] is a
p n matrix, then AB is defined as a m n
matrix p C = AB, where C= [cij] with
cij aik bkj ai1b1 j ai 2b2 j ... aipb pj for 1 i m, 1 j n.
k 1
1 2
1 2 3 2 3
Example: A
0 1 4 , B and C = AB.
Evaluate c21. 5 0
1 2
1 2 3
0 1 4 2 3 c21 0 (1) 1 2 4 5 22
5 0
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1.2 Operations of matrices
Matrix multiplication
1 2
1 2 3
Example: A 0 1 4 , B 2 3 , Evaluate C =
AB. 5 0
c11 1 (1) 2 2 3 5 18
1 2 c 1 2 2 3 3 0 8
1 2 3 12
0 1 4 2 3
5 0 c21 0 (1) 1 2 4 5 22
c22 0 2 1 3 4 0 3
1 2
1 2 3 18 8
C AB 2 3
0 1 4 5 0 22 3
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1.2 Operations of matrices
Matrix multiplication
In particular, A is a 1 m matrix and
B is a m 1 matrix, i.e., b11
b
A a11 a12 ... a1m B 21
bm1
m
then C = AB is a scalar. C a1k bk1 a11b11 a12b21 ... a1mbm1
k 1
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1.2 Operations of matrices
Matrix multiplication
BUT BA is a m m matrix!
b11 b11a11 b11a12 b11a1m
b b a b a b a
BA 21 a11 a12 ... a1m 21 11 21 12 21 1m
b
m1 b a b
m1 11 m1 12a b a
m1 1m
So AB BA in general !
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1.2 Operations of matrices
Properties
Matrices A, B and C are conformable,
A(B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B)C = AC + BC
A(BC) = (AB) C
AB BA in general
However
AB = 0 NOT necessarily imply A = 0 or B = 0
AB = AC NOT necessarily imply B = C 19
1.3 Types of matrices
Identity matrix
The inverse of a matrix
The transpose of a matrix
Symmetric matrix
Orthogonal matrix
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1.3 Types of matrices
Identity matrix
A square matrix whose elements aij = 0, for
i > j is called upper triangular, i.e., a11 a12 a1n
0 a22 a2 n
0 0 ann
A square matrix whose elements aij = 0, for
i < j is called lower triangular, i.e., a11 0 0
a a22 0
21
an1 an 2 ann
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1.3 Types of matrices
Identity matrix
Both upper and lower triangular, i.e., aij = 0, for
i j , i.e., a11 0 0
0 a22 0
D
0 0 ann
is called a diagonal matrix, simply
D diag[a11 , a22 ,..., ann ]
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1.3 Types of matrices
Identity matrix
In particular, a11 = a22 = … = ann = 1, the
matrix is called identity matrix.
Properties: AI = IA = A
1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
Examples of identity matrices: 0 1 and
0 0 1
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1.3 Types of matrices
Special square matrix
AB BA in general. However, if two square
matrices A and B such that AB = BA, then A
and B are said to be commute.
Can you suggest two matrices that must
commute with a square matrix A?
Ans: A itself, the identity matrix, ..
If A and B such that AB = -BA, then A and B
are said to be anti-commute.
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1.3 Types of matrices
The inverse of a matrix
If matrices A and B such that AB = BA = I,
then B is called the inverse of A (symbol: A-1);
and A is called the inverse of B (symbol: B-1).
1 2 3 6 2 3
Example: A 1 3 3 B 1 1 0
1 2 4 1 0 1
Show B is the the inverse of matrix A.
1 0 0
Ans: Note that AB BA 0 1 0
Can you show the 0 0 1
details? 25
1.3 Types of matrices
The transpose of a matrix
The matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of a matrix A is called the
transpose of A (write AT).
1 2 3
Example: A
4 5 6
1 4
The transpose of A is AT 2 5
3 6
For a matrix A = [aij], its transpose AT = [bij],
where bij = aji.
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1.3 Types of matrices
Symmetric matrix
A matrix A such that AT = A is called
symmetric, i.e., aji = aij for all i and j.
A + AT must be symmetric. Why?
1 2 3
Example: A 2 4 5 is symmetric.
3 5 6
A matrix A such that AT = -A is called skew-
symmetric, i.e., aji = -aij for all i and j.
A - AT must be skew-symmetric. Why?
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1.4 Properties of matrix
(AB)-1 = B-1A-1
(AT)T = A and (A)T = AT
(A + B)T = AT + BT
(AB)T = BT AT
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1.4 Properties of matrix
Example: Prove (AB)-1 = B-1A-1.
Since (AB) (B-1A-1) = A(B B-1)A-1 = I and
(B-1A-1) (AB) = B-1(A-1 A)B = I.
Therefore, B-1A-1 is the inverse of matrix AB.
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1.5 Determinants
Determinant of order 2
a11 a12
Consider a 2 2 matrix: A
a22
a21
Determinant of A, denoted | A |, is a number
and can be evaluated by
a11 a12
| A | a11 a22 a12 a21
a21 a22
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1.5 Determinants
Determinant of order 2
easy to remember (for order 2 only)..
a11 a12
| A | a11 a22 a12 a21
a21 a22
- +
1 2
Example: Evaluate the determinant: 3 4
1 2
1 4 2 3 2
3 4
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1.5 Determinants
The following properties are true for
determinants of any order.
1. If every element of a row (column) is zero,
1 2
e.g., 1 0 2 0 0 , then |A| = 0.
0 0
determinant of a
matrix = that of its
2. |AT| = |A| transpose
3. |AB| = |A||B| 32
1.5 Determinants
a11 a12
For any 2x2 matrix A
a21 a22
1 a22 a12
Its inverse can be written as 1
A
A a a11
21
1 0
Example: Find the inverse of A
1 2
The determinant of A is -2
1 0
Hence, the inverse of A is 1
A
1/ 2 1/ 2
How to find an inverse for a 3x3 matrix?
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1.5 Determinants of order 3
1 2 3
Consider an example: A 4 5 6
7 8 9
Its determinant can be obtained by:
1 2 3
4 5 1 2 1 2
A 4 5 6 3 6 9
7 8 7 8 4 5
7 8 9
3 3 6 6 9 3 0
You are encouraged to find the determinant
by using other rows or columns 34
1.6 Inverse of a 33 matrix
1 2 3
Cofactor matrix of A 0 4 5
1 0 6
The cofactor for each element of matrix A:
4 5 0 5 0 4
A11 24 A12 5 A13 4
0 6 1 6 1 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
A21 12 A22 3 A23 2
0 6 1 6 1 0
2 3 1 3 1 2
A31 2 A32 5 A33 4
4 5 0 5 0 4
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1.6 Inverse of a 33 matrix
1 2 3
Cofactor matrix of A 0 4 5 is then given
by: 1 0 6
24 5 4
12 3 2
2 5 4
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1.6 Inverse of a 33 matrix
1 2 3
Inverse matrix of A 0 4 5 is given by:
1 0 6
T
24 5 4 24 12 2
1 1 1
A 12 3 2 5 3 5
A 22
2 5 4 4 2 4
12 11 6 11 1 11
5 22 3 22 5 22
2 11 1 11 2 11
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