Strength of materials

SOFTWARE/LEARNING WEBSITES

 Strength of Materials: Mechanical Engineering By Dr. Satish C Sharma (IIT Roorkee)

[Link]
 Video content: Strength of Materials: Prof. S.K. Bhattacharyya (IIT Kharagpur)
 Coursera: Course offered by Georgia Institute of Technology Mechanics of Materials I: Fundamentals of Stress, Strain
and Axial Loading
 [Link]
 Georgia Institute of Technology-Online Course_
https: //[Link]/lecture/materials-structures/module21-solve-a-combined static-loading-problem-9bvsj
 [Link]
 [Link]

1
 Strength of materials
SOFTWARE/LEARNING WEBSITES

Sr. No. Title CO PO PSO

Tension test on a ductile and brittle material
1 1,2, 1
Compression test on any material (Virtual Lab) 1 4,5, 1
Shear test (single and double) on a ductile material 1 6,9, 1
Bending test on ductile material for simply supported beam. 1 10,12 1
Plotting of shear force and bending moment diagrams for different boundary 2 1
conditions and loading conditions of beam (using software)
Comparison of numerical and analytical analysis on Slope and deflection (by
3 1
using software)
Torsion Test on Solid Circular Mild Steel Shaft (Virtual Lab)
1
Determination of Principal stresses by graphical method and verification through 3 1
analytical method
Calculate Axial and hoop stresses in cylinders subjected to internal pressure by 4 1
Python programming

2
 UNIT
UNIT
11 Course Outcomes

• To study deformation of a member under axial loading.

• To solve deformations in statically indeterminate structures

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 3

 UNIT
1 Unit Content

Deformation in solids- Hooke’s law,

stress and strain- tension,
compression and shear stresses- elastic constants and their
relations- volumetric, linear and shear strains

Unit Outcome
to calculate problems based on stresses and strains for engineering materials
[BT3]

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 4

UNIT
STRENGTH
OF

1 MATERIAL
S
1. Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

5
 UNIT
1 Session Content

Fundamentals of Mechanics-
Basic concepts of Mechanics

Session Outcome

Able to understand and apply basic concept of mechanics

in real life application

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 6

 UNIT
1 Course Content
Unit Contents Hrs. COs

1 Stresses and strains

Deformation in solids- Hooke’s law, stress and strain- tension, compression and shear stresses- elastic constants and their 6 Hrs. CO1
relations- volumetric, linear and shear strains
2 Analysis of Beam
Beams and type’s transverse loading on beams- shear force and bend moment diagrams- Types of beam supports, simply 6 Hrs. C02
supported and over-hanging beams, cantilevers. Theory of bending of beams, bending stress distribution and neutral axis,
shear stress distribution, point and distributed loads.
3 Slope and deflection of beams
Moment of inertia about an axis and polar moment of inertia, deflection of a beam using double integration method, 6 Hrs. C03
computation of slopes and deflection in beams, Maxwell’s reciprocal theorems.
4 Torsion
Torsion, stresses and deformation in circular and hollow shafts, stepped shafts, deflection of shafts fixed at both ends, 6 Hrs. CO4
stresses and deflection of helical springs.
5 Principal stresses and strains
Principal stresses and strains: Normal and shear stresses on any oblique plane. Derivation of expression for principal 6 Hrs. C05
stresses and maximum shear stress. Graphical solution using Mohr’s circle of stresses.
Theories of elastic failure: Maximum principal stress theory, maximum shear stress theory, maximum distortion energy
theory.
6 Stresses in Cylinders and Shells
Axial and hoop stresses in cylinders subjected to internal pressure, deformation of thick and thin cylinders, deformation in 6 Hrs. C06
spherical shells subjected to internal pressure.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 7

 UNIT
1 Course Outcomes

Course
Statements Blooms Taxonomy
Outcome
to calculate problems based on stresses and strains for engineering
CO1 materials [BT3] 3 Apply

CO2 to calculate shear force and bending moment diagrams for determinate 3 Apply
beams due to external loads [BT3]
to calculate slope and deflection due to external loads in determinate
CO3 beams. [BT3] 3 Apply
to calculate Torsion, stresses and deformation in circular, hollow and
CO4 stepped shafts [BT3] 3 Apply
to calculate the principal stresses and strains developed in different
CO5 mechanical structures based on different theories of failures [BT3] 3 Apply
CO6 to calculate stresses and deformation in cylinders and shells [BT3] 3 Apply

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 8

 UNIT
1 INTRODUCTION

• The field of strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials,

typically refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and
strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts.
• The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under
loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account
the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate
strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio.
• In addition, the mechanical element's macroscopic properties (geometric
properties) such as its length, width, thickness, boundary constraints
and abrupt changes in geometry such as holes are considered.
• The theory began with the consideration of the behavior of one and two
dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can be
approximated as two dimensional, and was then generalized to three
dimensions to develop a more complete theory of the elastic and plastic
behavior of materials.
• An important founding pioneer in mechanics of materials was Stephen
Timoshenko.
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 9
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

 Strength-

• The ability of a structure to resist loads is called as

“Strength”
• It enables material to resist fracture under load.
• The load required to cause fracture divided by the cross
sectional area of the test specimen is termed as ultimate
strength OR tenacity of the material.
• Note- Expressed in the unit of stress.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 10

 UNIT
1 Mechanics OR Strength Of Materials-

Mechanics is the the branch of physical science which deals

with the state of rest or motion of bodies that are subjected
to the action of forces.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 11

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Mechanics

Study of Force & Motion

Gross/Overall Motion (Dynamics) Localized Motion (Deformation) (STATICS)

KINETICS KINEMATICS Rigid Bodies Deformable bodies

12
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 12
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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

 Force
 Moment
 Types of loading
 Types of Support & related Reactions
 Free Body Diagrams
 Equilibrium Conditions
 Trusses & Frames
 Friction
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 13
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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
Analysis of Engineering systems
 Study of forces
(Tensile, Compressive, Shear, Torque, Moments)
 Study of motion
(Straight, curvilinear, displacement, velocity, acceleration.)
 Study of deformation
(Elongation, compression, twisting)
 Application of laws relating the forces to the deformation
In some special cases one or more above mentioned steps may become trivial
e.g. For rigid bodies deformation will be negligible.
If system is at rest, position of system will be independent of time.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 14

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Step-By-Step procedure to solve problems in mechanics of solids

 Select actual/real system of interest.
 Make assumptions regarding desired characteristics of the system
 Develop idealized model of the system (Structural and Machine
elements)
 Apply principles of mechanics to the idealized model to compare these calculated
results with the behaviour of the actual system
 If the results (calculated and actual) differ widely repeat above steps till satisfactory
idealized model is obtained.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 15

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Definitions
 Body: A collection of particles is called a 'body'. It may be a rigid body or an elastic or
deformable body.
 Rigid Body: The particles in a rigid body are so firmly connected together that their relative
positions do not change irrespective of the forces acting on it. Thus the size and shape of a
rigid body are always maintained constant
 Elastic Body: A body whose size and shape can change under forces is a deformable body.
When the size and shape can be regained on removal of forces, the body is called an elastic
body.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 16

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Definitions
 Scalar Quantity: A quantity which is fully described by its magnitude only is a scalar.
Arithmetical operations apply to scalars. Examples are: Time, mass, area and speed.
 Vector Quantity: A quantity which is described by its magnitude and also its direction is a
vector. Operations of vector algebra are applicable to vectors. Examples are: Force, velocity,
moment of a force and displacement .
 Force: In physics, a net force acting on a body causes that body to accelerate; that is, to
change its velocity. The concept appeared first in the second law of motion of classical
mechanics.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 17

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Force
There are three basic kinds of forces as mentioned below

 Tensile force or pull

 Compressive force or push
 Shear force

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 18

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Tensile Force or Pull

When equal and opposite forces are applied at the ends of
a rod or a bar away from the ends, along its axis, they tend
to pull the rod or bar. This kind of a force is called a tensile
force or tension.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 19

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Compressive Force or Push

When equal and opposite forces act at the ends of a rod or
a bar towards the ends along its axis, they tend to
push the rod or the bar. This kind of force is called a
compressive force or compression.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 20

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Shear Force
When equal and opposite forces act on the parallel faces
of a body, shear occurs on these planes. This tends to
cause an angular deformation as shown.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 21

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Shear Force
Single Double
Shear Shear

 ave  AP  AF  ave  P  F
A 2
A
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 22
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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

System of Forces
 Coplanar
Collinear, Concurrent, Parallel, Non-concurrent & Non-
Parallel
 Non-Coplanar
Concurrent, Parallel, Non-concurrent & Non- Parallel

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 23

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System of Forces
Terms to be familiar with
Concurrent Forces (a)
Parallel Forces (b)
Line of Action (c)
Coplanar Forces

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 24

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Resultant Force
If a force system acting on a body can be replaced by a
single force, with exactly the same effect on the body, this
single force is said to be the 'resultant' of the force system.

F1 F3
F2 R

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 25

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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

The moment of force

 The moment itself is a vector quantity.
 Its direction is perpendicular to the plane
determined by OP and F.
 The sense is fixed by the right hand rule
 From calculus the magnitude of the cross
product rF = F r sin, Where r sin is the
perpendicular distance between point O and
vector F.
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 26
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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Moment, M = F X x

x
27
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 27
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11 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Example 1: Moment

15 kN

30o

4m

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 28

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Solution of Example 1
Mo = 15sin30 kN X 4 m = 30 kN-m (CCW)

15 sin 30
15

kN
kN

30o

4m
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 29
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Example 2: Moment
Mo = 10 kN X 2 m = 20 kN-m (CW)
10 kN

4m

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 30

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

CALCULATE THE MOMENT 400 N FORCE ABOUT THE

POINT O
40
mm 400 cos 60

400 sin 60

Let, CCW moments are +ve and CW –ve

MO = 400 cos 60 (40)x10-3 – 400 sin 60 (120)x10-3

MO = - 33.6 Nm  MO = 33.6 Nm
(CW)
31
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 31
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Couple
• A special case of moments is a couple. A couple consists of two parallel forces that are
equal in magnitude, opposite in direction.
• It does not produce any translation, only rotation.
• The resultant force of a couple is zero. BUT, the resultant of a couple is not zero; it is a pure
moment.

d a
A B

F F MB = F * (a+d) - (F) * a = Fd (CCW)

32
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 32
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

About couple
 This result is independent of the location of B.
 Moment of a couple is the same about all points in space.
 A couple may be characterized by a moment vector without specification of
the moment center B, with magnitude Fd.
 Encircling arrow indicates moment of a couple.

33
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 33
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Couple: Example

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 34

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Types of Loading

1. Concentrated Load / Point Load

W W

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 35

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Types of Loading

2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)

36
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 36
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Types of Loading

3. Uniformly Varying Load (UVL)

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 37

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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Types of Loading

4. Moment (Pure Bending Moment)

MB
38
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 38
UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Types of Loading

5. Moment (Twisting Moment)

y

x z
MT

z
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Support & Reaction at the Support

1. Simple Support W

A
B

RA RB
40
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 40
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Support & Reaction at the Support

2. Simple Support with hinge or pin at A & B

41
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 41
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Support & Reaction at the Support

3. Roller Support W

A B

RA RB
42
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 42
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Support & Reaction at the Support

4. Fixed support & roller support W

A B

(RA)H

MA (RA)V (RB)V
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 43
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Support & Reaction at the Support

5. Smooth/Frictionless Support

44
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 44
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Support & Reaction at the Support

6. Friction Support

FS = μN

45
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 45
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

• Equilibrium Conditions
• If the resultant force acting on a particle is zero then that can be called as
equilibrium
• Dynamic Equilibrium
• The body is said to be in equilibrium condition when the acceleration is
zero
• Static Equilibrium
• The static body is in equilibrium condition if the resultant force acting on
it is zero
46
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 46
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1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Necessary and sufficient condition for body to be in Equilibrium

 Summation of all the FORCES should be zero
ΣF=0
 Summation of all the MOMENTS of all the forces about any
arbitrary point should be zero
ΣM=0

47
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 47
UNIT
STRENGTH
OF

1 MATERIAL
S
2. Stresses

48
 UNIT
1 Unit Content

Deformation in solids- Hooke’s law,

stress and strain- tension,
compression and shear stresses- elastic constants and their
relations- volumetric, linear and shear strains

Unit Outcome
to calculate problems based on stresses and strains for engineering materials
[BT3]

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 4

 UNIT
1 Session Content

Fundamentals of Mechanics-
Basic concepts of Mechanics

Session Outcome

Able to understand and apply basic concept o mechanics

in real life application

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 5

 UNIT
1 References

• Text Books:
• R K Bansal, “A Textbook of Strength of Materials”, 6th Edition, Laxmi Publications, 2010
• S.S. Rattan “ Strength of Materials” Tata McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Edition (Sixth reprint
2013)
• Ramamurtham - Strength of material - Dhanpat Rai Publication.
• S.S. Bhavikatti, Mechanics of Solids, The New Age International Publishers, 2010
• B.K. Sarkar - Strength of material - Tata McGraw-Hill Education Publication.

• Reference Books:
• Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston and Jr. John T. DeWolf, “Mechanics of Materials”, Tata McGraw-Hill,
Sixth Edition, 2012
• G. H. Ryder- Strength of Materials- 3rd Edition, Macmillan Pub, India
• E.P. Popov - Engineering Mechanics of Solids - Prentice Hall Publication.
• Singer and Pytel - Strength of materials - Harper and row Publication.
• Andrew Pytel & Jaan Kiusalaas, Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition, Publisher, Global Engineering, 2012
• R. C. Hibbeler - Mechanics of Materials - Prentice Hall Publication.
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 5
 UNIT
1 Course Content
Unit Contents Hrs. COs

1 Stresses and strains

Deformation in solids- Hooke’s law, stress and strain- tension, compression and shear stresses- elastic constants and their 6 Hrs. CO1
relations- volumetric, linear and shear strains
2 Analysis of Beam
Beams and type’s transverse loading on beams- shear force and bend moment diagrams- Types of beam supports, simply 6 Hrs. C02
supported and over-hanging beams, cantilevers. Theory of bending of beams, bending stress distribution and neutral axis,
shear stress distribution, point and distributed loads.
3 Slope and deflection of beams
Moment of inertia about an axis and polar moment of inertia, deflection of a beam using double integration method, 6 Hrs. C03
computation of slopes and deflection in beams, Maxwell’s reciprocal theorems.
4 Torsion
Torsion, stresses and deformation in circular and hollow shafts, stepped shafts, deflection of shafts fixed at both ends, 6 Hrs. CO4
stresses and deflection of helical springs.
5 Principal stresses and strains
Principal stresses and strains: Normal and shear stresses on any oblique plane. Derivation of expression for principal 6 Hrs. C05
stresses and maximum shear stress. Graphical solution using Mohr’s circle of stresses.
Theories of elastic failure: Maximum principal stress theory, maximum shear stress theory, maximum distortion energy
theory.
6 Stresses in Cylinders and Shells
Axial and hoop stresses in cylinders subjected to internal pressure, deformation of thick and thin cylinders, deformation in 6 Hrs. C06
spherical shells subjected to internal pressure.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 52

 UNIT
1 INTRODUCTION

• The field of strength of materials, also called mechanics of materials,

typically refers to various methods of calculating the stresses and
strains in structural members, such as beams, columns, and shafts.
• The methods employed to predict the response of a structure under
loading and its susceptibility to various failure modes takes into account
the properties of the materials such as its yield strength, ultimate
strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio.
• In addition, the mechanical element's macroscopic properties (geometric
properties) such as its length, width, thickness, boundary constraints
and abrupt changes in geometry such as holes are considered.
• The theory began with the consideration of the behavior of one and two
dimensional members of structures, whose states of stress can be
approximated as two dimensional, and was then generalized to three
dimensions to develop a more complete theory of the elastic and plastic
behavior of materials.
• An important founding pioneer in mechanics of materials was Stephen
Timoshenko.
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 53
 UNIT
1 Session Outcomes

• The main objective of the study of Strength of materials is to

provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and
designing various machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the

determination of stresses and deformations. This chapter is
devoted to the concept of stress

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 54

 UNIT
1 Axial Loading: Normal Stress
• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded
member is normal to a section cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as the normal
stress. The force intensity on that section is defined as the
normal stress.

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be equal to the

average stress but the resultant of the stress distribution must
satisfy

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically indeterminate,

i.e., can not be found from statics alone.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 55

 UNIT
1 Centric and Eccentric Loading

• A uniform distribution of stress in a section implies that the line

of action of the resultant of the internal forces passes through
the centroid of the section.
• A uniform distribution of stress is only possible if the
concentrated loads on the end sections of two-force members
are applied at the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded, then the
resultant of the stress distribution in a section must yield an
axial force and a moment.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 56

 UNIT
1 Shear Stress

• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the member AB

• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane of section C and
are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force distribution is defined
as the shear of the section and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,

• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the member

surfaces to maximum values that may be much larger than the
average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to be uniform.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 57

 UNIT
1 Shear Stress-Examples

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 58

 UNIT
1 Bearing Stress

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create stresses on the

points of contact or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
• The resultant of the force distribution on the
surface is equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
• Corresponding average force intensity is called
the bearing stress,

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 59

 UNIT
1 Analysis of System

• The structure is designed to

support a 30 kN load
• The structure consists of a boom and
rod joined by pins (zero moment
connections) at the junctions and
supports
• Perform a static analysis to determine
the internal force in each structural
member and the reaction forces at the
supports

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 60

 UNIT
1 Analysis of System
• Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
• Conditions for static equilibrium:

 M C  0  Ax 0.6 m  30 kN 0.8 m 

Ax  40 kN

 Fx  0 Ax  C x

C x   Ax  40 kN

 Fy  0  Ay  C y  30 kN  0

Ay  C y  30 kN

• Ay and Cy can not be determined from

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 61
 UNIT
1 Analysis of System
• In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
• Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
 M B  0   Ay 0.8 m 

Ay  0
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
C y  30 kN

• Results:
A  40 kN  C x  40 kN  C y  30 kN 

Reaction forces are directed along boom and

rod
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 62
 UNIT
1 Analysis of System
• The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
• For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
• Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:
å F 0
B

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 63

 UNIT
1 Analysis of System
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN load?
• From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
• At any section through member BC, the internal
force is 50 kN with a force intensity or stress of

• From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
σ all  165 MPa
• Conclusion: the strength of member BC is adequate

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 64

 UNIT
1 Design of System

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 65

 UNIT
UNIT
11 Design of System

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 66

 UNIT
1 Design of System

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 67

UNIT
STRENGTH
OF

1 MATERIAL
S
3. STRESS AND STRAIN

68
 UNIT
1 Session Content

Fundamentals of Mechanics-
Basic concepts of Mechanics

Session Outcome

Able to understand and apply basic concept of mechanics

in real life application

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 6

 UNIT
1 References

• Text Books:
• R K Bansal, “A Textbook of Strength of Materials”, 6th Edition, Laxmi Publications, 2010
• S.S. Rattan “ Strength of Materials” Tata McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Edition (Sixth reprint
2013)
• Ramamurtham - Strength of material - Dhanpat Rai Publication.
• S.S. Bhavikatti, Mechanics of Solids, The New Age International Publishers, 2010
• B.K. Sarkar - Strength of material - Tata McGraw-Hill Education Publication.

• Reference Books:
• Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston and [Link] T. DeWolf, “Mechanics of Materials”, Tata McGraw-Hill, Sixth
Edition, 2012
• G. H. Ryder- Strength of Materials- 3rd Edition, Macmillan Pub, India
• E.P. Popov - Engineering Mechanics of Solids - Prentice Hall Publication.
• Singer and Pytel - Strength of materials - Harper and row Publication.
• Andrew Pytel & Jaan Kiusalaas, Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition, Publisher, Global Engineering, 2012
• R. C. Hibbeler - Mechanics of Materials - Prentice Hall Publication.
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 7
 UNIT
1 Course Outcomes

• The main objective of the study of Strength of materials is to

provide the future engineer with the means of analyzing and
designing various machines and load bearing structures.

• Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the

determination of stresses and deformations. This chapter is
devoted to the concept of stress

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 71

 UNIT
1 Stress ()

Types of Stress:-

Direct Stress Indirect Stress

Direct Stress:- [Link] Stress 1. Bending Stress
1. Normal Stress [Link] Stress 2. Torsional stress

Normal stress acts in direction perpendicular to the area.

 Tensile stress
Condition:- when body is subjected to two equal and opposite pulls (tensile forces)

 Compressive Stress
Condition:- when body is subjected to two equal and opposite pushes (compressive
forces)

72
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 72
 UNIT
1 Axial Loading- Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially loaded

member is normal to a section cut perpendicular to the
member axis.
• The force intensity on that section is defined as the normal
stress.
• Axial forces on a two force member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut perpendicular to the member axis.
• Transverse forces on bolts and pins result in only shear
stresses on the plane perpendicular to bolt or pin axis

Beer et al. 2012

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 73

 UNIT
1 Stress

• When some external forces acts on a body, the internal forces which
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, are setup at various
sections of the body, which resist the external forces.
• This internal force per unit area at any section of the body is known as
stress.
• It is denoted by the Greek letter  (sigma).

Pytel and Kiusalaas, 2012

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 74

 UNIT
1 Compressive Stress and Strain

• When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial Pushes, then
the stress induced at any section of the body is known as compressive
stress.
• There will be increase in the cross sectional area of the body and
decrease in the length of the body.
• The ratio of decrease in the length to the original length is known as
compressive strain.
P P
P P

L L’ δL

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 75

 UNIT
1 Units

• We have
• 1 kPa = 103 Pa = 103 N/m2 (kPa = Kilo Pascal)
• 1 MPa = 106 Pa = 106 N/m2 (MPa = Mega Pascal)
• 1 GPa = 109 Pa = 109 N/m2 (GPa = Giga Pascal)

•1 MPa =1 N/mm 2

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 76

 UNIT
1 Sign Conventions

• A positive sign (+ve) will be used to indicate a tensile stress (member

in tension) and
• a negative sign (-ve) to indicate a compressive stress (member in
compression).

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 77

 UNIT
1 Types of Strain
1. Linear Strain
Stain (e) :- 2. Lateral strain
3. Shear strain
4. Volumetric strain

 Linear Strain:-
Strain occurs in direction of applied force e =ΔL/L
 Lateral strain:-
Strain occurs opposite to the direction of applies el =ΔD/D
force

Diameter(D) ev =Δv/v

Length(L)

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 78

 UNIT
1 Stain () Body
e.

Deformed Body
 Deformation :-
Change of shape of body under external
 When a body forc
is subjected to an external force, change occurs in dimension of the body known
as deformation.
 Strain :-
The ratio of change of dimension of the body to its original dimension is known as
strain.
load load

Original change
dimension
Unit ?
F

79
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 79
 UNIT
1 Strain

• When a system of forces or loads act on a body, it undergoes some

deformation.
• This deformation per unit dimension is known strain

• There is no unit for strain.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 80

 UNIT
1 Elongation of prismatic bar in tension

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 81

 UNIT
1
Numerical

Q.1.) A circular hollow tube made of steel is used to support a

compressive load of 500kN. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are
90mm and 130mm respectively and its length is 1000mm. Due to
compressive load, the contraction of the rod is 0.5mm. Determine the
compressive stress and strain in the post.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 82

 UNIT
1
Numerical

Q.1.) A circular hollow tube made of steel is used to support a

compressive load of 500kN. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are
90mm and 130mm respectively and its length is 1000mm. Due to
compressive load, the contraction of the rod is 0.5mm. Determine the
compressive stress and strain in the post.
• Solution
• Force, P= - 500×103N(compressive)
• Area of the tube, =6.912×103 mm2
• Stress, = 72.3N/mm2 (compressive)
• Strain, =-5×10-4 (compressive)

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 83

 UNIT
1 Numerical
Problem

1. A circular rod of 20 mm diameter and 500mm long is

elasticity for steel is 200 𝐾𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .Find stress , strain

subjected to tensile force of 45 KN. The modulus of

and elongation of bar.

84
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 84
 UNIT
1 Numerical

modulus of elasticity for steel is 200 𝐾𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .Find stress , strain and elongation of bar.
Problem 1. A circular rod of 20 mm diameter and 500mm long is subjected to tensile force of 45 KN. The

 Given

45KN 45KN
𝟒𝟓×𝟏 �
Solution:-
𝜎 =𝐴𝑃
20mm

𝟎� �
�= 143.24
500 mm ×𝟐𝟎 �
𝟒
�
=

 ∆𝑙 =𝑃 (𝟒𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟑)
E = 200
𝐿 �
(500)
� (𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎
�𝟒×𝟐 �
= 0.358 mm
𝐴𝐸 )
�

1 KN = 1000N or 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵
=
𝟎
�

 =∆𝑙 = 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝟖
Unit Conversion:-
45 KN =𝟒𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵 = 0.0007162

E = 200 𝑙

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials 𝟓𝟎𝟎

SANJIVANI
85
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 85
 UNIT
1 Numerical
Problem
1. A circular rod of 20 mm diameter and 500mm long is

steel is 200 𝐾𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 .Find stress , strain and elongation of

subjected to tensile force of 45 KN. The modulus of elasticity for

bar.

86
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 86
 UNIT
1 Numerical
2. A circular rod of 30 mm diameter and 1000 mm long
is subjected to tensile
force of 50 KN. The modulus of elasticity for steel is
 Given
200 .Determine elongation of bar.
50KN 50KN
𝟓𝟎×𝟏 �
Solution:-
𝜎 =𝐴𝑃
30mm

𝟎� �
�= 70.73
1000 mm ×𝟑𝟎 �
𝟒
�
=

= 𝑃 (𝟓𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑)
E = 200
1 KN = 1000N or 𝐿
𝐴𝐸 �
(1000)
𝟐 (𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎
�𝟒×𝟑 𝟑
= = 0.353 mm
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵 )
𝟎

∆𝑙
Unit Conversion:-
50 KN =𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵 𝟎.𝟑𝟓𝟑
𝑙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
 =
E = 200 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑
= = 0.000353
𝟎

87
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 87
 UNIT
1 Numerical

of elasticity for steel is 200 K𝑵/𝒎𝒎^𝟐.Determine elongation of bar.

A square rod of 20×20 and 1000 mm long is subjected to tensile force of 50 KN. The modulus

 Given

50KN 50KN

𝟓𝟎×𝟏 �
Solution:-
𝜎= 𝑃
𝟎20×2 = 125
�

0
1000 mm �
=�
 ∆𝑙 =𝑃 (𝟓𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑)
1 KN = 1000N or 𝐿
E = 200
(1000)(𝟐𝟎𝟎×𝟏𝟎𝟑) = 0.625 mm
𝟐𝟎×𝟐
𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵 𝐴𝐸 𝟎
=

𝟎.𝟔𝟐
 =∆𝑙 =
Unit Conversion:-
50 KN =𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝑵 𝑙 𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 0.000625
E = 200 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝟎

88
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 88
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
Q) A circular rod of diameter 16 mm and 500 mm long is subjected to a tensile force 40 kN. The modulus
of elasticity for steel may be taken as 200 kN/mm2. Find stress, strain and elongation of the bar due to
applied load.

• Ans: Load P = 40 kN = 40 × 1000 N

• E = 200 kN/mm2 = 200 × 103 N/mm2
• L = 500 mm
• Diameter of the rod d = 16 mm
• Therefore, sectional area = 201.06 mm2
• Stress  = = 198.94 N/mm2
• Strain e == 0.0009947
• Elongation =0.497 mm
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 89
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

• A circular bar 20 mm in diameter and 200 mm long is subjected to a

force of 20 kN. Find the stress, strain, and elongation in the bar if the
value of E = 80 GPa.
• Solution: Area of the bar = n x 202/4 = 314.16 mm2
• Stress  = P/A = 20 x 10^3/ 314.16 = 63.66 N/ mm2
• E = 80 GPa = 80,000 MPa = 80,000 N/ mm2
• Strain = / E = 63.66 /80,000 = 7.9 x 10^4
• Elongation = Strain x length = 7.9 x 10^4 x 200 = 0.16 mm

90
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 90
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

• A bar of cross-sectional area 314 mm2 elongates by 0.8 mm over a

length of 600 mm when subjected to a tensile force of 12000 N. Find
the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of the bar.
• Solution Stress o= 12,000/314 = 38.22 N/mm2
• Strain E =  /E = 38.22/E. Elongation = E L = 38.22 L/E
• Elongation = 0.8 mm
• Therefore, 38.22 x 600/E = 0.8 mm
• E = 38.22 x 600/0.8 = 28665 N/mm2 = 28.67 GPa

91
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 91
UNIT
STRENGTH
OF

1 MATERIAL
S
4. Mechanical Properties of Material

92
 UNIT
1 Session Content

Fundamentals of Mechanics-
Basic concepts of Mechanics

Session Outcome

Able to understand and apply basic concept of mechanics

in real life application

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 9

 UNIT
1 References

• Text Books:
• R K Bansal, “A Textbook of Strength of Materials”, 6th Edition, Laxmi Publications, 2010
• S.S. Rattan “ Strength of Materials” Tata McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Edition (Sixth reprint
2013)
• Ramamurtham - Strength of material - Dhanpat Rai Publication.
• S.S. Bhavikatti, Mechanics of Solids, The New Age International Publishers, 2010
• B.K. Sarkar - Strength of material - Tata McGraw-Hill Education Publication.

• Reference Books:
• Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston and [Link] T. DeWolf, “Mechanics of Materials”, Tata McGraw-Hill, Sixth
Edition, 2012
• G. H. Ryder- Strength of Materials- 3rd Edition, Macmillan Pub, India
• E.P. Popov - Engineering Mechanics of Solids - Prentice Hall Publication.
• Singer and Pytel - Strength of materials - Harper and row Publication.
• Andrew Pytel & Jaan Kiusalaas, Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition, Publisher, Global Engineering, 2012
• R. C. Hibbeler - Mechanics of Materials - Prentice Hall Publication.
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 9
 UNIT
1 Mechanical Properties / Behavior of Materials
• Mechanical Properties / Behavior of Materials
• Usual procedure to determine how materials behave
when they are subjected to loads is to conduct tensile or
compressive testing
• Tensile Testing of metals:
Circular specimen with enlarged ends where they fit in the
grips so that failure doesn’t happen near the grips
• -A gage length is fixed as per the IS standards.
• -Extensometer arms are attached to the specimen at gage
marks
Load is slowly increased and the elongation is measured.
Displacement controlled test
Universal Tensile Testing machine

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 95

 UNIT
1 Stress-Strain Diagram for Structural Steel (Mild Steel):

Convert load-elongation curve to stress-strain curve to avoid dimension problem

Mild Steel
(ductile material)

Nominal Stress (aka conventional / engineering stress) – initial area of the

specimen is used
True Stress – actual area of specimen used at the cross-section where failure
occurs

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON

 UNIT
1 Stress-Strain Diagram for Aluminum Alloy
-No obvious yield point.
-Yield stress may be determined by offset
method

Offset method:
At 0.2% strain (0.002) draw line parallel to linear part.
It cuts stress- strain diagram at A, which is defined as
yield stress
-Note Aluminum alloy is also ductile because it exhibits
plasticity (large permanent deformation) before failure

-Other ductile materials include copper, nickel, bronze,

etc.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON

 UNIT
1 Stress-Strain Relationship: Hooke’s Law
The linear relationship between stress and
strain for a bar in simple tension or
compression is expressed by the equation

Modulus of Elasticity (E) (aka Young’s Modulus). It is the ratio of normal stress to normal strain (i.e.,
measure of resistance to elastic deformation), evaluated below the proportional limit, i.e., slope of the
straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve.

Structural Steel E=210 GPa (30, 000 ksi)

Aluminum E=73 GPa (10,600 ksi)

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON

 UNIT
1 Introduction

• The ability of a material to sustain a load depends on its strength and can be
determine by experiment.
• The most important tests to perform in this regard are the tension and
compression test.
• Example of the materials are:
- Steel
- Aluminium
- Wood
- Plastic

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 99
 UNIT
1 Tension and Compression Test
Tension and Compression Test

• The tests objective is to determine the strength

and characteristics of materials

TENSI COMPRESSI
LE ON
TEST TEST

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 100
 UNIT
1
Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
Strain Hardening
Ultimate Strength
• As the materials stretches, it can
• Based on the engineering definition of stress, the ultimate strength is the largest stress
withstand increasing amounts of
that the material can withstand
stress

Yield Ultimate
• A slight increase in stress
causes a marked increase in σ strength
strain Fracture Necking
• Beginning at yield, the material Upper yield • The cross-sectional area begins to
Yield stress
is permanently altered. Only a decrease markedly in a localized
portion of the strain will be region of the specimen
• The tension force required to
recovered after the stress has Lower yield
produce additional stretch in the
been removed specimen decrease as the area
• Strains are termed inelastic is reduced
since only a portion of the strain • Necking occurs in ductile but not
will be covered upon removal in brittle materials
of the stress Strain
• The yield strength is an Elastic Necking
behavior hardening
important design parameter for
the material


Elastic Behavior
Fracture Stress
• In general, the initial relationship between stress and strain is linear
• The fracture stress is the
• Elastic strain is temporary, meaning that all strain is fully recovered upon removal of the
engineering stress at which the
stress
specimen breaks into two pieces
• The slope of this line is called the elastic modulus or the modulus of elasticity
Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 101
 UNIT
1 Tension Test

• A tensile test, also known as tension test, is probably the most

fundamental type of mechanical test that can be performed on
material
• Tensile testing – to pull apart a material until it breaks

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 102
 UNIT
1 Compression Test

• A compression test determines behavior of

materials
under crushing loads (being pushed together)
• The specimen is compressed and deformation at various
loads

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 103
 UNIT
1 The Stress-Strain Diagram

Conventional Stress–Strain Diagram

• Nominal or engineering stress is obtained by dividing the applied load P by
the specimen’s original cross-sectional area.
P

A0

• Nominal or engineering strain is obtained by dividing the change in the

specimen’s gauge length by the specimen’s original gauge length.


L0

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 104
 UNIT
1 Stress–Strain Behavior of Materials

Ductile Materials
• Material that can subjected to large strains before it ruptures is called a
ductile material
• Engineer choose ductile materials for design because these materials are
capable of absorbing shock and if overloaded it will exhibit large deformation
before failed
• Ductility defined as the material’s capacity for plastic
deformation
• Example: Copper, aluminium, and steel

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 105
 UNIT
1 Stress–Strain Behavior of Materials

• The ductility of material can be report its percent elongation

or reduction in area at the time of fracture

Lfinal L original ( gauge length ) 100

Percentage Elongation 
Loriginal ( gauge length ) %

Aoriginal  A f i n a l
Percentage Reduction of Area  100%
A original

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 106
 UNIT
1 Brittle Materials

• Materials that exhibit little or no yielding before failure are referred to as

brittle materials
• An example : gray cast iron, concrete
• Therefore, concrete beams, slabs, columns etc. are reinforced with steel as
they can bear those tensile forces easily and hence prevent the section from
cracks.

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 107
 UNIT
1 Comparison between Stress – Strain
Behavior of Materials

Brittle Material Ductile Material

Stress, σ

Strain, Є
Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 108
 UNIT
1 Hooke’s Law

• Hooke’s Law defines the linear relationship between stress

and strain within the elastic region.


σ = stress
E = modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus

E ε = strain

• E can be used only if a material has linear–elastic

behaviour.

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 109
UNIT
STRENGTH
OF

1 MATERIAL
S
6. Modulus of Elasticity, Rigidity and Bulk
Modulus

110
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
An elastic modulus (also known as modulus of elasticity) is a quantity that measures an object or substance's
resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a stress is applied to it. The elastic modulus of
an object is defined as the slope of its stress–strain curve in the elastic deformation region:[1] A stiffer material will
have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the form:

where stress is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied and strain is the
ratio of the change in some parameter caused by the deformation to the original value of the parameter. Since strain
is a dimensionless quantity, the units of will be the same as the units of stress. [2]
Specifying how stress and strain are to be measured, including directions, allows for many types of elastic moduli to
be defined. The three primary ones are:
[Link]'s modulus (E) describes tensile elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform along an axis when
opposing forces are applied along that axis; it is defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain. It is often
referred to simply as the elastic modulus.
[Link] shear modulus or modulus of rigidity (G or Lamé second parameter) describes an object's tendency to shear
(the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as shear stress
over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of viscosity.
[Link] bulk modulus (K) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform in all directions when
uniformly loaded in all directions; it is defined as volumetric stress over volumetric strain, and is the inverse of
compressibility. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 111

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
• A solid material will undergo elastic deformation when a small load is applied to
it in compression or extension. Elastic deformation is reversible, meaning that
the material returns to its original shape after the load is removed.
• At near-zero stress and strain, the stress–strain curve is linear, and the
relationship between stress and strain is described by Hooke's law that states
stress is proportional to strain. The coefficient of proportionality is Young's
modulus.
• The higher the modulus, the more stress is needed to create the same amount
of strain; an idealized rigid body would have an infinite Young's modulus.
• Conversely, a very soft material such as a fluid, would deform without force, and
would have zero Young's modulus.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 112

 UNIT
1 Hookes Law

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 113
 UNIT
1 Shear Strain

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 114

 UNIT
1 Shear Modulus

In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a

measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain
:
Where

= shear stress
is the force which acts
is the area on which the force acts
= shear strain.

is the transverse displacement

is the initial length of the area.

The derived SI unit of shear modulus is the pascal (Pa),

although it is usually expressed in gigapascals (GPa) or in thousand pounds per square inch (ksi).
Its dimensional form is M1L−1T−2, replacing force by mass times acceleration.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 115

 UNIT
1 Bulk Modulus

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 116

 UNIT
1 Bulk Modulus
The bulk modulus of a substance is a measure of how resistant to compression that substance is. It is defined as
the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume.

Other moduli describe the material's response (strain) to other kinds of stress: the shear modulus describes the
response to shear stress, and Young's modulus describes the response to normal stress.
For a fluid, only the bulk modulus is meaningful.
For a complex anisotropic solid such as wood or paper, these three moduli do not contain enough information to
describe its behaviour, and one must use the full generalized Hooke's law. The reciprocal of the bulk modulus at
fixed temperature is called the isothermal compressibility.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 117

 UNIT
1 Poisson’s Ratio

• Poisson’s ratio v, is a measure of the lateral strain of a homogeneous and

isotropic material versus its longitudinal strain.
• These strain are generally of opposite signs, that is , if one is an
elongation, the other will be contraction

Lateral Strain

Longitudinal Strain Longitudinal Strain

Lateral Strain

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 118
 UNIT
1 Poisson’s Ratio

• For slender bar subjected to axial loading:

σ
εx x σy σz 0
E
• Elongation in x- (i.e., longitudinal/axial) direction is
accompanied by contraction in the other (i.e., lateral)
directions.
ε y ε z 0
• Poisson’s ratio defined as

lateral strain
ε ε
v  longitudinal strain   ε yx   ε
z
• For xcommon materials (metals) Poisson’s ratio is negative, in the
range 0.25-0.35. Positive for polymer foams.
.
2 - 119
Only two properties (eg., E and v ) needed to characterize an isotropic material

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 119

 UNIT
1 Poisson’s Ratio

• Poisson’s ratio, v states that in the elastic range, the ratio

of these strains is a constant since the deformations are
proportional

d
v    la tera l  
v   x y  Ld
 lo n g itu d inal
• Poisson’ ratio is dimensionless and mostL metal has a
value of v between 1/3 and 1/4, the largest possible value
of v is 1/2

Mr. K N Wakchaure
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 120
 UNIT
1 Poisson's Ratio-
• Within the elastic limit, the ratio of lateral strain to the linear strain is
constant for a material.
• It is denoted by 'μ' (mu).
Lateral Strain
Poisson' s Ratio 
Linear Strain
Material Poisson's Value
Rubber 0.499≈0.5
Mild Steel 0.27 to 0.34
Aluminium 0.33
Concrete 0.1 to 0.2
Glass 0.18 to 0.3
Clay 0.3 to 0.45
Cork 0

Note- According to Poisson's ratio lateral strain decreases as longitudinal strain increases i.e.
if the longitudinal strain is tensile, lateral strains are compressive and vice versa.
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 121
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 122

 UNIT
1 Deformation of a body due to forces acting on it-

By Hooke's Law, we have

 E.ε
P δL
but, σ  and ε 
A L
P δL
 E.
A L
PL
δL 
AE
Where,
• P = Force acting on the body
• L = Length of the body
• A = Cross sectional area of the body
• E = Young's Modulus
Dr. S M Kadam • ẟL = Deformation
Strength ofof the body
Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 123
 UNIT
1 Shear Modulus OR Modulus of
Rigidity (G)-
• Within elastic limit shear stress is directly proportional to shear strain.
Mathematically
ταγ

τ G.γ
τ
 G γ N/mm2

Bulk Modulus (K)- The ratio of direct stress (volumetric

stress) to the corresponding volumetric strain of the body is constant
known as bulk modulus.
Direct stress (Volumetric stress) σ σv
K   v  N/mm 2
Volumetric strain εv ε L (1  2  )

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 124

 UNIT
1 Relation between E and G-
Consider a square block ABCD of side 'a' fixed at base
CD. A1B1CD be the deformed shape of element to simple
shear (ꞇ).
As angle ACA2 is very small, AC ≈ A2C
Now, strain of diagonal AC is

changein diagonal

originaldiagonal
A1C - A2C

A2C
A1C - AC

AC
A1A2

AC
A1A2
 .........................Diagonal AC = √2
2.a .........................1
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 125
 UNIT
1 Relation between E and K-
• Let us consider a cube of side 'L' which is subjected to
direct stresses 'σ' on the faces of the cube.

Dr. S M Kadam
∴σx=σy=σz=σ
Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 126
 UNIT
1 Relation between E, G and K-

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 127

 UNIT
1 Constitutive Relationships Between Stress and Strain
(Generalized Hooke's Law)-
For 3-dimensional body-
Strain along x direction due to σx = σx/E
Strain along x direction due to σy = -μσy/E
Strain along x direction due to σz = -μσz/E

Total strain in x direction Єx= σx/E - μ(σy/E + σz/E )

Similarly,
Total strain in y direction, Єy= σy/E - μ(σx/E + σz/E )

Total strain in z direction, Єz= σ z/E - μ(σx/E + σy/E )

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 128
 UNIT
1 Constitutive Relationships Between Stress and Strain
(Generalized Hooke's Law)-
For 2 dimensional body-
Strain along x direction due to σx = σx/E
Strain along x direction due to σy = -μσy/E

Total strain in x direction Єx= σx/E - μσy/E

Similarly,
Total strain in y direction, Єy= σy/E - μσx/E

Total strain in z direction, Єz= - μ(σx/E + σy/E )

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 129

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

A circular pipe of internal diameter 30 mm and thickness 4 mm is subjected to a force 30 kN and the elongation was measured as 1 mm. If the length of the pipe is 2 m, find
the value of Young's modulus of elasticity and the stress in the pipe.

• Solution:
• Internal diameter of the pipe = 30 mm; thickness = 4 mm; external
diameter =38 mm; area of the pipe =ℿ ( 382 -302) /4 = 427.26 mm2
• Stress in the pipe material = P/A = 30,000/427.26 = 70.2 N/ mm2
• Elongation = 1 mm; Length of pipe = 2 m = 2000 mm
• Strain E= 1/2000 = 5 x 10-4
• E = stress/strain = 70.2/(5 x 10-4) = 140,400 N/ mm2 = 140.4 GPa

130
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 130
 UNIT
1 Numerical
 Problem1 - A Standard steel specimen of 12 mm diameter elongated
0.22mm in a 200mm gauge length when it is subjected to a tensile force of 30 kN.
Determine three elastic constants if the poison’s ratio is 0.25.

Soln- 1) Using one dimensional Hooke's law, we have

 E.
3
 P.L 200
 E=   30x10 2 x
 A. L π x
12
4
 
0.22

3
E=241.143x10 MPa
2) Using relation
3
E 241.143x10 3
G=  96.457x10 MPa
2 1    2 1  0.25 
3
E 241.143x10 3
K=  160.762x10 MPa
3 1  2   3 1  2x0.25 
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 131
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
 Problem 2 - A cylindrical piece of steel 80 mm diameter and 120mm long
subjected to an axial compressive force 70 kN. Calculate the change in volume of
the piece, if the bulk modulus is 1.7 x 105 MPa and Poisson’s ratio µ = 0.3.
1) We have, volume of cylinder = area x length
π
 
2
 x 80 x120
4
3 3
 V= 603.50 x 10 mm
3
P 70 x 10
 Direct Stress,  = =  13.926 MPa
π
 
2
A x 80
4
2) Using relation
E
 E = 3K 1  2    3x1.7x10 1  2x0.3 
5
K=
3 1  2  
3
204x10 MPa
We have
Direct Stress  
K=
Volumetric Strain  v

 13.926

5
But, Volumetric Strain = v
  5
8.1917x10
K 1.7x10
 Change in Volume  v =  v
xV
5 3 3
=8.1917x10 x 603.50 x 10 49.437 mm

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 132

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
 Problem 3 - A 50mm square steel bar is subjected to an axial tensile load of
250 kN. Determine the decrease in the lateral dimensions, if E = 200 GPa and µ =
0.3. 1) Using one dimensional Hooke's law, we have
 E. L
3
P
  250x10 200x10 . 
3
E. L L
A 50x50

6
 L
500x10 mm
2) Using relation

=  Lt

 L

0.3   Lt
6
500x10


6
 Lt
150x10 mm
b d
But,  Lt

b

d
6 3
  b  d 150x10 x50 = 7.5x10 mm

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 133

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
 Problem 4 - A steel bar 90mm x 90mm in section 3.0m long
is subjected to pull of 400 [Link] E = 200GPa and µ = 0.3.
Calculate alternations in length, side and volume of the bar.
1) Using one dimensional Hooke's law, we have
 E. L
3
 P 400x10
 L  E  AE 8100x200x 3
10
 L 246.91x10
6

2) Using relation

 =  Lt   Lt  L 0.3x246.91x10 74x10

6 6

 L

b
But,  Lt  b
 b bx Lt 90x74x10
6 3
= 6.66x10 mm

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 134

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
 Contd..
Problem 4 - A steel bar 90mm x 90mm in section 3.0m long
is subjected to pull of 400 [Link] E = 200GPa and µ = 0.3.
Calculate alternations in length, side and volume of the bar.

Also, we have
Volumetric Strain

  1  2  246.91x10 1  2x0.3
6
v L
6
98.76x10
v
   v  vxV=98.76x10 x 90x90x3000 
6
v

V
3
2400 mm

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 135

UNIT
STRENGTH
OF

1 MATERIAL
S
7. Deformation of a body due to forces acting
on it

136
 UNIT
1 Deformation of a body due to forces acting on it-

By Hooke's Law, we have

Where,
• P = Force acting on the body
• L = Length of the body
• A = Cross sectional area of the body
• E = Young's Modulus
• ẟL = Deformation of the body
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 137
 UNIT
1 Compound Section OR Member in Series-
• If two OR more members of same
material are connected together and
are subjected to the loads then the
combination is called compound
member.
• Therefore, the total elongation of the
bar under action of external forces is

𝑃1𝐿1 𝑃2𝐿2 𝑃3𝐿3

𝛿𝐿= + +
𝐴1𝐸 𝐴2𝐸 𝐴3𝐸
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 138
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
Example: Multiple sections. Find total deformation of end A with respect to D. Area = 20 mm 2.
Material is steel w/ E = 200 GPa = 200 x 10 9 Pa: [Beer et. 2010]

= 100 mm = 150 mm = 200 mm

PL
 A/ D 
AE
PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
 A/ D   
AE AE AE
139
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 139
 UNIT
1 Compound Section OR Member in Series-

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 140

141
 UNIT
1 Numerical

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 142

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
BARS WITH CROSS-SECTIONS VARYING IN
STEPS

Hence total change in length of the bar

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=∑
𝐴𝐸

143
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 143
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
The stepped bar shown in Fig. is made up of two different
materials. The material 1 has Young’s modulus = 2 × 105
N/mm2, while that of material 2 is 1 × 105 N/ mm2. Find the
extension of the bar under a pull of 30 kN if both the
portions are 20 mm in thickness
• Solution: A1 = 40 × 20 = 800 mm
2

• A2 = 30 × 20 = 600 mm2
• Extension of portion 1, = 0.1125 mm.
• Extension of portion 2, = 0.4000 mm
• Total extension of the bar = 0.1125 + 0.4000 = 0.5125 mm.

Dr. S M Kadam Bhavikatti, 2010 SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 144

Strength of Materials
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
The bar shown in Fig. is tested in universal testing machine. It is
observed that at a load of 40 kN the total extension of the bar is
0.280 mm. Determine the Young’s modulus of the material.
• Extension of portion 1,=
• Extension of portion 2,=
• Extension of portion 3,=
• However, total extension =0.280 mm= +
• E=200990 N/mm2

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials Bhavikatti, 2010

SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 145
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
 Problem 1 - Determine the total elongation of the component, if its
modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa.

Soln-

160 kN 160 kN 160 kN 160 kN

90mm
120mm
By principle of superposition
 L = L 1   L 2

 P 1L1  P 2 L 2
AE AE
3 3
160x10 x90 160x10 x120
 3
 3
50x200x10 100x200x10
2.4mm
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 146
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
Example: Multiple sections. Find total deformation of end A with respect to D. Area = 20 mm 2.
Material is steel w/ E = 200 GPa = 200 x 10 9 Pa: [Beer et. 2010]

= 100 mm = 150 mm = 200 mm

𝑃𝐿
𝛿 𝐴 / 𝐷=∑
𝐴𝐸
PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
 A/ D   
AE AE AE
147
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 147
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
First, solve for internal loads:

148
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 148
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
 A/ D   
AE AE AE

(5,000 N )(.1m) ( 3,000 N )(. 15m) ( 7,000 N )(. 2m)

 A/ D   
AE AE AE

−1 , 350 −1 , 350 −4
𝛿 𝐴/ 𝐷= = =−3 . 38 𝑥 1 0 𝑚=−0 . 338 𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐸 9
(. 00002)(200 𝑥 10 )

How would this answer change if aluminum instead of steel????

149
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 149
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
A steel bar of 25 mm is acted upon by forces as shown. Wha
is the total elongation of the bar? Take E=200 GPa.

Area of the section= =490.88 mm2

=3.75mm

150
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 150
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
A steel bar of 25 mm is acted upon by forces as shown. Wha
is the total elongation of the bar? Take E=190 GPa.

Area of the section= =490.88 mm2

=3.75mm

151
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 151
152
153
 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

Young's modulus , the Young modulus, or the modulus of elasticity in

tension or compression (i.e., negative tension), is a mechanical property that
measures the tensile or compressive stiffness of a solid material when the force is
applied lengthwise. It quantifies the relationship between tensile/compressive
stress (force per unit area) and axial strain (proportional deformation) in
the linear elastic region of a material and is determined using the formula:[1]

Young's moduli are typically so large that they are expressed not in pascals but in
gigapascals (GPa).
Although Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist
Thomas Young, the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler.

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 154

 UNIT
1 Allowable Stress

• Many unknown factors that influence the actual stress in a member.

• A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable load.
• The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure load divided by
the allowable load
F fail
F .S 
Fallow
 fail
F .S 
 allow
 fail
F .S 
 allow

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 155

 UNIT
1 Young’s Modulus

• Hooke’s law states that, within the elastic limit stress is

directly proportional to strain.
•αe
• =Ee
• = Stress, N/mm2
• E= Young’s Modulus, N/mm2
• e=Strain

Pytel and kiusalaas, 2012

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 156
 UNIT
1 Relationship Between Modulus Of
Elasticity And Modulus Of Rigidity

• E = 2G(1 + µ)
• E = 3K(1 – µ )

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 157

 UNIT
1 Numerical
A bar of 25 mm diameter is tested in tension. It is
observed that when a load of 60 kN is applied, the
extension measured over a guage length of 200 mm is
0.12 mm and contraction in diameter is 0.0045 mm.
Find Poisson’s ratio and elastic constants E, G, K.
• Solution: Now, P = 60 kN = 60000 N
• Area A = =156.25ℿ mm2
• Guage length L = 200 mm
• Δ = 0.12 mm
• Δd = 0.0045 mm
• Linear strain == 0.0006
• Lateral strain = = 0.00018
• Poisson’s ratio= µ = = 0.3
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 158
 UNIT
1 NUMERICALS

• E = 203718.3 N/mm2
• Using the relation E = 2G(1 + µ)
• We get G = 78353.2 N/mm2
• From the relation, E = 3K(1 – 2μ), we get
• K =169765.25 N/mm2

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 159

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics
A 400 mm long bar has rectangular cross-section 10 mm × 30 mm. This bar is
subjected to
(i) 15 kN tensile force on 10 mm × 30 mm faces,
(ii) 80 kN compressive force on 10 mm × 400 mm faces, and
(iii) 180 kN tensile force on 30 mm × 400 mm faces.
Find the change in volume if E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and µ = 0.3.
The forces on the bar are as shown in Fig. Let the x, y, z be the
mutually perpendicular directions as shown in the figure.
Now, (Tensile)
(Comp.)
(Tensile)

Bhavikatti, 2010
Noting that a stress produces a strain of /E in its own direction, the nature being same as that of stress and µ /E in lateral
direction of opposite nature, and taking tensile stress as +ve, we can write expression for strains ex, ey, ez as

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 160

 UNIT
1 Fundamental Principles of Mechanics

• Volumetric strain: ev = ex + ey + ez=

• But,
• Volumetric strain,
•  Change in volume = ev × Volume= 10.8 mm3

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 161

UNIT
STRENGTH
OF

1 MATERIAL
S
Thermal Stresses

162
 References
• Text Books:
• R K Bansal, “A Textbook of Strength of Materials”, 6th Edition, Laxmi Publications, 2010
• S.S. Rattan “ Strength of Materials” Tata McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Edition (Sixth reprint
2013)
• Ramamurtham - Strength of material - Dhanpat Rai Publication.
• S.S. Bhavikatti, Mechanics of Solids, The New Age International Publishers, 2010
• B.K. Sarkar - Strength of material - Tata McGraw-Hill Education Publication.

• Reference Books:
• Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston and [Link] T. DeWolf “Mechanics of Materials”, Tata McGraw-Hill,
Sixth Edition, 2012
• G. H. Ryder- Strength of Materials- 3rd Edition, Macmillan Pub, India
• E.P. Popov - Engineering Mechanics of Solids - Prentice Hall Publication.
• Singer and Pytel - Strength of materials - Harper and row Publication.
• Andrew Pytel & Jaan Kiusalaas, Mechanics of Materials, Second Edition, Publisher, Global Engineering,
2012
• R. C. Hibbeler - Mechanics of Materials - Prentice Hall Publication.
 UNIT
1 Thermal Stresses

Bridge are designed with expansion

joints to accommodate the thermal
movement of the deck and thus avoid
thermal stress

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 164

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Horizontal movement occurs in brick masonry

Railroad tracks distorted because of walls due to thermal expansion, producing step
thermal expansion on a very hot cracking and potentially also vertical cracks
day. through structural brick or brick veneer walls.

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ThermalThermal Stresses
1
Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or thermal strain.
There is no stress associated with the thermal strain unless the
elongation is restrained by the supports.

• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply the

principle of superposition.
PL
 T  T L P 
AE
 thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from the redundant
support must be compatible.
  T   P 0
  T   P 0
P  AE T 
PL P
 T L  0    E T 
AE A
Beer et al. 2012
Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 166
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• All of the members and structures that we have considered so far

were assumed to remain at the same temperature while they were
being loaded.
• We are now going to consider various situations involving changes in
temperature.
• Let us first consider a homogeneous rod AB of uniform cross section,
which rests freely on a smooth horizontal surface.
• If the temperature of the rod is raised by ΔT, we observe that the rod
elongates by an amount δ which is proportional to both the
temperature change ΔT and the length L of the rod. We have

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• where α is a constant characteristic of the material, called the

coefficient of thermal expansion.
• Since ΔT and L are both expressed in units of length,
• α represents a quantity per degree C, or per degree F, depending
whether the temperature change is expressed in degrees Celsius or in
degrees Fahrenheit.

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• A steel rail is 12 m long and is laid at a temperature of 18°C. The

maximum temperature expected is 40°C.
• (i) Estimate the minimum gap between two rails to be left so that the
temperature stresses do not develop.
• (ii) Calculate the temperature stresses developed in the rails, if:
• (a) No expansion joint is provided.
• (b) If a 1.5 mm gap is provided for expansion.
• (iii) If the stress developed is 20 N/, what is the gap provided between
the rails?
• Take E = 2 × N/mm2 and α = 12 × /°C.

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• Solution:
• (i) The free expansion of the rails = α L = 12 × 10–6 × (40 – 18) × 12.0 ×
1000= 3.168 mm
• ∴ Provide a minimum gap of 3.168 mm between the rails, so that
temperature stresses do not develop.
• (ii) (a) If no expansion joint is provided, free expansion prevented is
equal to 3.168 mm.
• i.e. Δ = 3.168 mm
• ∴= 3.168mm
• ∴ =52.8 N/mm2

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• Solution:
• (b) If a gap of 1.5 mm is provided, free expansion prevented Δ = α tL
• δ = 3.168 – 1.5 =1.668 mm.
• ∴ The compressive stress developed is given by =27.8 N/mm2
• (iii) If the stress developed is 20 N/mm2, then =20 N/mm2
• If δ is the gap, = α Δ tL – δ
• ∴ = 3.168 – δ
• ∴ δ = 3.168 – 1.20 = 1.968 mm

Vishal Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 172

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•Thank You

Dr. S M Kadam Strength of Materials SANJIVANI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KOPARGAON 173