Lesson Objective:
• classify rocks into igneous,
sedimentary, and
metamorphic
What are Rocks?
• A rock is a naturally
occurring solid
mixture of one or
more minerals, or
organic matter
• Rocks change over
time through the rock
cycle
Rock Classification
• Rocks are
classified by:
– How they form
– Texture
– Grain size
– Mineral
composition
Conglomerate Sedimentary
Rock
Three Types of Rocks
• Rocks are
classified by how
they form
– Igneous
– Sedimentary
– Metamorphic
– Rocks can change
Schist
from one type to
another over time
Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rock:
forms when
molten rock
(magma) cools
and hardens
• Classified by:
– Where they form
– Crystal (grain) size
Basalt
Intrusive (Plutonic)
Igneous Rock
• Intrusive
igneous: cooling
takes place
slowly beneath
Earth’s surface
granite
Extrusive (Volcanic)
Igneous Rock
• Extrusive
igneous:
cooling takes
place rapidly
on Earth’s
surface
Pumice
Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rock begins as magma.
• Magma can form:
• When rock is heated
• When pressure is released
• When rock changes composition
• Magma “freezes” between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
• Magma is a mixture of
many minerals
[Link]
Igneous Rocks
• Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in
elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and
sodium
• Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in
calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
• Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool,
giving mineral crystals more time to grow
• Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no
crystals
Igneous Rocks
Coarse-Grained: Fine-Grained: Cooled
Cooled slowly, quickly, at surface
underground
Felsic:
Light-
colored
Granite Rhyolite
Mafic:
Dark-
Colore
d
Gabbro Basalt
Igneous Rocks
• Intrusive Igneous Rocks: magma
pushes into surrounding rock
below the Earth’s surface, cools
slowly with larger crystal
formation
• Extrusive Rocks: forms when
magma erupts onto the Earth’s
surface (lava), cools quickly with
very small or no crystals formed
[Link]
du=high&fr=t
Igneous Rocks
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from
the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so
rapidly that crystals do not form.
Is this rock Felsic or
Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?
Is this rock Intrusive
or Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
Common Igneous Rocks
Rhyolite
Granite
Andesite
Diorite
Basalt
Gabbro
Uses of Igneous Rock
• Most igneous rocks are hard, dense, and durable.
• Ancient Native Americans used obsidian for making
very sharp tools for cutting and scraping.
• Granite is used as a building material such as
decorative stonework, curbstones, and floors..
• Basalt is crushed to make gravel.
• The rough surface of pumice makes a good abrasive
for cleaning and polishing.
Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary
rock: forms from
the compaction
and/or cementation
of sediments
• This process is
called lithification Limestone
• Sediments are:
– Rock pieces
– Mineral grains
– Shell fragments
How do sediments
form?
• Sediments form weathering
through the
processes of
weathering and
erosion of rocks
exposed at
Earth’s surface
erosio
n
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rock is formed by
erosion
Sediments are moved from
one place to another
Sediments are deposited in
layers, with the older
ones
on the bottom
The layers become compacted
and cemented together
[Link]
Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary rock
can also form
from the chemical
depositing of
materials that
were once
dissolved in water
• When water gypsum
evaporates,
minerals are left
behind and form
rock
Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rocks are formed at
or near the Earth’s surface
No heat and pressure involved
Strata – layers of rock
Stratification – the process
in which sedimentary rocks are
arranged in layers
Sedimentary Rock
Clastic – made of fragments of rock
cemented together with calcite or quartz
Breccia is a term most often
used for clastic sedimentary
rocks that are composed of
large angular fragments (over
two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large
angular fragments can be filled
with a matrix of smaller
particles or a mineral cement
that binds the rock together.
Sedimentary Rock
Organic sedimentary – remains
of plants and animals
Coal is an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation and
preservation of plant
materials, usually in a
swamp environment.
Coal is a combustible
rock and along with oil
and natural gas it is
one of the three most
Common Sedimentary Rocks
Conglomera
te
Breccis
Sandstone
Shale
Calcite
Halite
Limestone
Coal
Uses of Sedimentary Rocks
• Sandstone and limestone are used as
building materials.
• The White House in Washington, D.C. is
built of sandstone.
• Limestone is also used to make cement.
Metamorphic Rock
• Metamorphic
rock: forms when
any rock type is
changed into a
different kind of
rock
• Changes due to
great heat and/or
pressure Gneiss
Metamorphic Rock
Meaning to change
shape
Changes with
temperature
and pressure, but
remains
solid
Usually takes place [Link]
How does rock change?
• Rocks are heated,
squeezed, folded,
or chemically
changed by
contact with hot
fluids
marble
Metamorphic Rocks
• Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma
• Increased temperature changes the composition of the
rock, minerals are changed into new minerals
Hornfels is a fine-grained non-
foliated metamorphic rock
produced by contact metamorphism
[Link]
u=h
igh&fr=t
Metamorphic Rocks
Regional Metamorphism
– pressure builds up in rocks
that is deep within the Earth
Large pieces of the Earth’s
crust collide and the rock is
deformed and chemically
changed by heat and pressure
[Link]
gh&fr=t
Metamorphic Rock
• Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat
minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock that
has a banded appearance
and is made up of
granular mineral grains.
It typically contains
abundant quartz or
feldspar minerals.
Metamorphic Rock
• Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not
arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-foliated
metamorphic rock that is
produced from the
metamorphism of
limestone.
It is composed primarily
of calcium carbonate.
Metamorphic Textures
Metamorphic Rock
• Determine if the following rock samples are
foliated or non-foliated:
Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllit
e
Foliated
Foliated MM Rocks
slate phyllite
schist gneiss
MM
MM Rocks
Rocks that
that could
could form
form as
as a
a shale
shale (sedimentary)
(sedimentary) parent
parent rock
rock is
is
exposed to increasing directed pressure and temperature
Non-foliated Rocks
• Marble:
-metamorphosed
limestone
Quartzite:
•Quartzite:
•
--metamorphosed
metamorphosed
quartz sandstone
quartz sandstone
Common Metamorphic Rocks
Slates
Phyllites
Gneiss
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentine
Uses of Metamorphic Rock
• Marble and slate are the two most useful
metamorphic rocks.
• Marble can be cut into thin slabs and easily polished
(Taj Mahal).
• Slate , because it is foliated, splits easily into flat
pieces.
• Slate is used for flooring, roofing, outdoor
walkways, or chalkboards.
• Marble and Slate both come in a variety of colors.
The Rock Cycle
The Earth Recycles
Rock
• The rock cycle is an
ongoing series of
processes inside Earth
and on the surface
• Slowly changes rocks
from one kind to
another
• Any type of rock can
change into another
type
How does this relate to
plate tectonics?
• Plate movement
drives the rock cycle
– Subduction (1 plate
pushed under another
plate)
• Re-melts rock into
magma
– Mountain building
• Folding, faulting, uplift
• Exposes rock at the
surface to be
weathered and eroded
Rock Distribution in the Philippines
Our country is made up of
volcanic rocks such as those
found in Zambales, Bataan,
Laguna Bay area. Bicol region,
Palawan and Sulu and the
Bukidnon-Lanao region have
large surface areas showing
igneous rocks. Some parts of
Cordillera and Sierra Madre
mountain ranges have igneous
Rock Distribution in the Philippines
Most of the coastal towns of the
Cagayan Valley, Central Plain of
Luzon are composed of
sedimentary rocks, also on top of
mountains and hills in
Montalban, and Antipolo, Rizal.
Certain parts of Northeastern
Luzon, Mindoro, Palawan,
Romblon and Western Mindanao
have metamorphic rocks.
