MODULE 4

AKSHARA BABU
[Link].
DEPT. OF ECE
AISAT
MOD 4
• Testing Procedures: Switch Mode Power Supply - (Applicable Standard: IS
14886) Safety Testing(Earth Leakage current Test, Dielectric Test, Short Circuit
Protection), Performance Testing (Line Regulation, Load Regulation for a
variation of Load Min to Max load and vice versa) Inverter, UPS - Inverter
(Applicable Standard: IS 13314) Visual Inspection, High Voltage Test, Insulation
Resistance Test, No Load Test, Output Test. UPS (Applicable Standard: IEC
62040-3) Steady State Input Voltage Tolerance, Output-Normal Mode – No Load,
Full Load, Overload, Short Circuit Safety Testing of Household Appliances:
(Applicable Standard IS 302-1) Definitions and Terminology, Protection against
Shock, Power Input and Current, Leakage Current and Electric Strength at
Operating Temperature Testing of Electric Iron/Electric Kettle: (Applicable
Standard: IS 302-2) Ground bond resistance, Touch Current, Temperature
(Thermostatic Cut off) Power Consumption.
TESTING PROCEDURES
• SMPS (Switched mode power supply)

• SMPS is an electronic power supply system that makes use of a

switching regulator to transfer electrical power effectively. It is a PSU
(power supply unit) and is usually used in computers to change the
voltage to the appropriate range for the computer.
• It is an electronic gadget or module that comprises a combination of
inductors, capacitors and semiconductor gadgets like diodes and
MOSFETs. It is utilized to change over a specific DC voltage to
another DC voltage level.
• An SMPS adjusts output voltage and current between different
electrical configurations by switching the basics of typically lossless
storage such as capacitors and inductors.
• In the SMPS device, the switching regulators are used which switches
on and off the load current to maintain and regulate the voltage
output.
Benefits of SMPS

• The switch-mode power source is small in scale.

• The SMPS is very lightweight.
• SMPS power consumption is typically 60 to 70 per cent, which is ideal
for use.
• SMPS is strongly anti-interference.
• The SMPS production range is large.
Limitations of SMPS

• The complexity of SMPS is very large.

• The production reflection is high and its control is weak in the case of
SMPS.
• Use of SMPS can only be a step-down regulator.
• In SMPS, the voltage output is just one.
IS 14886
• SMPS-applicable standard - 2000
Safety Testing
• Earth Leakage current Test, Dielectric Test, Short Circuit Protection

• Performance Testing
• Line Regulation, Load Regulation for a variation of Load Min to Max
load and vice versa
What is Leakage Current?

• Leakage Current is defined as the current which flows through

protective ground conductor to ground. In the absence of grounding or
improper grounding connections, it is the current that could flow from
any conductive part or the surface of non-conductive parts to ground if
any conductive path was available (i.e. human body).
How can we eliminate it?
• Quantify the leakage current and then identify the source. One best
way of going about this is to use Earth Leakage Relay (ELR). The
Earth Leakage Relay with Core Balanced Current transformer
provides protection from earth leakage with advance intimation (Pre-
alarm) of impending occurrence of the event. The user can proactively
take action to avoid occurrence of any mishaps.
Dielectric Test
• A dielectric withstand test (or pressure test, high potential or hipot
test) is an electrical test performed on a component or product to
determine the effectiveness of its insulation. The test may be
between mutually insulated sections of a part or energized parts and
electrical ground.
Short circuit test
• How to test an SMPS circuit?
• In general, a universal rated power supply ranges from 85V to 240V
can be tested with the help of an autotransformer, we can test the
output characteristic of an SMPS circuit very easily. A light bulb in
series is a good practice when it comes to testing an SMPS circuit, a
certain failure of a component can lead to exploding MOSFETs.
 Steps
1. Open your computer's casing.
2. Remove the connections from the SMPS to all the peripherals of your
computer.
3. With your SMPS removed, take a paper clip and bent it in a shape of 'U'
shape.
4. Find the 24 pin connector from your SMPS (obviously it is the bigger
connector from SMPS).
5. Insert one end of the bent paper clip into the green terminal and the other
end to the black terminal.
6. Turn on the SMPS with the wire inserted. The SMPS should be running
now. If it does not turn ON, insert the paper clip firmly and try once more. If
still your SMPS didn't turn ON, your SMPS might be faulty.
Performance Testing
• Line regulation test
• Load regulation test
What is Line regulation?
• Line regulation is the ability of the power supply to maintain its
specified output voltage over changes in the input line voltage. It is
expressed as percent of change in the output voltage relative to the
change in the input line voltage.
What is Load regulation?
• Load regulation is the ability of the power supply to maintain its
specified output voltage given changes in the load. This does not mean
the tolerance applies when there are sudden changes in load, it means
over the permissible load range the regulation can change by this
amount.
Inverter - UPS
• Inverter (Applicable Standard: IS 13314)

• UPS (Applicable Standard: IEC 62040-3)

Inverter
An inverter is intended to provide uninterrupted power for household
electrical devices to operate. These home inverters are available in
various voltages and load capacities.

UPS
UPS is a device that supplies energy to load in case of a power failure,
like an inverter. A low capacity UPS with a capacity upto 1.5 KVA has
an inbuilt battery of about 5 Ah to 10 Ah, which provides 15-30 minutes
of power backup during a power outage.
UPS
• Online and Offline

• Online UPS
• Online UPS is a UPS type that supplies power to the AC load in
normal operation and uses an inverter to provide AC power during a
power failure. In Online UPS, the output power supply always stays
ON i.e. the UPS keeps charging the battery and draws current from the
battery to supply the load. Hence, there is no switching and, therefore,
no time delay in switching between its sources. There is no disruption
in the case of a power failure, even for a nanosecond.
Offline UPS
• Offline UPS is a type of UPS that directly supplies power to the AC load
from AC mains in normal operation and uses an inverter to power the AC
load from the DC battery. Since there are two separate supplies, the output
supply must be switched between the two sources. The switching time of an
offline UPS varies from 6 ms to 10 ms, sufficient to run computers and
other sensitive appliances at home but not suited for banks or hospitals, as
explained earlier. During mains OFF condition, the battery stops charging,
and the relay or static switch transfers the output line to the inverter side
very quickly. Simultaneously, the inverter starts drawing current from the
battery, which is then supplied to the AC load. Since it stays off when it
draws current from the AC line during normal operation, it is known as
Offline UPS
•INVERTER TESTING
Visual Inspection
• The first part of a visual inspection is to ensure that the system is
safe to test and that you have enough information to be able to carry
out the test safely. Generally, a good place to start would be the supply
intake; this will give a reasonable indication of the age, type and size
of the installation.
High voltage Testing
• The electrical power demand is rising rapidly. Now days, huge quantity of
electrical power is necessary to transmit from one place to other for
fulfilling this rising power demand. Bulk power transmission can be most
efficiently done through high voltage electrical power transmission system.
Hence, high voltage system becomes most essential requirement for power
transmission. The equipments used in these high voltage transmission
system, should be capable of withstanding this high voltage stress.
• But in addition to that normal high voltage withstanding capability, high
voltage equipment must also be capable of withstanding different over
voltages during its operational life span. These different over voltages may
occur during various abnormal conditions.
Insulation Resistance Test
• Insulation resistance measurement consists of applying a high voltage
and checking the insulation. Be sure to observe the inspection
locations and applied voltages specified by the inverter’s manufacturer
when making measurements.
No Load Test
• The no-load test is the same as the open-circuit test performed on the
transformer. In this method, the motor is uncoupled from its load and
the rated voltage at the rated frequency is applied to the stator to run
the motor without the load. With the help of the two wattmeters, the
input power of the motor is measured.
Output Test

• About testing inverter output voltage

• According to the general opinion, the output voltage of the inverter is
380 volts, and there should be no problem in direct measurement. In
fact, most multimeters cannot get the correct readings when testing the
output voltage of the inverter. In some cases, the multimeter may be
burnt directly.
•UPS TESTING
UPS

• Steady State Test

UPS output voltage can be tested by the following methods to
determine. [Link] the input voltage is 90% of the rated voltage and
the output load is 100% or the input voltage is 110% of the rated
[Link] the output load is 0,the output voltage should be kept
within the range of plus or minus 3% of the rated value.
Output-Normal Mode – No Load, Full Load,
Overload
• What is the normal mode of operation of ups?
• The UPS shall remain in normal mode of operation and its
output voltage within the specified values when operating at
nominal input voltage and frequency, while supplying a
reference test load. Performed AC input failure test.
• What is ups overload capability testing?
• Overload capability of UPS shall be ensured to endure for the
overload condition mentioned in the manufacturer approved
UPS testing procedure. Output voltage unbalance of UPS
with three-phase output shall be measured and the value
shall be confirmed to be within the specified value.
Load Testing of UPS
• The functional load testing process involves actually testing the UPS
system at all functional points the system is designed for. This testing
includes a steady-state load test. Technicians check all input and
output conditions at 0, 50, and 100 percent load and test these
parameters: input voltage, output voltage, input current, output
current, output frequency, input current balance, and output voltage
regulation. This analysis can reveal if input currents match across all
phases of a module, and it can help technicians determine if all
modules equally share the load.
Short Circuit Safety

• In the planning and production process of the inverter, over-current

and short-circuit maintenance is a very important link, which largely
determines the safety of the inverter in practical use. If the over-
current and short-circuit maintenance circuit fails, the reverse The
inverter will most likely be burned, so the short-circuit maintenance
circuit has a great effect on the inverter.
Testing of Household Appliances:
(Applicable Standard IS 302-1)
• What is the safety standard for appliances?
• This standard recognizes the internationally accepted level of
protection against hazards such as electrical, mechanical, thermal, fire
and radiation of appliances when operated as in normal use taking into
account the manufacturer’s instructions.
• In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice
for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and
world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a
noncommercial basis
Protection against Shock

• NATURE OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

• The human nervous system controls all muscle movements, both
voluntary and involuntary. The nervous system transfers electrical
signals between the brain and the muscles, which are therefore
stimulated to contract. The signals are electrochemical by nature, with
voltage magnitude of just a few millivolts. Thus, when a human body
is connected to a much more powerful external circuit, its normal
functions are overwhelmed by those external signals. The forced
current flowing through the body's nervous system is called "electric
shock", which can be a deadly hazard.
Power Input and Current

• Power is the product of voltage and current and is the work done in
moving a quantity of charge through a resistance. For example, If a 1
volt difference exists across a 1 ohm resistor, then the charge which
will flow through that resistance will be one coulomb per second, (one
ampere) and the power dissipated by the resistor will be 1 watt.
Leakage Current and Electric Strength at Operating Temperature

• What is the effect of temperature on leakage current?

• Here, in case of leakage current, temperature plays an important role.
The minority current carriers are mostly temperature dependent. At
room temperatures of 25°C or 78°F, there is negligible amount of
minority carriers present in a reverse bias diode.
• How does temperature affect the electric strength of a material?
• The electric strength of most materials falls with increasing
temperature and it is usual to carry out tests for this property at
suitably elevated temperatures.
Testing of Electric Iron/Electric Kettle:
(Applicable Standard: IS 302-2)
• Ground bond resistance
• Ground bond testing requires application of a high current source to a
conductive surface of the product and measurement of the voltage
drop across the ground connection. This is to determine that bonding
is adequate and that the circuit can carry the specified current safely.
• Touch Current
• Touch current, or “tingle current,” may be detected by some device
users when a minute, non-hazardous amount of residual electrical
current passes through the user when touching a device. The sensation
caused by touch current can range from a sensation of vibration, to a
slight tingle or mild pinpricks.
• Temperature (Thermostatic Cut off) Power Consumption
• Extreme temperatures cause increases in the electricity consumption.
In the zone of high temperature deviations, this increase is higher for
negative deviations
• Hence, the value of Kw increases with increase in temperature
• Thermal cut-offs are used as safety devices to avoid overheating and
they are normally reset manually.
THANK YOU