A PROJECT REPORT ON
ELECTROLYTE TURNS ON A
SOLAR CELL
SUBMITTED FOR SSCE CHEMISTRY
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION TO BE HELD
ON
- -2026
SUBMITTED BY
DEEBAVAANAN.R
XII-SCIENCE
STREAM
BONAFIDE
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that DEEBAVAANAN .
R , a student of Grade XII of has
successfully completed Chemistry
project entitled “ELECTOLYTE
TURNING ON SOLAR CELL”
He has taken proper care and utmost
sincerity in completion of his project. All
the work related to the project was
done by the candidate himself The
approach towards the subject has been
sincere and scientific. I certify that her
project is up to my expectation and as
per the guidelines issued by the CBSE
INTERNA EXTERNA
L L
EXAMINE EXAMINE
R R
I would like to express my special thanks
and gratitude to Mr. Dr. R.
KRISHAMOORTHY, CHAIRMAN SIR, Sri
Krish International School for providing me
with all the facilities that were required to
complete my project.
I am thankful to Mrs. Dr. S. UDAYA
CHITRA, PRINCIPAL, Sri Krish International
School for her valuable guidance and for
her constant encouragement.
It gives me great pleasure to extend my
special thanks to my chemistry teacher
Mrs. T. KOWSALYA DEVI for her
guidance, support & encouragement
throughout the duration of the project.
Without her motivation and help, the
successful completion of this project would
not have been possible.
I would like to thank Mr. T. MANOHAR,
Lab Incharge for helping me out during the
practical part of this project & tell all those
who have helped me to complete this
project on time.
CONTENT :
INTRODUCTION :
• solar cell, any device that directly converts
the energy of light into electrical energy
through the photovoltaic effect. The
overwhelming majority of solar cells are
fabricated from silicon—with increasing
efficiency and lowering cost as the
materials range from amorphous (non
crystalline) to polycrystalline to crystalline
(single crystal) silicon forms. Unlike
batteries or fuel cells, solar cells do not
utilize chemical reactions or require fuel to
produce electric power, and, unlike
electric generators, they do not have any
moving parts.
• Solar cells can be arranged into large
groupings called arrays. These arrays,
composed of many thousands of individual
cells, can function as central electric power
stations, converting sunlight into electrical
energy for distribution to industrial,
commercial, and residential users. Solar
cells in much smaller configurations,
commonly referred to as solar cell panels
or simply solar panels, have been installed
by homeowners on their rooftops to replace
or augment their conventional
electric supply.
• Because they have no moving parts that
could need maintenance or fuels that
would require replenishment, solar
cells provide power for most space
installations, from communications and
weather satellites to space stations.
(Solar power is insufficient for space
probes sent to the outer planets of the
solar system or into interstellar space,
however, because of the diffusion of
radiant energy with distance from the
Sun.)
• Solar cells have also been used in
consumer products, such as electronic
toys, handheld calculators, and
portable radios. Solar cells used in
devices of this kind may utilize artificial
light (e.g., from incandescent and
fluorescent lamps) as well as sunlight.
• While total photovoltaic energy
production is minuscule, it is likely to
increase as fossil fuel resources shrink.
In fact, calculations based on the
world’s projected energy consumption
by 2030 suggest that global energy
demands would be fulfilled by solar
panels operating at 20 percent
efficiency and covering only about
496,805 square km (191,817 square
miles) of Earth’s surface.
• The material requirements would be
enormous but feasible, as silicon is the
second most abundant element in
Earth’s crust. These factors have led
solar proponents to envision a future
HISTORY OF SOLAR CELL :
When was solar energy first used?
• In theory, solar energy was used by
humans as early as the 7th century B.C.
when history tells us that humans used
sunlight to light fires with magnifying
glass materials. Later, in the 3rd century
B.C., the Greeks and Romans were
known to harness solar power with
mirrors to light torches for religious
ceremonies. These mirrors became a
normalized tool referred to as "burning
mirrors." Chinese civilization
documented the use of mirrors for the
same purpose later in 20 A.D.
• Another early use of solar energy that is
still popular today was the concept of
"sunrooms" in buildings. These
sunrooms used massive windows to
direct sunlight into one concentrated
area. Some of the iconic Roman
bathhouses, typically those situated on
the south-facing side of buildings, were
sunrooms. Later in the 1200s A.D.,
ancestors to the Pueblo Native
Americans known as the Anasazi
situated themselves in south-facing
abodes on cliffs to capture the sun's
warmth during cold winter months.
• In the late 1700s and 1800s, researchers
and scientists had success using sunlight
to power ovens for long voyages. They
also harnessed the power of the sun to
When were solar panels invented?
• The development of solar panel
technology was an iterative one that took
a number of contributions from various
scientists. Naturally, there is some debate
about when exactly they were created
and who should be credited for the
invention. Some people credit the
invention of the solar cell to French
scientist Edmond Becquerel, who
determined light could increase electricity
generation when two metal electrodes
were placed into a conducting solution.
This breakthrough, defined as the
"photovoltaic effect," was influential in
later PV developments with the element
selenium.
• In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that
selenium had photoconductive potential,
leading to William Grylls Adams' and
Richard Evans Day's 1876 discovery that
selenium creates electricity when exposed
to sunlight. A few years later, in
1883, Charles Fritts actually produced
the first solar cells made from selenium
wafers – the reason some historians credit
Fritts with the actual invention of solar
cells.
• However, solar cells as we know them
today are made with silicon, not selenium.
Therefore, some consider the true
invention of solar panels to be tied
to Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald
Pearson's creation of the silicon
photovoltaic (PV) cell at Bell Labs
in 1954.
CONSTRUCTION OF SOLAR CELL :
AIM :
To construct a solar cell and
test it’s working conditions.
MATERIALS REQUIRED :
1. silicon, widely utilized
due to its favorable
properties
2. cadmium telluride,
known for its efficiency
and low cost
3. organic photovoltaic
materials, favored for
flexibility and lightweight
applications
4. perovskite materials,
increasingly researched
for their promising
efficiency.
