JAMES W.
NILSSON
&
SUSAN A. RIEDEL
ELECTRIC
CIRCUITS
EIGHTH EDITION
CHAPTER 14
INTRODUCTION
TO FREQUENCY
SELECTIVE
CIRCUITS
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CONTENTS
14.1 Some Preliminaries
14.2 Low-Pass Filters
14.3 High-Pass Filters
14.4 Bandpass Filters
14.5 Bandreject Filters
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14.1 Some Preliminaries
Input Filter Output
signal signal
The action of a filter on an input
signal results in an output signal
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14.1 Some Preliminaries
A circuit with voltage input and output
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14.1 Some Preliminaries
A frequency selective circuit, or filter,
enables signals at certain frequencies to
reach the output, and it attenuates signal
at other frequencies to prevent them from
reaching the output.
Thepassband contains the frequencies of
those signals that are passed; the
stopband contains the frequencies of those
signals that are attenuated.
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14.1 Some Preliminaries
(a) An ideal (b) An ideal
low-pass high-pass
filter filter
(c) An ideal (d) An ideal
bandpass bandreject
filter filter
Ideal frequency response plots of
the four types of filter circuits
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14.2 Low-Pass Filters
A series RL low-pass filter.
The equivalent circuit at ω = 0.
The equivalent circuit at ω = ∞.
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14.2 Low-Pass Filters
The frequency response plot for
the series RL circuit.
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14.2 Low-Pass Filters
The cutoff frequency, ωc , identifies the
location on the frequency axis that
separates the stopband from the
passband.
Atthe cutoff frequency, the magnitude of
the transfer function equals (1 / √2) Hmax.
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14.2 Low-Pass Filters
R
c
L
Cutoff frequency for RL filters
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14.2 Low-Pass Filters
Example: Designing a Series RC Low-Pass Filter
For the series RC circuit in the figure above:
a) Find the transfer function between the source voltage and the
output voltage.
b) Determine an equation for the cutoff frequency in the series
RC circuit.
c) Choose values for R and C that will yield a low-pass filter with
a cutoff frequency of 3kHz.
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14.2 Low-Pass Filters
A low-pass filter passes voltages at
frequencies below ωc and attenuates
frequencies above ωc.
Any circuit with the transfer function
c
H (s)
s c
Transfer function for a low-pass filter
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14.2 Low-Pass Filters
Two low-pass filters, the series RL and the series
RC, together with their transfer functions and
cutoff frequencies
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14.3 High-Pass Filters
A series RC high-pass filter
The equivalent circuit at ω = 0
The equivalent circuit at ω = ∞
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14.3 High-Pass Filters
The frequency response plot
for the series RC circuit
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14.3 High-Pass Filters
Example: Designing a Series RL High-Pass Filter.
Show that the series RL circuit in the figure below also acts
like a high-pass filter:
a) Derive an expression for the circuit’s transfer function.
b) Use the result from (a) to determine an equation for the
cutoff frequency in the series RL circuit.
c) Choose values for R and L that will yield a high-pass filter
with a cutoff frequency of 15kHz.
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14.3 High-Pass Filters
A high-pass filter passes voltages at frequencies
above ωc and attenuates voltages at frequencies
below ωc . Any circuit with the transfer function
s
H (s)
s c
Transfer function for a high-pass filter
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14.3 High-Pass Filters
Two high-pass filters, the series RC and the
series RL, together with their transfer functions
and cutoff frequencies
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14.4 Bandpass Filters
Bandpassfilters and bandreject filters
each have two cutoff frequencies, ωc1 and
ωc2.
These filters are further characterized by
their center frequency (ω0), bandwidth (β),
and quality factor (Q).
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14.4 Bandpass Filters
1
0
LC
Center frequency
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14.4 Bandpass Filters
Cutoff frequencies, series RLC filters
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14.4 Bandpass Filters
These quantities are defined as
Relationship between
center frequency and 0 c1.c 2
cutoff frequencies
Relationship between
bandwidth and cutoff c 2 c1
frequencies
0
Quality factor Q
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14.4 Bandpass Filters
A bandpass filter passes voltages at
frequencies within the passband, which
is between ωc1 and ωc2.
It
attenuates frequencies outside of the
passband.
s
H (s) 2
s s 0
2
Transfer function for RLC bandpass filter
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14.4 Bandpass Filters
Two RLC bandpass filters, together with equations
for the transfer function, center frequency, and
bandwidth of each
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14.5 Bandreject Filters
A bandreject filter attenuates voltages at
frequencies within the stopband, which is
between ωc1 and ωc2.
It passes frequencies outside of the stopband.
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14.5 Bandreject Filters
s 2 2
H (s) 2 0
s s 0
2
Transfer function for RLC bandreject filter
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14.5 Bandreject Filters
Two RLC bandreject filters, together with equations
for the transfer function, center frequency, and
bandwidth of each
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THE END
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