J. Inst. Eng. India Ser.
A (April-June 2016) 97(2):147–154
DOI 10.1007/s40030-016-0154-2
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Behaviour of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete:
Age and Successive Recycling
Kirtikanta Sahoo1 • Robin Davis Pathappilly1 • Pradip Sarkar1
Received: 5 October 2015 / Accepted: 11 April 2016 / Published online: 13 May 2016
The Institution of Engineers (India) 2016
Abstract Recycled Coarse Aggregate (RCA) concrete Introduction
construction technique can be called as ‘green concrete’, as
it minimizes the environmental hazard of the concrete Mostly engineering construction is not eco-friendly. In
waste disposal. Indian standard recommends target mean India, amount of construction has rapidly increased since
compressive strength of the conventional concrete in terms last two decades. The deposition of construction garbage is
of water cement ratio (w/c). The present work is an attempt increasingly accumulated due to various causes such as
to study the behaviour of RCA concrete from two samples demolition of old construction and natural hazardous
of parent concrete having different age group with regard effects [1]. This scenario is not so different world wide. In
to the relationship of compressive strength with water India, the Central Pollution Control Board has assessed that
cement ratios. Number of recycling may influence the the solid waste generation is about 48 million tonnes per
mechanical properties of RCA concrete. The influence of annum of which 25 % are from the construction industry.
age and successive recycling on the properties such as In order to decrease the construction waste, recycling of
capillary water absorption, drying shrinkage strain, air waste concrete as aggregate is beneficial and effective for
content, flexural strength and tensile splitting strength of environmental preservation as well as utilisation of natural
the RCA concrete are examined. The relationship between resources [2].
compressive strength at different w/c ratios obtained Various researchers have examined the physical and
experimentally is investigated for the two parameters such mechanical properties of the RCA and its influence when
as age of parent concrete and successive recycling. The natural aggregate is replaced partially or fully by RCA to
recycled concrete using older recycled aggregate shows make concrete. It has been found that the mechanical
poor quality. While the compressive strength reduces with strength of the RCA concrete is lower than that of con-
successive recycling gradually, the capillary water ventional concrete. This is due to the highly porous nature
absorption increases abruptly, which leads to the conclu- of the RCA compared to natural aggregates and the amount
sion that further recycling may not be advisable. of replacement against the natural aggregate [3].
The physical properties of the RCA depend on the
Keywords Recycled coarse aggregate amount of adhered mortar and its quality. Quantity of
Water cement ratio Compressive strength adhered mortar depends on the process of crushing of
Capillary action Drying shrinkage parent concrete. Due to these reasons, RCA shows more
porosity, more water absorption, low density and low
strength as compared to the natural aggregate. Previous
researchers reported that up to 25 % reduction in com-
pressive strength has been occurred due to above reasons
& Robin Davis Pathappilly [4–7].
[Link]@[Link]
The researchers have [8] studied the influence of the
1
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of water reducing admixture on the mechanical performance
Technology, Rourkela 769008, India of the recycled aggregate concrete. This study shows that
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148 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (April-June 2016) 97(2):147–154
use of plasticizers may improve the properties of recycled reported in literature that focus on the behaviour, proper-
aggregate concrete. It has been [3] investigated earlier on ties, and functional uses of RCA. However, there are no
the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete in much studies reported on the behaviour of RCA concrete
comparison with natural aggregate concrete. It was found with regard to above aspects. The present work is an
that the developments in compressive strength, shear attempt to study the relationship of w/c ratio with com-
strength and the strain at peak stress in recycled aggregate pressive strength considering age and successive recycling
concrete behaved similar to those in natural aggregate of RCA. Further, the properties like capillary water
concrete. Some investigators have [6] also studied the absorption, drying shrinkage, air content, flexural strength
behaviour of recycled aggregate and their mechani- and tensile splitting strength are also investigated consid-
cal properties. It is reported that the strength of recycled ering the age and successive recycling of RCA.
aggregate concrete can be 10–25 % lower than that of
natural aggregate concrete. It is reported that though the
recycled aggregate are of inferior quality to natural Experimental Investigation
aggregate, their properties can be considered to be within
the acceptable limits. Previously, the researchers have [9] The RCA samples having two different ages (\1 year and
investigated the long term mechanical properties and pore 1–3 year) are collected and grouped in two categories
size distribution of the recycled aggregate concrete. It is according to the age of the parent concrete. A total of 24
reported that after 5 years of curing, the recycled aggregate mixtures are considered for the investigation. The materi-
concrete had lower compressive strength and higher split- als used, mixture proportions and experimental procedure
ting tensile strength than that of the natural aggregate are explained in the following sections.
concrete.
The literature has shown [10] that the self-compacting Materials
concrete can be made from both recycled coarse and fine
aggregates. The different tests covering strength and Portland slag cement conforming to IS: 455-1989 [16] is
durability properties were investigated and the results show used as the binder. The fine aggregate (sand) are col-
that both recycled aggregates can be used in self-com- lected from the local river, conforming to IS: 383-1970
pacting concrete. The similar observation was also made by [17]. Two different types of demolished parent concrete
earlier researches [11]. Some researchers have [12] are identified which are reported to have a characteristic
developed mix design for pervious recycled aggregate compressive strength of 20 MPa. The parent concrete is
concrete with compressive strength and water seepage crushed using mini jaw crusher. The opening of the jaw
velocity as verification indexes. The volume of voids is crusher was maintained at 20 mm for producing maxi-
also tested for feasibility of new proposed mix design. mum size of 20 mm coarse aggregate as per requirement
Earlier, the investigators have [13] proposed a new method of IS: 456-2000 [18]. As the two parent concrete sam-
of mixture proportioning for concrete made with recycled ples are having different ages, they are divided into two
coarse aggregates. The new method was named as groups named as RC-1 (0–1 year) and RC-2 (1–3 year).
‘‘equivalent mortar volume’’ in which the total mortar The concrete produced from RC-1 aggregate again
volume was kept constant. The researchers have [14] pro- demolished and crushed to examine the effect of number
posed a method of mix design for recycled aggregate of recycling. Aggregate obtained from RC-1 concrete
concrete from the available conventional methods. It has named as N2-RC-1 which indicates that the aggregate is
been suggested that the cement required was about 10 % recycled for two times. The properties of cement, sand
more in view of the inferior quality aggregate. and recycled coarse aggregate are summarised in the
Table 1 and 2 respectively as per IS: 2386 (Part III)-
1963 [19]. The values of specific gravity, water
Research Significance absorption, impact and crushing values of RC-1 and RC-
2 show that RC-1 sample is having better properties than
The relationship between the w/c ratio and compressive RC-2 sample. This is perhaps due to more amount of
strength is essential for the preliminary estimation of mortar present on the surface of the RC-2 which can be
compressive strength. Indian standard recommends such seen in the Fig. 1a, b. Also another reason for this can
relationship for Natural Aggregate Concrete (NAC). This be attributed to lower specific gravity of the parent
relationship may be different for RCA concrete depending coarse aggregate initially. Same behaviour is obtained in
on the aspects such as age of recycled aggregate and suc- case of N2-RC-1 which shows inferior physical proper-
cessive recycling. Many studies [3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 15] are ties in comparison to RC-1 (Fig. 2).
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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (April-June 2016) 97(2):147–154 149
Table 1 Properties of recycled coarse aggregate of different age
Type of Age/no. Specific Bulk density, Loose bulk density, Water Impact Crushing Fineness
aggregate recycling gravity kg/l kg/l absorption, % value, % value, % modulus
RC-1 0–1 year 2.48 1.409 1.24 4.469 26.910 26.514 3.38
RC-2 1–3 year 2.26 1.312 1.19 5.360 28.194 26.817 2.45
N2-RC-1 2 2.38 1.174 1.03 5.403 31.703 28.449 3.12
100
Table 2 Properties of cement and fine aggregate
Type of material Specific gravity Water absorption, % 80
Percent passing, %
Portland slag cement 3.015 –
(Konark)
60
Sand 2.658 0.0651
RC-1
N2-RC-1
40 RC-2
Mixture Proportion
20
The concrete cubes were mixed with different w/c ratio
according to IS: 10262-1982 [20]. As the w/c ratio varies, the 0
cement content also varies from 620 to 286.15 kg/m3 respec- 5 10 15 20
tively. Water content was kept constant as 186 kg/m3 for all the Sieve size, mm
mix. For other tests such as air permeability, shrinkage and
Fig. 2 Aggregate particle size distribution of RC-1, RC-2 and N2-
capillarity action the respective samples were casted with RC-1
cement content, w/c ratio, and water content as 338.2 kg/m3,
0.55 and 186 kg/m3 respectively. The quantities of mix pro-
portions considered are presented in Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6. Tests Methods
Specimen Preparation Compressive Strength
The rotary concrete mixture is used for mixing all concrete in The compressive strength of the cubes are measured using
the laboratory. 150 9 150 9 150 mm, 10 9 10 9 50 mm, a universal compressive testing machine complying with
300 9 150 mm and 150 9 75 9 75 mm cm moulds are IS: 516-1959 [21] at the age of 28 days. The average of
used for compressive strength, drying shrinkage, tensile three samples are presented in the results.
splitting strength and flexural strength test according to IS:
516-1999 [21] and IS: 1199-1959 [22]. For measuring air Capillary Water Absorption
content, the concrete is casted in a particular mould recom-
mended by IS: 1199-1959. After casting, the specimens are For testing capillary water absorption, the cubes are cured
removed from the respective moulds after 1 day and cured in for 28 days in water tank. After removal, the cubes are
the water tank maintaining at 27 ± 1 C until 28 days. oven dried at 105 C until it reaches a constant weight. For
Fig. 1 Different aggregates
used a RC-1, b RC-2, c N2-RC-
1
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150 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (April-June 2016) 97(2):147–154
Table 3 Mixture proportion using RC-1 aggregate
Mixture name Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6 Mix 7
Cement, kg/m3 620 531.43 465 413.33 372 338.2 310 286.15
Natural sand, kg/m3 428.83 469.59 500.21 531.05 560.25 587.28 613.84 639.61
Recycled coarse aggregate, kg/m3 1007.34 1072.46 1120.49 1132.61 1140.56 1155.64 1171.49 1184.9
w/c 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Water, kg/m3 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186
Table 4 Mixture proportion using RC-2 aggregate
Mixture name Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6 Mix 7
3
Cement, kg/m 620 531.43 465 413.33 372 338.2 310 286.15
3
Natural sand, kg/m 428.83 469.59 500.21 531.05 560.23 587.28 613.84 639.61
Recycled coarse aggregate, kg/m3 964.53 999.58 1020.37 1032.87 1039.72 1040.97 1039.37 1035.7
w/c 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Water, kg/m3 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186
Table 5 Mixture proportion using N2-RC-1 aggregate
Mixture name Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6 Mix 7
Cement, kg/m3 620 531.43 465 413.33 372 338.2 310 286.15
Natural sand, kg/m3 428.83 469.59 500.21 531.05 560.23 587.28 613.84 639.61
Recycled coarse aggregate, kg/m3 1016.17 1052.37 1075.25 1087.59 1093.99 1096.19 1112.38 1120.63
w/c 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Water, kg/m3 186 186 186 186 186 186 186 186
Table 6 Mixture proportion for shrinkage, capillary absorption and air permeability
Mixture name Cement, kg/m3 Recycled coarse aggregate, kg/m3 Fine aggregate, kg/m3 w/c Water, kg/m3
RC-1 338.200 1142.100 587.280 0.55 186
RC-2 338.200 1040.900 587.280 0.55 186
N2-RC-1 338.200 1096.200 587.280 0.55 186
ensuring one dimensional water flow, except the top and t is the time of immersion and S is the coefficient of cap-
bottom, the cubes are coated with epoxy resins. Then, one illary action.
of the exposed face of the specimen is immersed in water
for 0.5, 1, 2 4 6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The minimum depth Drying Shrinkage Test
of immersion is maintained 5 mm above the base of the
specimen during the experiment as shown in Fig. 3. The Drying shrinkage test is used to measure the shrinkage in
water absorbed by capillary action is measured by weigh- concrete in terms of the change in length of concrete
ing the specimens after different durations of immersion. specimens due to changes in moisture content. Initial
The capillary water absorption is calculated as per the drying shrinkage for the concrete is measured as per Indian
following relation [23] as a function of time, Standard IS: 1199-1959. After demoulding, prisms are
pffi stored for 7 days in the moist air. After 7 days, the speci-
DW ¼ S t ð1Þ
mens are immersed in the water tank at a temperature of
where DW is the cumulative amount of water (in g) 28 C until 28 days. After removal of the specimen from
absorbed per unit area (mm2) during the capillary action, the water, the length of the specimen is measured to an
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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (April-June 2016) 97(2):147–154 151
60
RC-1,fC=83.026e-2.027w/c,R2=0.977
2
28 days compressive strength (fC), N/mm
50
RC-2,fC=76.298e-1.98w/c,R2=0.988
40
30
20
RC-1
10 RC-2
IS CODE
Fig. 3 Capillary water absorption test of RCA concrete cubes 0
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70
Water cement ratio (w/c)
Fig. 5 Generalised relation between free water–cement ratio and
compressive strength of RC-1 and RC-2 concrete
recorded on the graduated precision bore tube or gauge glass
of the stand pipe. After releasing the pressure gradually the
final water height is taken.
The air content of freshly mixed concrete is calculated
as,
A ¼ A1 G ð2Þ
where A is the air content of fresh concrete in percentage
by volume of concrete, A1 is the apparent air content in
percentage by volume of concrete and G is the aggregate
correction factor in percentage by volume of concrete.
Tensile Splitting and Flexural Strength Test
Tensile splitting and flexural strengths of concrete are
Fig. 4 Drying shrinkage test found out as per [21].
accuracy of 0.005 mm as per Indian standard and the
reading was taken as ‘‘original wet measurement’’. Then Results and Discussion
the specimens are kept in the oven and cooled subse-
quently. The reading at the dry condition is taken and Influence of Age on Compressive Strength
considered as dry measurement. The drying shrinkage is
calculated as the difference between original wet mea- The compressive strengths for all samples are tested after
surement and dry measurement. Figure 4 shows the 28 days of curing. The compressive strength values cor-
experimental set-up for the measurement of shrinkage responding to each w/c ratios obtained for all the samples
strain. are presented in Fig. 5. Trend lines are plotted to represent
the relationship of compressive strength of RCA concrete
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete in terms of w/c ratio. This relationship is compared with the
relationship recommended by IS: 10262-1982 for normal
The air content of freshly mixed concrete is measured as per of concrete. This figure shows that the behaviour of RCA
IS: 1199-1959 which is known as pressure method. According concrete are different from that of natural aggregate con-
to this method, the required amount of fresh concrete is placed crete. The strength of natural aggregate concrete is higher
inside the measuring bowl after successive tamping. After than RCA concrete at lower w/c ratios. This trend reverses
adding water, the test pressure of slightly more than 0.02 kg/ for relatively higher w/c ratios. For RC-1 concrete, this
cm2 is applied by hand pump and initial water height is reversal takes place at w/c of 0.37, whereas for RC-2 it
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152 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (April-June 2016) 97(2):147–154
60
RC-1,fC=83.026e-2.027w/c, R2=0.977 3
Water absorption, g/mm2 (103)
2
28 days compressive strength (fC), N/mm
50
N2-RC-1, fC=79.25e w/c, R =0.988
-2 2
40 2
30 NAC
RC-1
1 RC-2
20
RC-1
N2-RC-1
10 IS CODE 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 Time (t0.5), hr0.5
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70
Water cement ratio (w/c) Fig. 7 Variation of capillary water absorption for NAC, RC-1 and
RC-2
Fig. 6 Generalised relation between free water–cement ratio and
compressive strength of N2-RC-1 concrete lower than that of RC-1 as reported in Table 1 which may
be the probable reason for this decrement. The decrease in
happens at w/c of 0.42. The reason behind this can be the specific gravity is perhaps due to the further recycling
attributed to the higher water demand of RCA. The RCA process. Similar to the previous results the N2-RC-1 con-
requires a threshold quantity of water depending upon the crete display more compressive strength than normal con-
parent adhered mortar to contribute to the strength. This crete for the w/c ratios more than 0.42. This w/c can be
minimum quantity is observed experimentally as 0.37 and regarded as the minimum water required for the N2-RC-1
0.42 for RC-1 and RC-2 respectively. If the water is less aggregates to contribute significantly to the strength.
than this minimum quantity, the RCA concrete may fail to
yield the desired compressive strength. This result suggest Capillary Water Absorption
that, in order to obtain higher compressive strength for
RCA (than NAC), w/c ratio should be higher than the The capillary water absorption which is the cumulative
above mentioned minimum limits. amount of water per unit area (g/mm2) is plotted in terms of
The trend (Fig. 5) of the compressive strength versus square root of time in hours. Figure 7 shows the capillary
w/c ratios for RC-1 and RC-2 shows that the compres- water absorption curves for RC-1, RC-2 and NAC con-
sive strength of RC-2 is less than that of RC-1 concrete. crete. The capillary water absorption for RC-2 is substan-
RC-1 concrete is always found to be stronger than RC-2 tially (about 76 %) higher than that NAC concrete. The
and the difference between their strengths are almost reason for this can be attributed to the lesser specific
same at each w/c ratios. The difference in strength may gravity (refer Table 1) resulting from the more adhered
be due to the higher specific gravity of RC-1 than RC-2 mortar on the surface of RC-2 than RC-1 samples. More
(refer Table 1). Specific gravity of RCA depends on aged RC-2 sample may be more porous that absorbs more
many parameters such as age, quality, quantity of water than RC-1. The RC-1 concrete display about 11 %
adhered mortar and properties of parent aggregate. Also more water absorption than NAC concrete, this makes it
it is to be noted that the decrease in compressive inferior in quality due to the obvious factor of recycling.
strength of RCA concrete due to the increase of age of Figure 8 shows the capillary water absorption curves for
about 1–2 years is about 6 %. N2-RC-1, RC-1 and NAC concrete. It can be seen that the
capillary water absorption of N2-RC-1 is significantly
Influence of Successive Recycling on Compressive larger than both RC-1 and NAC by about nine times. This
Strength abrupt increase of water absorption behaviour shows that
successive recycling may produce very inferior quality of
Compressive strength of N2-RC-1 concrete is recorded at aggregates for use in concrete.
various w/c ratios and the variation of the same is presented
in Fig. 6. The compressive strength of N2-RC-1 concrete is Drying Shrinkage
less than that of RC-1 and the difference between their
strengths are almost same at each w/c ratios. The decrease Table 7 shows the drying shrinkage strain of all the sam-
in strength of N2-RC-1 is about 2 % compared to that of ples. The shrinkage strain of RC-1 and RC-2 are about 1.9
RC-1. The specific gravity of N2-RC-1 is observed to be and 2.6 times more than that of NAC concrete respectively.
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J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (April-June 2016) 97(2):147–154 153
Table 9 Splitting tensile and flexural strength test
10
Water absorption, g/mm2 (103) Specimen name Splitting tensile Flexural strength,
8
strength, MPa MPa
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
NAC
6
RC-1
N2-RC-1
RC-1 2.636 2.961 4.937 6.605
4 RC-2 1.896 2.544 4.643 5.173
N2-RC-1 2.451 2.775 5.591 5.754
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Splitting Tensile Test and Flexural Strength Test
0.5 0.5
Time (t ), hr
The splitting and flexural tensile strength of RC-1, RC-2
Fig. 8 Variation of capillary water absorption for NAC, RC-1 and and N2-RC-1 at both 7 and 28 days are tabulated in
N2-RC-1 Table 9. Splitting tensile strengths of RC-2 concrete at 7
and 28 days are about 28 and 14 % lower than RC-1
concrete respectively. The flexural strength of RC-2 con-
Table 7 Drying shrinkage crete at 7 and 28 days are about 6 and 21 % lower than RC-
Type of concrete Drying length, mm Drying shrinkage, % 1 concrete.
The N2-RC-1 concrete shows lesser strength than that of
RC-1 0.261 0.17
RC-1 due to the successive recycling. While the splitting
RC-2 0.341 0.23
tensile strength of N2-RC-1 concrete is about 6 % lower,
N2-RC-1 0.312 0.21
the flexural strength is about 12 % than the corresponding
NAC 0.135 0.09 strengths of RC-1 at 28 days. The reason for the lower
values of N2-RC-1 aggregates may be due to its lower
values of specific gravity compared to RC-1 aggregates.
Table 8 Air content of RC-1, RC-2, N2-RC1 and NAC samples
Type of concrete Air content, %
Conclusions
RC-1 12
RC-2 13 The objective of the present work was to investigate the
N2-RC-1 13 relationship of w/c ratio with compressive strength of RCA
NAC 12 concrete considering age and successive recycling and to
study the behaviour of RCA concrete with regard to the
capillary water absorption, drying shrinkage, air content,
The probable reason for this may be the more amount of flexural strength and tensile splitting strength. Experiments
old mortar attached on the surface of RC-2 than RC-1. The are conducted to study the above mentioned aspects and
shrinkage strain of N2-RC-1 is about 1.2 times more than following are the major conclusions from the present study.
RC-1 indicating the fact that successive recycling increases • The compressive strength of concrete prepared from
the drying shrinkage strain. older (1–2 years) RC-2 aggregate is found to be lower
than RC-1 concrete. The reduction of compressive
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete strength was about 6 %.
• The strength of NAC is higher than RCA concrete at
Table 8 shows the air content of all the concrete samples. It lower w/c ratios. However, a reversal of this trend, i.e.
can be seen that the air content of RC-2 concrete at the RCA concrete shows higher compressive strength than
fresh condition is slightly higher than that of RC-1 con- NAC after a particular threshold w/c ratio. This
crete. The more air content in the RC-2 concrete may be minimum w/c for RC-1 and RC-2 was about 0.37 and
due to more amount of adhered old mortar on the surface of 0.42 respectively. The present study shows that, in
RC-2 aggregates. The N2-RC-1 concrete also shows more order to obtain higher compressive strength for RCA
air content than RC-1 due to the same reasons mentioned in (than NAC), w/c ratio should be higher than the above
the above sections. mentioned minimum limits.
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154 J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (April-June 2016) 97(2):147–154
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