Kendriya Vidyalaya, AFS, Kumbhirgram
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES (CALCULUS)
Topic : Increasing and decreasing function , Maxima and Minima
Standard: XII
General Objective (s)
1. To develop a flexible, disciplined way of thinking, to discover things and to search for
creative solutions. Student should see that mathematics can be applied in practice and in
the sciences.
2. Interpreting and solving mathematical problems and comparing results with the reality.
3. Examining simple short mathematical texts all add to the development of independent
learning.
4. Understanding concepts and acquiring basic mathematical knowledge develop the
memory, the individual will and strengthen persistence both in work and in learning.
5. The learning of the methods of mathematical proof provide opportunities to discover the
basic relationships between mathematics and reality.
6. To develop in each student as much as possible the good mental habits of tackling any
kind of problem.
7. Mathematics could also develop clarity and staying power. It could also develop
character to some extent but most important is the development of thinking.
8. Students need to be able to navigate their lives in this ever-so-complex modern world.
9. Enable the students to understand information aroud us.
10. Prepare our students for further studies in math and science. teaching deductive
reasoning.
11. To develop awareness of the need for national integration, protection of
environment, observance of small family norms, removal of social barriers,
elimination of sex biases.
12. To develop reverence and respect towards great Mathematicians for their
contributions to the field of Mathematics
Specific Objectives:
1. Define derivative of a function and give its geometrical interpretation as rate of change;
2. Use derivative to determine the nature of the function and determine the maxima and minima
of a function.
3. Apply differentiation to find tangent & normal, increasing & decreasing function;
4. Sketch the curves
Required Materials: Black Board and Chalk.
Pre-requisite Knowledge: Basic concept of function, continuity, differentiation
and slope of tangent to a curve.
Method: Induction/deduction , questioning and Chalk-talk.
Step-By-Step Procedures:
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity Black Board Work (Teacher’s
Work)
Introductory Question:
1. Define relation. A relation R on a set A is
defined as any subset of
A × A.
2. What is a function? Function is a special relation
from set A to B such that all
elements of A are related with
unique elements of B.
3. What is the geometrical
meaning of a A function f is called
continuous function? continuous if its graph is
continuous i.e. the graph is
regular.
4. See the figure. Do any lim f ( x) = f ( a) = lim f ( x)
x →a + x →a −
one tell me that where
the function attains its
[Link]: A
maximum and minimum
value?
Minimum at : B
5. What is the
mathematical method to
decide the point of
maxima and minima,
maximum-minimum
value ?
Teacher’s Statement: Today we will relearn how to find Maxima and Minima, intervals for a function to be
increasing or decreasing.
Presentation:
The slope of the tangent to
the curve y = f(x), at both
turning points is 0.
1. Is the above result may The tangent at the turning points are parallel to the x-axis.
be described in any
other way?
2. Is it necessary that at Yes.
the point of maximum
or minimum the slope
of tangent is always
vanish?
dy
Teacher’s Statement: For a function f(x) to be maximum or minimum = 0 .The point(s)
dx
dy
where = 0 is/are called critical points. This is only a necessary condition not sufficient.
dx
dy
There might be some points where = 0 but function does not attain maximum or minimum
dx
value, such points are called point of inflection.
Teacher’s Statement: Critical points predicts the existence of maxima or minima not provide
grantee whether it is certainly a maximum or minimum.
Hence we will extend our scope of study to second derivative test.
3. What is Second For local Maxima:
d 2 y Test?
Derivative dy
<0 = 0 and
2
dx dx
For local Minima:
d2y dy
>0 = 0 and
dx 2 dx
4. Verify the above result ……………….
graphically.
Teacher’s work:
Consider the function:
f(x)= x3 - 12x + 1
5. Visualize graphically the
second derivative test
for the function f(x)=
(x-2)3
Plan For Independent Practice:
1. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 15 and sum of whose squares is minimum.(Level 1)
2. Find the points of local maximum and minimum ,if any for the function f(x)=(x-1)(x+2)2 .Find
also the local maximum and local maximum value.
3. Show that a closed right circular cylinder of given total surface area and maximum valume is
such that its height is equal to the diameter of its base.
Adaptations :
1. Convert the given problem into a function of one variable.
2. Find first derivative w.r.t. the independent variable and equate it with 0.
3. ind critical points.
4. Find second derivative w.r.t. the independent variable.
2 2
5. Check d y > 0 or d y < 0 at the critical points.
dx 2 dx 2
6. Point at which second derivative is negative the function is maximum and at point where
second derivative is positive the function is minimum.
d2y
Extensions (For Gifted Students): If = 0 at critical point continue differentiating until a non
dx 2
zero heigher order derivative is obtained.
dny
If ≠ 0 if evaluated at the critical point, then
dx n
• If n is an odd number we have a point of inflection.
dny
• If n is an even number and <0 → a local maxima.
dx n
dny
• If n is an even number and >0 → a local minima.
dx n
Home Work: Previous year board question on this topic.
Possible Connections To Other Subjects:
Often a physician may want to test how small changes in dosage can affect the body's response to a particular drug.
An economist may want to study how investment changes with variation in interest rates.
How the velocity of a heavy meteorite entering the earth's surface, changes with the its distance from the earth's surface.
For a given volume of oil, what is the least expensive shape of an oil can?
Presented by: D P Sharma, PGT(Maths)
Dated: 14/12/2010.
Place: KV, AFS, Kumbhirgram
(RAS YADAV)
PRINCIPAL
