Republic of Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research
University of Warith Al anbiyaa
Collage of Engineering
Department of A/C and Refrigeration Techniques
1st Class
Electrical Circuit Fundamentals First class
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Electrical Circuits
POWERS OF TEN
EXAMPLE:
The product of powers of ten:
EXAMPLE
The division of powers of ten:
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Electrical Circuit Fundamentals First class
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EXAMPLE
The power of powers of ten:
EXAMPLE
Basic Arithmetic Operations
1- Addition and Subtraction
EXAMPLE
2- Multiplication
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Electrical Circuit Fundamentals First class
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EXAMPLE
3- Division
EXAMPLE
4- Powers
EXAMPLE
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Electrical Circuit Fundamentals First class
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Prefixes
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
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Electrical Circuit Fundamentals First class
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Current and Voltage
Charge: the electrical charge is an electrical property of atomic particles
of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C). The charge of an
electron is ( − 1.602 × 10 −19 C ).
Electrical current: is the rate of change of charge, measured in amperes
(A). The current (I) is defined mathematically as:
• Direct current (DC): is the current that remains constant with
time. The symbol (I) is usually used to represent such a constant
current.
• Alternating current (AC): is a current that is varying sinusoidally
with time. A time varying current is represented by the symbol (i).
Voltage: the voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required
to move a unit of charge through an element, measured in volts (V).
* For the voltage Vab, this mean that the potential of point a is higher
than that of point b.
Vab = Va − Vb
Power: is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in
watt (W).
w
P=
t
Where P is the power in watt (W), w is the energy in joules (J), and t
is the time in seconds (s).
The power (P) is defined mathematically as:
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Electrical Circuit Fundamentals First class
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Resistance: the resistance R denotes the ability of an element to
resist the flow of electrical current, it is measured in Ohms ( Ω ).
For the material, the resistance R depends of the physical dimensions
as follows:
Where ρ is the receptivity of material.
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Electrical Circuit Fundamentals First class
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IVAN
EXAMPLE: Determine the resistance of 30.48 m of copper telephone wire
if the diameter is 0.032 cm.
Solution:
• The resistance of a short circuit element is approaching zero.
• The resistance of an open circuit element is approaching
infinity.
Conductance: the conductance can be explained as the ability of an
element to conduct electrical current, it is measured in siemens ( S ).
OHM’S LAW: Ohm's low states that the voltage V across a resistor is
directly proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor.
V V
V = IR I= R=
R I
EXAMPLE: Determine the current resulting from the application of a 9-V
battery across a network with a resistance of 2.2 Ω .
Solution:
V 9V
I= = = 4.09 A
R 2.2 Ω
EXAMPLE: Calculate the resistance of a 60-W bulb if a current of 500
mA results from an applied voltage of 120 V.
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