Lecture.
1
األســس الهندســـــــة
الكهربائية
مبادئ وأساسيات الهندسة الكهربائية
كليةالتقنية الهندسية للحاسوب والذكاء االصطناعي /كركوك
قسم هندسة تقنيات االمن السيبراني
المرحلة االولى
2025-2026
ДЯӃДƝ Electrical Engineering Fundamentals 2025-2026 0
Reference
1- Robert L. Boylestad Introductory Circuit Analysis 10th Editio
2- A Textbook of Electrical Technology – Vol. 1 (Basic Electrical Engineering)
Authors:
- B. L. Theraja
- A. K. Theraja
ДЯӃДƝ Electrical Engineering Fundamentals 2025-2026 1
1- UNITS OF ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT AND ELECTRICAL
TERMINOLOGY
Electric Circuit:- Each electrical circuit has at least four basic parts a source of electromotive
force, conductors, load or loads, and some means of control.
Conductors:- Conductors are materials with electrons that are loosely bound to their atoms, or
materials that permit free motion of a large number of electrons. Atoms with only one valence
electron, such as copper, silver, and gold, are examples of good conductors. Most metals are
good conductors.
Voltage:- Voltage, electromotive force (emf), or potential difference, is described as the
pressure or force that causes electrons to move in a conductor. In electrical formulas and
equations, you will see voltage symbolized with a capital E, while on laboratory equipment or
schematic diagrams and basic measurement for the voltage is often represented with a capital
(V).
Current:- Electron current, or amperage, is described as the movement of free electrons
through a conductor. In electrical formulas, current is symbolized with a capital (I), while in
the laboratory or on schematic diagrams and basic measurement for current it is common to use
a capital (A) to indicate amps or amperage (amps).
Resistance:- The movement of electrons along a conductor meets with some
opposition. This opposition is known as resistance. Resistance can be useful in electrical work.
Resistance makes it possible to generate heat, control current flow, and supply the correct
voltage to a device. The symbol for resistance is shown in the accompanying figure. The
symbol for resistance is the letter (R). Resistance is measured by a unit called the ohm. The
Greek letter omega (Ω) is used as the symbol for electrical resistance.
Inductance:- Inductance is defined as the ability of a coil to store energy, induce
a voltage in itself, and oppose changes in current flowing through it. The symbol used to
indicate inductance in electrical formulas and equations is a capital L. The units of
measurement are called henries. The unit henry is abbreviated by using the capital letter H.
One henry is the amount of inductance (L) that permits one volt to be induced (VL) when the
current through the coil changes at a rate of one ampere per second. Equation (0001) is the
mathematical representation of the rate of change in current through a coil per unit time.
∆I
R= eq. 0001
∆t
Equation (0002) is the mathematical representation for the voltage VL induced in a coil with
inductance L. The negative sign indicates that voltage induced opposes the change in current
∆I
through the coil per unit time
∆t
∆I
VL = -L ( ∆t ) eq.0002
Capacitance:- Capacitance is defined as the ability to store an electric charge and
is symbolized by the capital letter C. Capacitance (C), measured in farads, is equal to the
amount of charge (Q) that can be stored in a device or capacitor divided by the voltage (E)
ДЯӃДƝ Electrical Engineering Fundamentals 2025-2026 2
applied across the device or capacitor plates when the charge was stored. Equation (0003) is
the mathematical representation for capacitance.
Q
C= E eq.0003
Power:- Electricity is generally used to do some sort of work, such as turning a motor or
generating heat. Specifically, power is the rate at which work is done, or the rate at which heat
is generated. The unit commonly used to specify electric power is the watt. In equations, you
will find power abbreviated with the capital letter (P), and watts, the units of measure for
power, are abbreviated with the capital letter (W). Power is also described as the current (I) in a
circuit times the voltage (E) across the circuit.
Real and Ideal Sources:- An ideal source is a theoretical concept of an electric current or
voltage supply (such as a battery) that has no losses and is a perfect voltage or current supply.
Ideal sources are used for analytical purposes only since they cannot occur in nature. A real
source is a real life current or voltage supply that has some losses associated with it.
Electrical Units Summary.
Parameter Measuring Unit Relationship
Voltage (E) or (V) Volt (v) E=I*R
𝐸
Current (I) Amp (A) I=𝑅
𝐸
Resistance (R) Ohm () R= 𝐼
𝑉2
Power (P) Watt (W) P = I*E or P = I2 * R or P = 𝑅
𝐼 𝐼
Conductance (G) mho (Ʊ) G=𝑅= 𝐸
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SOME COMMONLY USED PREFIXES FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF
UNITS
Prefix Symbol Power of 10 Prefix Symbo Power of 10
Exa E 1018 Deci D 10-1
Peta P 1015 Centi C 10-2
Tera T 1012 Milli M 10-3
Giga G 109 micro Μ 10-6
Mega M 106 Nano N 10-9
Kilo K 103 Pico P 10-12
Hecto H 102 Femto F 10-15
Deka Da 101 Atto A 10-18
Example 1
1000.000Ω= 1*106 = 1MΩ
Example 2
1000 meters= 1*103 = 1Km
Example 3
0.0001second= 0.1*10-3= 0.1msec.
2-Laws of Resistance.
Where( l ) is the length,( A ) the area of cross-section of the conductor and ( ρ) is a depending on the
nature of the material of the conductor and is known as its specific resistivity or resistance.
l
R= ρ تعتمد قيمة المقاومة على الطول ومساحة المقطع العرضي و المقاومة-:مالحظة
A
النوعية للمادة المصنوعة منها المقاومة
Example 1.
1 cm2 cross section, 50m long copper conductor has specific resistance 1.72 * 10-8 ohm-cm find the
rsistance.
Solution.
Copper conductor length = L = 50cm = 50*100cm
Cross Section = 1cm2
Specific resistance = 1.72*10-8 Ω cm
l
Resistance R= ρ = 1.72 * 10-8 * 50* 100 / 1 = 0.0086Ω
A
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3-Ohm’s Law:- In 1827, George Simon Ohm discovered that there was a definite relationship
between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. Ohm’s Law defines this
relationship and can be stated in three ways.
1- Applied voltage equals circuit current times the circuit resistance. Equation (a01) is
mathematical representation of this concept.
E=I*R a01
2- Current is equal to the applied voltage divided by the circuit resistance. Equation
(a02) is a mathematical representation of this concept.
𝑉
I=𝑅 a02
3- Resistance of a circuit is equal to the applied voltage divided by the circuit current.
Equation (a03) is a mathematical representation of this concept.
𝑉 𝑉
In other words, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = or R= a03
𝐼 𝐼
بثبوت درجة الحرارة يتناسب فرق الجهد على طرفي المقاومة تناسبا-:مالحظة
V ويتناسب التيار المار في.طرديا مع التيار ويعرف ثابت التناسب المقاومة
المقاومة تناسبا عكسيا مع المقاومة كما موضح في االمثلة ادناه
R I
Example 1 Example 2
I=?, R=100Ω, V=200V I=?, R=100Ω, V=100V
+ R=100Ω R=100Ω
+
V=200V -
V=100V -
I= V/ R = 2A I= V/ R = 1A
Example 3 Example 4
I=?, V=100V and R=1KΩ I=?, V=100V and R=1Ω
I I
+ R=1KΩ + R=1Ω
V - V -
𝑉 𝑉
I= 𝑅 = 0.1A I= 𝑅 = 100A
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4-Resistance in Series.
R1 R2 R3
I1 I2 I3
V1 V2 V3
IT
IT Fig.1
VT
VT=V1+V2+V3 = IR1+IR2+IR3 …………………………………………………………..…….Ohm’s Law
➢ I Total = I1=I2=I3
➢ V Total = V1+V2+V3
➢ R Total or R Equivalent =R1+R2+R3
5-Resistance in Parallel.
R3
V3
I3
I2 R2
V2
I1 Fig. 2
R1
IT IT
V1
VT
➢ IT= I1+I2+I3
➢ VT=V1=V2=V3
1 1 1 1
➢ = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
𝑅𝑇
ДЯӃДƝ Electrical Engineering Fundamentals 2025-2026 6
6- Resistance in Series and Parallel Circuit
R2 R2
R1 R3 R1 𝑅3 ∗ 𝑅4
R4 = 𝑹𝟓
VT VT 𝑅3 + 𝑅4
Fig. A Fig. B
𝑅1 ∗ 𝑅6
R1 R5+R2=R6 = 𝑹𝑻
VT VT 𝑅1 + 𝑅6
Fig. C Fig. D
Example. 1..................................................................................................................................
In fig a1. if RT=12KΩ; IT=6mA. find VT and R1
R1=? R2=4kΩ R3=6kΩ
Fig. a1
IT=6mA
VT=?
Solution:
RT= R1+R2+R3 12= R1+4+6 R1= 2kΩ
VT=IT * RT VT = 6 *10-3 * 12 * 103 VT = 72V
ДЯӃДƝ Electrical Engineering Fundamentals 2025-2026 7
Example. 2..................................................................................................................................
In the fig.a2 find R3, E, IT, I2, I3, P1 and P2. If RT =4Ω and I1=4A
I3=? R3=?
I2=? R2=20Ω
Fig a2
I1=4A R1=10Ω
IT=?
E=?
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + …………… = 10 + 20 + 𝑅3 ……….…… R3 = 10Ω
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 4
V1= I1 * R1...............................V1 = 4 * 10 = 40V……..…….VT= V1=V2=V3……..Parallel Conneced
𝑉𝑇 40
IT = 𝑅𝑇…………………………..IT = = 10A
4
𝑉2 40 𝑉3 40
I2=𝑅2………………I2 = 20 = 2A & I3= …………... I3= 10 = 4A
𝑅3
P1=I12 * R1………..P1 = 16 * 10 = 160W & P2 = I22 * R2…….….P2= 4 * 20= 80W
ДЯӃДƝ Electrical Engineering Fundamentals 2025-2026 8
Example. 4…………………………………...........…………………………….…… Tutorial
In fig shown find RT, IT, V1,2,3,4,5 and 6, and find R1 when the PT =100W.
IT R1=? R3=6Ω
Solution. Fig. 1
E=20v
PT = IT * E ……….100= IT * 20 R2=4Ω R4=15Ω R5=5Ω
IT = 5A
R6=5Ω
𝑬 𝟐𝟎
RT = 𝑰𝑻 = = 4Ω
𝟓
R1=1Ω R3=6Ω
({[(R5 + R6) // R4] + R3} // R2)+ R1 = RT Fig. 3
E=20v
({[(5 + 5) // 15] + 6} // 4)+ R1 = 4Ω R2=4Ω R4=15Ω Ra=10Ω
R1 = 1Ω
IT = I1 = 5A, V1 = I1* R1 = 5V
Vd = E – V1 =15V Vd = Vc= V2 = 15V connectivity in parallel R1=1Ω R3=6Ω
مربوطتين علىRb, R3 بما ان المقاومتين3 في الشكل E=20v
R2=4Ω Rb= 6Ω
التوالي ومتساويتين في القيمة اذن هبوط الفولتية تكون
بشكل متساوي على المقاومتين
R1=1Ω
𝑉𝑐
V3 = Vb = = 7.5V
2
E=20v R2=4Ω Rc=12Ω
Vb = Va = V4 = 7.5V ……. connectivity in parallel
مربوطتين علىR6, R5 بما ان المقاومتين1 في الشكل
R1=1Ω
التوالي ومتساويتين في القيمة اذن هبوط الفولتية تكون
بشكل متساوي على المقاومتين
𝑉𝑎 E=20v
V5 = V6 = = 3.75 Rd=3Ω
2
RT=4Ω
E=20v
ДЯӃДƝ Electrical Engineering Fundamentals 2025-2026 9
Ex.5 …………………………….……………………………………………………………….. H.W
Determine the value of the unknown resistor R2 in the circuit shown below, given that the
power dissipated in resistor R4 is 4W. Use Ohm’s Law and the power relation to calculate R2.
R1=3Ω
VT=24V
R3=2Ω
R4=16Ω, P4=4W
Ans.
R2 = 2Ω
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