Basic

Electrical /
Electronics
Engineering
EEE102A 3L:2P 4 CREDITS

Aug 2025
Module 1
● Elementary Concepts
○ Resistance
○ EMF
○ Current
○ Potential Difference
○ Ohm's Law
● Overview of Elementary Power System
○ Generation of Electrical Energy
○ Transmission
○ Distribution
● DC Circuits
○ Electrical Networks - Series, Parallel, Star, Delta
○ Kirchhoff's Laws
○ Superposition Theorem
Elementary Concepts
● All objects / materials are
composed of small building-blocks
known as atoms.
● All atoms contain particles called
electrons, protons, and neutrons
● Electrons have a negative (-)
electric charge.
● Protons have a positive (+)
electric charge.
● Neutrons have no electric charge.
 Free Electrons
● The mobility of electrons varies
among different types of atoms.
● In metals, valence electrons
(outermost) have weak atomic
bonds.
● They move within the spaces
between the atoms at room
temperature.
● These unbound electrons, free
electrons, are freed from their
parent atoms and move around
the metallic lattice.
Electric conductivity
● Relative mobility of electrons within a material.
● Determined by the material's atomic composition and
structure.
● Conductors - materials with high electron mobility (many
free electrons)
● Example: silver, copper, gold, aluminum, iron, steel, bronze,
brass, mercury, graphite
● Insulators - materials with low electron mobility (few or no
free electrons)
● Example. glass, rubber, cotton, paper, dry wood, plastic
 Table of contents
01 04
Electric Current Potential Difference

02 05
Resistance Ohm's Law

03 06
E.M.F. Power
01
Electric Current
Electric Current (1/4)
● Conductive materials become perfectly conductive
(superconductivity) at extremely low temperatures.
● In Conductors, random motion of free electrons can be
directed to create a coordinated flow, known as
electricity or electric current.
● Unlike static electricity, dynamic electricity involves the
movement of electrons through the empty space within the
conductor's atomic structure.
● The flow is used to describe this movement of electrons.
Electric Current (2/4)
● Electrons in a conductor move uniformly, with each electron
pushing on the one in front, causing them to move together.
● This collective movement results instantaneous start and
stop of electron flow throughout the conductor, despite the
slow individual motion of each electron.
Electric Current (3/4)
● The rate of flow of electric charge at a point or region.
● Electrons - moving through a conductor
● Ions - moving in an electrolyte
● Both electrons and ions in a plasma.
● SI unit for electric current is the ampere (A)
● Flow of one coulomb of charge per second, 1 Coulomb/second.
● If 6.25 x 1018 electrons flow through a conductor in 1 second,
the electric current passing through it is 1 ampere.
● 1 coulomb of charge = 6,250,000,000,000,000,000 electrons.
● milliampere (mA) = 0.001 A
● microampere (μA) = 0.000001 A
Electric Current (4/4)
● I =Q/t
Where
I (Electric Current) - Flow of electric charge, amperes (A)
Q (Electric Charge) - Quantity of electricity, coulombs (C)
t (Time)- Duration over which the charge flows, seconds (s)

● Direct Current (DC): The flow of electric charge is in one

constant direction.
● Alternating Current (AC): The flow of electric charge
reverses direction periodically.
Simple Voltaic Cell

A Textbook of Electrical Technology - Volume I (Basic Electrical Engineering) - BL Theraja

 Electric Cell
The Copper plate (anode) and a zinc rod (cathode) immersed in
dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4)(electrolyte) contained in a vessel. The
chemical action taking place within the cell causes the electrons to
be removed from copper plate and to be deposited on the zinc rod
at the same time. As a result the zinc rod becomes negative due to
the deposition of electrons on it and the copper plate becomes
positive due to the removal of electrons from it.
But if two electrodes are joined by a wire externally. Then electrons
rush to the anode, equalizing the charges of two electrodes. Due to
the continuity of chemical action, a continuous flow of current
through the external circuit, this action is similar to a water pump.
A Textbook of Electrical Technology - Volume I (Basic Electrical Engineering) - BL Theraja
02
Resistance
 Resistivity
○ Property of a substance due to which it opposes (restricts)
the flow of electricity (electrons) through it.
○ Metals, acids, and salts are good conductors.
○ Unit of resistance - Ohm.
○ A conductor set to have 1 ohm, if it permits 1 ampere of
current flow through it.
Laws of Resistance
Depends on the factors:
○ length (l)
○ Cross section area (A)
○ Nature of the material
○ Temperature

R𝛂 l/A
R=𝛒 l / A Resistivity 𝛒 = R A / l ohm-meter
03
EMF
Electromotive Force
○ The work done on a unit charge in the circuit.
○ Electric potential generated by any electric source
which allows the current flow in the circuit.
○ Work done by the unit charge moving from negative
terminal to the positive terminal
○ Symbol: ε
○ Unit: Volts or Joule/Coulomb
 Electromotive Force

[Link]
 EMF Vs Voltage
Voltage /
Electromotive Force Potential difference
Electric potential generated by Energy used by unit charge
the battery or any electric source to move from one point to
which allows the current flow another in a circuit.
into the circuit.
Amount of energy supplied by
the source to a unit charge
EMF Vs Voltage
04
Potential Difference
Potential Difference
○ Work done per unit charge to move a unit charge from one point to
another in an electric field.
○ Electric Potential or Voltage = Work done / Unit charge
○ V = W/q = 1 Joules/Coulomb = 1 Volts
○ 1 Volt can be defined as 1 joule of work done in order to move 1
coulomb of charge.
○ Potential difference is the difference between the potentials
between two points in the electric field.
○ A charge of 10mC is moved from infinity to point A in the Electric
field. The work done in this process is 20 Joules. What is the
Potential difference? V= W/q = 20/10×10-3= 2kV=2000V
05
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
○ German physicist, Georg Simon Ohm
○ Voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it.
V∝I V=I×R
Where R - Resistance, V - Voltage applied, I - Current
I=V/R R=V/I
Resistor current = 0.02553 amps, or
25.53 milliamps (mA)
Resistances in Series
Voltage Divider Rule
Resistances in Parallel
Resistances in series / Parallel
Quiz
Find the equivalent resistance of
the network between the terminals
A and B.
06
Power
Power
○ Power is the measure of how much work can be done in a given
amount of time. Work is defined in terms of the lifting of a weight
against the pull of gravity.
○ Mechanical power is commonly measured in “horsepower.”
○ Electrical power is measured in “watts,” and it can be calculated
by the formula P = IE or P=VI, product of both voltage and
current
○ Horsepower and watts are two different units for describing the
same kind of physical measurement.
○ 1 horsepower = 745.7 watts.
Solve
Joule’s Law Vs. Ohm’s Law

P=IV
P = V2/R
P = I2 R
Ohm’s Law Pie Chart
 Solve

I1 Ω = 24 amps
I2 Ω = 12 amps
I3 Ω = 8 amps
P1 Ω = 576 watts
V1 Ω = 4 volts P2 Ω = 288 watts
V2 Ω = 8 volts P3 Ω = 192 watts
V3 Ω = 12 volts
P1 Ω = 16 watts
P2 Ω = 32 watts
P3 Ω = 48 watts
Solve

Voltage [ V = I x R ] = 2 x 12Ω = 24V

Current [ I = V ÷ R ] = 24 ÷ 12Ω = 2A
Resistance [ R = V ÷ I ] = 24 ÷ 2 = 12 Ω
Power [ P = V x I ] = 24 x 2 = 48W
07
Electrical Energy
 Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy = Power, (W) x Time, (s) kWhr or Joules

If a 100 watt light bulb is left ON for 24 hours, the energy consumed will be
8,640,000 Joules (100 W x 86,400 seconds)
The energy consumed will be 8.64MJ (mega-joules)
100 watt light bulb will consume 2,400 watt hours or 2.4 k-W-hr
 Electrical Energy
Electrical Energy = Power, (W) x Time, (s) kWhr or Joules

○ 1 kWhr is the amount of electricity used by a device rated at 1000

watts in 1 hour and is commonly called a “Unit of Electricity”.

○ This is what is measured by the utility meter and is what we as

consumers purchase from our electricity suppliers when we receive
our bills.

○ Kilowatt-hours are the standard units of energy used by the

electricity meter in our homes to calculate the amount of electrical
energy we use and therefore how much we pay.
Standard Electrical Units of Measure
Electrical Measuring
Symbol Description
Parameter Unit
Unit of Electrical Potential
Voltage Volt V or E
V=I×R
Unit of Electrical Current
Current Ampere I or i
I=V÷R
Unit of DC Resistance
Resistance Ohm R or Ω
R=V÷I
Reciprocal of Resistance
Conductance Siemen G or ℧
G=1÷R
Unit of Capacitance
Capacitance Farad C
C=Q÷V
Unit of Electrical Charge
Charge Coulomb Q
Q=C×V
Unit of Inductance
Inductance Henry L or H
VL = -L(di/dt)
Unit of Power
Power Watts W
P = V × I or I2 × R
Unit of AC Resistance
Impedance Ohm Z
Z2 = R 2 + X 2
Unit of Frequency
Frequency Hertz Hz
ƒ=1÷T
Components - Resistors
Components - Resistors
Components - Resistors
 Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold Color Code

47 kΩ with a tolerance of +/- 5%

Green-Red-Gold-Silver Color Code

5.2 Ω with a tolerance of +/- 10%.

White-Violet-Black Color Code

97 Ω with a tolerance of +/- 20%

 Orange-Orange-Black-Brown-Violet Color Code

3.3 kΩ with a tolerance of +/- 0.1%

Brown-Green-Grey-Silver-Red Color Code

1.58 Ω with a tolerance of +/- 2%

Blue-Brown-Green-Silver-Blue Color Code

6.15 Ω with a tolerance of +/- 0.25%

 Quiz 1
1. An electrical iron carrying 2A at 120V. Find resistance of the device?

2. A toaster is an electrical element (a resistor) that converts electrical energy to heat

energy. How much current is drawn by a toaster with resistance 12 ohms at 110V?

3. A Charge of 50mC is moved from one point to another (from A to B). The voltage at
A is 50kV, and the Voltage at B is 30kV, Find the Work done by the charge.

4. What are the SI units of these following quantities? Energy, Potential Difference,
Charge, Resistance.

5. Find the current through the circuit when the voltage across the terminal is 30 volts
and the resistance offered by the conductor is 10 ohms.
Quiz 1
Quiz 1