EARTH SCIENCE
b. Intrusive/ Plutonic
⮚
The Earth’s crust is made up of two things:
Cools slowly beneath the earth’s surface and
1. Minerals are created by magma
● Minerals are individual crystals of the same stuff. ⮚ Have very large crystals (coarse-grained)
2. Rocks
● Rocks are a combination of minerals Based on composition:
1. Felsic -light in color; feldspar
ROCKS and silicates
a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one
or more 2. Mafic -dark in color; made up of
minerals magnesium and iron
Petrology
3. Intermediate – between mafic and
scientific study of rocks felsic
Petrologists 4. Ultramafic – very dark color
classify rocks based on how they were
formed
Based on texture:
1. Aphanitic- fine-grained
2. Phaneritic- coarse-grained
3. Porphyritic- large crystals with small
crystals
4. Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid
quenching
5. Pyroclastic- composite of ejected
Fragments
IGNEOUS ROCK
Two types of Igneous rocks SEDIMENTARY ROCK
a. Extrusive/ Volcanic rock
forms when magma makes its ● Forms from the compaction and/or
way to Earth’s surface and cooks cementation of sediments.
crystals are very small (fine-
grained) since the cooling process
is fast Sediments are:
Rock pieces
Mineral grains Notes: not all sediments are
notes: can be found near the volcano and forms when
inorganic (can come from
molten rock(magma) cools and hardens Shell fragments
organic or inorganic)
“Ignus” -ignite (Magma and Lava)
Sand
Pebbles
Stages in the formation of Sedimentary rocks
METAMOPHIC ROCK
⮚ Forms from pre-existing rocks: either
metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary
Ex. Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite
Metamorphism
● Is the transformation of the rock’s mineralogy
and physical characteristics
2 types of Metamorphism
Three types of Sedimentary Rocks:
a. Clastic Sedimentary rock
1. Regional
⮚ Formed from the accumulation of clasts: Little
● Due to the changes in pressure and
pieces of broken rocks and shells.
temperature over large regions of the crust.
Ex. Conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale
2. Contact
● Mainly by heat due to contact
b. Chemical/ Non-clastic with magma
⮚ Formed when dissolved materials
Precipitate from a solution
Ex. Halite
Classification of Metamorphic rocks
a. Texture – refers to the size arrangement and grains
within the rock
c. Organic
⮚ Rocks formed from the accumulation of b. Foliation- any planar arrangement of mineral grains
or structural features within the rock
animal debris
ex. Coal
Two types of Foliation
1. Foliated
● Appeared banded or layered,
contains crystals
Ex. Mica
2. Non-foliated
● Made up of only few minerals
Notes (from the board):
Igneous Sedimentary Metamophic
Process Cooling/ solidification - Lithification -Metamorphism
-Sedimentation
-Compaction Chemical Composition Physical Properties
-Stratification -Contact Metamorphism -Regional Metamorphism
-Cementation (heat) (pressure)
Origin Magma/ Lava -Sediments -Pre-existing
Clastic
Non-Clastic/ Chemical
Organic
Types Intrusive/ Plutonic IR Extrusive IR/ Volcanic -Foliated MR -layered/ handed
-Non-Foliated MR -non-layered
Rock -magma -melting
Rock- sediments- weathering
Classification of rocks according to texture:
1. Aphanitic
2. Phaneritic
3. Porphyritic
4. Glassy
5. Pyroclastic
