ENERGY AND HYDRAULIC

GRADELINES
CVE 309/309L
HYDRAULICS
 SAMPLE NO. 1 Conditions: EGL
a) constant pipe diameter HGL
With head loss (due to friction) b) steady incompressible flow
c) points 1 and 2 are inside the pipe

V12
2g h L (1− 2 )
EGL

V22
p1 HGL
p 2g
γ
γ p p2
PIPE γ γ
Q
z1 1 2 z2

datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 2 Conditions: EGL
a) constant pipe diameter HGL
With head loss (due to friction) b) steady incompressible flow
c) points 1 and 2 are inside the pipe

V12
2g h L (1− 2 )
EGL

V22
HGL
p1 2g
γ p2
γ
Q
z2
z1
datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 3 Conditions: EGL
a) pipe diameter gradually decreasing HGL
With head loss (due to friction) b) steady incompressible flow
c) points 1 and 2 are inside the pipe

V12
2g h L (1− 2 )
EGL

p1 V22
γ HGL 2g
PIPE
p2
γ
Q
z1 2 z2
1
datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 4 Conditions: EGL
a) constant pipe diameter HGL
W/out head loss b) steady incompressible flow
c) points 1 and 2 are inside the pipe
EGL
V12 V22
2g HGL 2g

p1 p2
γ γ
PIPE

Q
z1 1 2 z2

datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 5 Conditions: EGL
a) Pipe diameter gradually decreasing HGL
W/out head loss b) steady incompressible flow
c) points 1 and 2 are inside the pipe
EGL
V12
2g

V22
p1 2g
γ HGL

PIPE
p2
γ
Q
z1 2 z2
1
datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 6 Conditions:
a) sudden contraction of area of flow (d1 > d3)
With head loss (due to friction & fittings) b) fitting at point 2
c) steady incompressible flow
d) points 1 and 3 are inside the pipe
V12 h L (1− 2 )
2g
hm h L (1−3)
h L ( 2 −3)
V32
p1
2g
γ
p3
PIPE γ
Q
z1 1 2 3 z3

datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 7 Conditions:
a) sudden contraction of area of flow (d1 > d3)
With head loss (due to friction only) b) fitting at point 2
c) steady incompressible flow
d) points 1 and 3 are inside the pipe
V12 h L (1− 2 )
2g
h L ( 2 −3) h L (1−3)

p1 V32
γ 2g
PIPE p3
γ
Q
z1 1 2 3 z3

datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 8 Conditions:
a) sudden enlargement of area of flow (d1 < d3)
With head loss (due to friction & fittings) b) fitting at point 2
c) steady incompressible flow
d) points 1 and 3 are inside the pipe
h L (1− 2 )
V12 hm h L (1−3)
2g h L ( 2 −3)
V32
2g
p1 p3
γ γ
PIPE
Q
z1 1 2 3 z3

datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 9
With pump and hL(2−3)
head loss (due to friction)

hA

hL(1−2)

Conditions:
a) Constant pipe diameter PIPE
b) pump at point 2
Q
P
c) steady incompressible flow
d) points 1 and 3 are inside the pipe 1 3
2
Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 10
With turbine and hL(1−2)
head loss (due to friction)

hE

hL(2−3)

Conditions:
a) Constant pipe diameter PIPE
b) turbine at point 2
Q
T
c) steady incompressible flow
d) points 1 and 3 are inside the pipe 1 3
2
Not to scale
SAMPLE NO. 11 (a)
With turbine and
head loss (due to friction)
h L (1− 2 )

hE

h L ( 2 −3)

PIPE
T Q
Conditions:
a) d1 < d3 1 3
b) turbine at point 2 2
c) steady incompressible flow
d) points 1 and 3 are inside the pipe datum

Not to scale
SAMPLE NO. 11 (b)
With turbine and
head loss (due to friction)
h L (1− 2 )

hE

h L ( 2 −3)

PIPE
T Q
Conditions:
a) d1 < d3 1 3
b) turbine at point 2 2
c) steady incompressible flow
d) points 1 and 3 are inside the pipe datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 12 Conditions:
a) steady incompressible flow
With nozzle, with head loss due to friction b) point 1 is inside the pipe/hose
c) nozzle is discharging to atmosphere

V2
hL
2g
hm

p
γ VN2
PIPE
2g
Nozzle
Q
z 1 z
datum

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 13 Conditions:
a) steady incompressible flow
With head loss due to friction b) constant pipe diameter
c) point 1 is atmospheric
d) point 2 is inside the pipe
1

water

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 14 Conditions:
a) steady incompressible flow
With head loss due to friction b) constant pipe diameter
c) points 1 and 2 are atmospheric

water

Not to scale
 SAMPLE NO. 15 Conditions:
a) Constant pipe diameter
With valve and head loss due to friction b) fitting at point 2
c) steady incompressible flow
d) points 1 and 3 are inside the pipe
V12 h L (1− 2 )
2g
hm h L (1−3)
h L ( 2 −3)
V32
p1 2g
γ
p3
γ
Q
z1 1 2 3 z3

datum

hm = head loss due to the valve fitting

1
hL(1−2)

hL(2−3)

V32
2g
3

Not to scale