Types of operation that we can perform
on integers
1. Arithmatic operations + , - , * , /(float division), %(modulo), //(floor division) ,
**(exponenet)
In [1]: print(10+2) # +
print(10-2) # -
print(10*2) # *
print(10/2) # but the answer will be always in the float
print(10/3)
print(10.0//3) #floor divsion
print(10//3.0)
print(10%3) # modulo --> remainder
print(15%4)
print(100**2)
print(pow(100,2))
12
8
20
5.0
3.3333333333333335
3.0
3.0
1
3
10000
10000
2. Comaprison operator , > , >= , <= , <
"""
it always gives the output(return) value inf form True / False (Bool)
int vs int
float vs float
int vs float
str vs str
"""
In [3]: a = 100
b = 20
print(a<b)
False
In [4]: a = 10
b = 20.0
print(a<=b)
True
In [ ]: a = 10.0
b = 20.0
print(a<=b)
In [5]: a = 'abc'
b = 100.0
print(a<b)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[5], line 4
1 a = 'abc'
2 b = 100.0
----> 4 print(a<b)
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'float'
In [6]: # str vs str
a = 'abc'
b = 'xyz'
# a - 97
# x - 120
print(a>b)
False
[Link]
In [28]: a = 'abc'
b = 'Abc'
# a - 97
# A - 65
print(a>b)
True
In [29]: a = 'a'
b = 'Abc'
# a - 97
# A - 65
print(a>b)
True
In [30]: a = 'abc'
b = 'abz'
# c --> 99
# z ---> 122
print(a>b)
False
In [32]: a = 'abc'
b = 'abcz'
# c --> 0
# z ---> 122
print(a>b)
False
In [ ]: a = 'abc#'
b = 'abc'
print (a<=b)
False
In [ ]: 3. equality , == , !=
"""
- it returns the answer in from of True / False
-
"""
In [36]: a = 100
b = 'abc'
print(a == b)
False
In [37]: a = 'afsaan'
b = 'aFsaan'
print( a == b)
False
In [38]: a = 16+4j
b = None
print(a == b)
False
In [39]: a = 16+4j
b = None
print(a != b)
True
In [4]: # 4. ASCII
# ord() ---> getting the ascci value of the charac
ord('?')
ord(':')
Out[4]: 58
In [6]: # chr() -> getting the charac from the ascii value
chr(47)
chr(40)
Out[6]: '('
In [7]: # question number 1
print( 'A' <= chr(65) )
True
In [8]: print(ord('c')//3)
33
In [10]: print(97 == chr('a'))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[10], line 1
----> 1 print(97 == chr('a'))
TypeError: 'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
In [ ]: 5. logical operators - and , or , not
# and Truth table
True and True --> True
True and False --> False
False and True ---> False
False and False ---> False
# or truth table
True or True --> True
True or False --> True
False or True ---> True
False or False ---> False
# not truth table
not True ---> False
not False ---> True
In [12]: print(1 and 0)
In [13]: print(0 and 0)
In [14]: print(not 1)
False
In [15]: print(True)
True
In [17]: # type casting
int(False)
Out[17]: 0
In [18]: True + True + False
Out[18]: 2
In [60]: True == 1
Out[60]: True
In [61]: # question 3
print(True and False)
False
In [19]: # there is small deviation if A and B are two values
- A and B ---> result will be A if A is False else B
A or B ---> result will be A if A is True else B
Cell In[19], line 3
- A and B ---> result will be A if A is False else B
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In short:
✔️ A and B → returns A if falsy, else B ✔️ A or B → returns A if truthy, else B ⚡
They return values, not always True or False, and stop early (“short-circuit”).
Expression Evaluated result Explanation
0 and 5 0 first falsy → return it
5 and 10 10 first true → return second
0 or 5 5 first falsy → return second
5 or 10 5 first true → return it
"" or "yes" "yes" empty string → falsy
"ok" and "done" "done" both truthy → return last one
In [20]: print( 10 or 100)
10
In [21]: A = bool(10) ---> True
B = bool(100) --- True
Cell In[21], line 1
A = bool(10) ---> True
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
In [22]: print(0 and 200)
In [ ]: print(200 or 0)
200
In Python, the bool() function converts a value to a Boolean. Non-zero numbers,
including 0.0001, are evaluated as True. Zero and 0.0 are considered False
In [24]: bool(0.0001)
Out[24]: True
In [27]: bool(0.001)
Out[27]: True
In [29]: bool('A')
Out[29]: True
In [30]: bool(None)
Out[30]: False
In [25]: print(200 and 0)
In [ ]: int - 0 is false and rest all the value are True
float - 0.0 is false and rest all the value are true
str - '' is false and rest all the values are true
complex - 0+0j is false and rest all the value True
None - None is always False
5. Bitwise Operations - &(bitwise and), |(bitwise or) , ^(bitwsie xor) , ~(bitwise
not) , <<(left shift) , >>(right shift)
works on bit
works only on integer data type
In [ ]: # bitwise and
x = 10 # -----> binary ---> 1010
y = 4 # ------> binary --> 0100
10 ---> 1 0 1 0
4 ----> 0 1 0 0
and --> 0 0 0 0
# converting the binary anse ---> int
print(0b0000)
In [31]: print(0b0000)
In [83]: x = 12 # -----> binary ---> 1100
y = 22 # ------> binary --> 10110
10 ---> 0 1 1 0 0
4 ----> 1 0 1 1 0
and --> 0 0 1 0 0
# converting the binary anse ---> int
print(0b00100)
In [ ]: x = 12 # -----> binary ---> 1100
y = 22
print(x & y)
In [82]: # bitwise or
x = 12 # -----> binary ---> 1100
y = 22 # ------> binary --> 10110
10 ---> 0 1 1 0 0
4 ----> 1 0 1 1 0
or --> 1 1 1 1 0
# converting the binary anse ---> int
print(0b00100)
In [2]: print(x | y)
14
In [86]: print(0b11110)
30
In [ ]: # bitwise xor
x = 12 # -----> binary ---> 1100
y = 22 # ------> binary --> 10110
10 ---> 0 1 1 0 0
4 ----> 1 0 1 1 0
xor --> 1 1 0 1 0
# converting the binary anse ---> int
print(0b11010)
In [35]: print(0b11010)
26
In [34]: print(x ^ y)
26
In [ ]:
Perfect question 👏 — let’s go step-by-step and fully demystify bitwise
operations in Python, using your example x = 12 , y = 22 .
We’ll cover 👇 1️⃣ What bitwise operators do 2️⃣ How to find binary equivalents
(e.g. “8421 method”) 3️⃣ Step-by-step examples for & , | , ^ , ~ , << , >>
🧩 Step 1 — Reminder: works on bits, not
digits
Bitwise operators work bit-by-bit on integers. To use them, you need to convert
numbers into binary form (base 2).
🧠 Step 2 — Binary (8421 rule)
The 8421 rule helps you decode/encode binary quickly:
Bit position 8 4 2 1
Binary digit 1 1 0 0
Decimal value
Sum = 12 8+4=12 ✅
So:
12 → 1100
Now for 22:
Bit position 16 8 4 2 1
Binary digit 1 0 1 1 0
Decimal value 16 + 4 + 2 = 22
So:
22 → 10110
🧮 Step 3 — Align bits for both numbers
We align their binary representations (same number of bits):
12 = 01100
22 = 10110
🧩 Step 4 — Bitwise operations in action
Let’s now apply each operator:
✅ & → Bitwise AND
Rule: 1 & 1 = 1 , else 0 .
01100 (12)
& 10110 (22)
= 00100 → 4
✅ Output:
print(x & y) # 4
✅ | → Bitwise OR
Rule: 1 | 1 = 1 , 1 | 0 = 1 , 0 | 1 = 1 , else 0 .
01100
| 10110
= 11110 → 30
✅ Output:
print(x | y) # 30
✅ ^ → Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR)
Rule: 1 ^ 1 = 0 , 0 ^ 0 = 0 , 1 ^ 0 = 1 , 0 ^ 1 = 1 .
01100
^ 10110
= 11010 → 26
✅ Output:
print(x ^ y) # 26
✅ ~ → Bitwise NOT (flips bits)
Rule: turns every 1 to 0 and 0 to 1 . ⚠️ Works in 2’s complement form
(signed integer).
x = 12 → binary 00001100
~x → binary 11110011 (inverts all bits)
To interpret this:
~x = -(x + 1)
✅ Output:
print(~12) # -13
✅ << → Left Shift (multiply by 2ⁿ)
Shifts all bits to the left, adding zeros on the right.
Example:
12 << 1 → 24 (multiply by 2)
12 << 2 → 48 (multiply by 4)
✅ Output:
print(12 << 1) # 24
✅ >> → Right Shift (divide by 2ⁿ)
Shifts bits to the right, dropping off the last bits.
12 >> 1 → 6 (divide by 2)
12 >> 2 → 3 (divide by 4)
✅ Output:
print(12 >> 2) # 3
🧮 Quick Summary Table
Binary Decimal
Operator Meaning Example
Result Result
Bitwise
& 12 & 22 00100 4
AND
Binary Decimal
Operator Meaning Example
Result Result
Bitwise
` ` 12 22 11110 30
OR
^ Bitwise XOR 12 ^ 22 11010 26
~ Bitwise NOT ~12 11110011 -13
<< Left shift 12 << 1 11000 24
>> Right shift 12 >> 2 00011 3
✅ In short:
Bitwise operators directly manipulate the binary digits (bits) of
integers. You can use the 8421 rule to quickly visualize the binary
pattern.
