Electricity Basics for Automotive Training
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ScribdTranslationsElectricity Basics for Automotive Training
Uploaded by
ScribdTranslationsAutomotive Industry Training Institute
Electricity course
Chapter 1: Generalities
Department: Automated Systems
Summary:
1- Notions on the electric circuit
Electric current
3-Electric tension
4- Kirchhoff's Laws
5- Relationship between current and voltage
5-1-Ohm's Law
5-2-Electric resistance of an ohmic conductor
5-3- Resistivity scale
6- Power and electrical energy
6-1- Electric power
6-2- Electrical energy
6-3- Joule Effect
6-4- Joule's Law
Chapter 1: Generalities
Electrokinetics is the part of Electricity that studies currents.
electric.
1- Notions on the electrical circuit
An electrical circuit consists of one or more generators supplying
receiver devices through conductors.
An electric dipole is a portion of a circuit bounded by two points.
A dipole is passive when there is no electrical voltage across its terminals.
dipole when it is not connected to other devices; it is said to be active in the case
opposite.
oUnnœud is the connection point of at least three dipoles.
A branch consists of one or more dipoles in series; it is limited,
at each end, by a node.
A generator converts a form of energy into electrical energy supplied
to the rest of the circuit
A receiver converts the received electrical energy into other forms.
of energy.
Conductors allow electric current to pass.
Insulators offer a very high resistance to the passage of current.
electric
The circuit includes:
- 4 nodes: B, E, D, C (A and F are not nodes)
["7 stitches: ABEDFA, ABCDFA, ABCEDFA, ABECDFA, BCDEB, BCDB, ECDE"]
- 6 branches : DFAB, EB, ED, BC,EC,DC
Electric current
Definition 1:
An electric current is a collective movement of carriers of
electric charges.
Metals (copper, aluminum ...): free electrons.
Electric charge of the electron: q = -e - 1.6 10-19 coulomb (C).
Liquid solutions (electrolytes): ions (cations and anions).
Definition 2: The conventional direction of electric current is the direction of movement.
carriers of positive charges.
The conventional direction of current is therefore the opposite direction of the movement of electrons.
< 0) :
Definition 3: The intensity of electric current i is the quantity of electricity.
transported per unit of time.
What is the amount of electricity that passes through the section of the conductor during the time dt.
Digital application:
In a wire, the current is 100 billion electrons per second.
Calculate the corresponding intensity.
Réponse :
i = 0.016 μA
The electric current is represented by an arrow:
The current is positive when the arrow is oriented in the
current in the conventional sense.
Le signe du courant change quand on inverse l’orientation :
An ammeter measures the current flowing through it.
It is therefore connected in series:
Note: an ammeter behaves like a wire.
Watch out for the short circuit!
3-Electric tension or potential difference
Electric tension is an abstract notion derived from the calculation of work.
the electrostatic force.
Between the terminals of a battery, there exists a voltage or potential difference;
this voltage is related to the fact that the two terminals of the battery are not in the
same electric state. When connecting its terminals to those of a lamp, it ...
it shines because it is traversed by an electric current.
The voltage between A and B is denoted UAB. It is represented by an arrow.
directed from B to A
The voltage between A and B is denoted UAB. It is represented by an arrow.
directed from B to A
An electric tension is a difference in electric potential (or d.d.p.):
uAB = vA - vB
uAB(V): electric tension between points A and B
vA electric potential of point A
vB (in V): electric potential at point B
Potential difference
By definition, the voltage between A and B is equal to the difference between the potential of
point A and the potential of point B.
UAB = VA - VB is the electric potentials of A and B
Only the potential difference is defined; the potential of a point is not defined except
if we agree to assign a value to the potential of a specific point in the circuit
determined (usually zero V).
Example:
Battery of accumulators
The table shows that one can change the potentials assigned to the two.
points while maintaining a constant difference.
N.B:
A, B, C, and D are any points in an electric circuit taken in any
what order:
This relationship resembles, from a formal point of view, the relationship of Chasles.
Electric potential is defined up to a constant.
The reference for electric potentials is the 'electric mass'.
C’est le « 0 V » :
Note: do not confuse mass and earth
Voltage is an algebraic quantity: uAB = -uBA
A voltmeter measures the voltage present at its terminals.
It is therefore connected in a bypass:
4- Kirchhoff's Law
4-1- Law of junctions (1st law of Kirchhoff)
A junction is a point where multiple electrical conductors meet.
The sum of the intensities of the currents arriving at a node is equal to the sum of the
currents leaving a node:
Digital application:
A.N.
i1= +1 A
i2= +2 A
Calculate i3.
Réponse :
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
i3 = - 3 A
4-2- Law of branches (2nd law of Kirchhoff)
The total voltage between two points in an electric circuit is equal to the sum
intermediate tensions.
Example:
A 9 V battery supplies a 6 V bulb through a resistor:
Calculate the voltage across the resistor.
uAB = 9 - 6 = +3 V
It should be noted that the voltage across a wire is practically zero:
uPA uCN 0 V
We place the mass at point N.
Calculate the electric potential at points P, A, B, and C.
vC= vN= 0V
vB= + 6V
vP= vA= +9V
Specific case of a mesh
A loop is a branch closed on itself.
uNP+ uPA+ uAB+ uBC+ uCN= 0: this is the mesh law.
5- Relationship between current and voltage
5-1-Loid'Ohm
In an electrical resistor, voltage and current are proportional.
Ohm's law in load convention
We are talking about receiver convention when the orientations of the current
and the voltages related to a dipole are in opposite directions:
Ohm's law in generator convention
The directions of the current and voltage are in the same direction:
A.N. Calculate the order of magnitude of the lethal voltage for humans knowing that the
human body has a resistance of about 1000W:
Réponse:
1000 50.10-3= 50 V
5-2-Electric resistance of a conductor
ohmic
l: longueur (en m)
S : section (in m²)
relectrical resistivity of the conductor (inW·m)
R : resistance (inW)
Resistivity depends on the nature of the conductor and its temperature:
Example
Calculate the resistance of a 2 meter copper cable with a section of 1 mm² at 20 °C.
then at 60 °C.
- at 20°C: R = 1.7.10 -8.2/(1.10 )-6 = 34 mW
- at 60°C: R = 34.(1 + 4.10 -3(60 - 20)) = 39 mW
Note: Generally, the voltage drop in a cable can be neglected.
5-3- Resistivity scale
Remarks:
A superconductor has zero resistivity (zero resistance)
an insulator has a high resistivity (almost no current)
5-4- Color code
Resistors are the elements that
most used in electronics. Their
the function is to oppose the passage of the
current, Ohm's law gives the relationship
between the voltage, the resistance of the circuit
and the current. The unit of measurement for
The unit of resistance is the Ohm. The resistances
sold in commerce are
marked with a color code that
allows to recognize their values.
The most commonly used systems are the
4-ring system and the 5-ring system
rings.
4-band color code
Reading is done from left to right starting from the end where they are grouped.
the rings. The first two rings indicate the value of the digits
significant. The third ring indicates the number of zeros. The fourth
the ring indicates the tolerance:Or = 5%, Argent = 10 %
5-band color code
The first three rings indicate the value of the digits.
significant. The fourth ring indicates the number of zeros.
The fifth ring indicates the tolerance:
Or = 5%, Argent = 10 %
6- Power and electrical energy
6-1- Electric power
The electrical power involved in a dipole is:
Generator dipole and receiver dipole (of power)
A generator dipole is a dipole that provides electrical power.
This power is consumed by the receiving dipoles.
Example:
The power supplied by the battery is: p = ui = 6W
the bulb consumes: 6 W
6-2- Electric energy
Power derives from energy:
the energy involved during the duration.
Electric energy is written as:
Note: energy meters measure electrical energy in kilowatt-hours.
(kWh).
6-3- Joule effect
A conductor carrying an electric current generates heat.
More generally, the Joule effect translates to the conversion of electrical energy into
thermal energy (heat).
In the case of ohmic conductors and resistances, the electrical energy consumed
completely transformed into heat.
6-4- Joule's Law
The electric power consumed by a resistor is:
p = u.i with u = Ri
A.N. Calculate the resistance of a 750 W toaster.
= 230²
750
= 70,5Ω
The energy Wéhangée for a durationDt > 0 is :
Units
QUESTIONS
